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ApPEC PRC Meeting, Open Session, 20.01.2005, Barcelona:. Report on KM3NeT Activities. Uli Katz Univ. Erlangen. Introduction Current Deep-Sea Projects Aiming at a km 3 Detector in the Mediterranean The KM3NeT Design Study Towards the KM3NeT Collaboration Summary and Outlook. KM3NeT. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Report on KM3NeT Activities
Introduction
Current Deep-Sea Projects
Aiming at a km3 Detector in the Mediterranean
The KM3NeT Design Study
Towards the KM3NeT Collaboration
Summary and Outlook
ApPEC PRC Meeting, Open Session, 20.01.2005, Barcelona:
Uli KatzUniv. Erlangen
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 2
The Neutrino Telescope World Map
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 3
Particle and Astrophysics with Telescopes
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 4
String-based detector; Underwater connections
by deep-sea submarine; Downward looking PMs,
axis at 45O to vertical; 2500 m deep.
ANTARES: Detector Design
14.5m
100 m
25 storeys,348 m
Junction Box
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 5
ANTARES: Status and Way to Completion
2003: Deployment and operation of two prototype lines.
Several months of data taking.
Technical problems(broken fiber, water leak) → no precise timing,
no reconstruction.
Early 2005: 2 upgradedprototype lines;
Mid-2005: Line 1; 2007: Detector completed.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 6
NESTOR: Rigid Structures Forming Towers
Tower based detector(titanium structures).
Dry connections(recover - connect - redeploy).
Up- and downward looking PMs. 3800 m deep. First floor (reduced size)
deployed & operated in 2003.
32 m diameter30 m between floors144 PMs
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 7
NESTOR: Measurement of the Muon Flux
Zenith Angle (degrees)
(1/N
)dN
/dco
s(θ)
M.C. Prediction
Data Points
αo
dNI cos θ
dΩ dt dS
Atmospheric muon flux determination by
reweighting MC simulation to observed raw zenith
distribution using
Result:
= 4.7± 0.5 (stat.)± 0.2 (syst.)
I0 = [ 9.0 x 10-9
± 0.7 x 10-9 (stat.)± 0.4 x 10-9 (syst.)]
cm-2 s-1 sr-1
(754 events)
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 8
The NEMO Project
Extensive site exploration(Capo Passero near Catania, depth 3340 m)
R&D towards km3: architecture, mechanical structures, readout, electronics, cables ...
Simulation
Example: Flexible tower
16 arms per tower, 20 m arm length,arms 40 m apart
64 PMs per tower Underwater connections Up- and down-looking PMs
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 9
NEMO: Phase-1 Test
Site at 2000 m depth identified.
Test installation foreseen with all critical detector components.
Funding ok. Completion
expected by 2006.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 10
Aiming at a km3-Detector in the Mediterranean
HENAP Report to PaNAGIC, July 2002:
“The observation of cosmic neutrinos above 100 GeV is of great scientific importance. ...“
“... a km3-scale detector in the Northern hemisphere should be built to complement the IceCube detector being constructed at the South Pole.”
“The detector should be of km3-scale, the construction of which is considered technically feasible.”
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 11
Scientific Goals
Astronomy via high-energy neutrino observation
- Production of high-energy neutrinos in the universe (acceleration mechanisms, top-down scenarios, . . . );
- Investigation of the nature of astrophysical objects;
- Origin of cosmic rays;
- No extraterrestric high-energy neutrinos observed so far → Predictions have large uncertainties.
Indirect search for dark matter. New discoveries. Associated science.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 12
Sky Coverage of Neutrino Telescopes
Region of sky seen in galactic coordinates assuming 100% efficiency for 2 down.
Not seenMkn 501
Mkn 421
CRAB
SS433
Mkn 501
GX339-4SS433
CRAB
VELA
GalacticCenter
→ We need telescopes in both hemispheres to see the whole sky
South Pole Mediterranean
Not seen
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 13
How to Design a km3 Deep-Sea Telescope
A majorR&D project is needed!
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 14
Some Key Questions
Which architecture to use? (strings vs. towers vs. new design)
How to get the data to shore?(optical vs. electric, electronics off-shore or on-shore)
How to calibrate the detector?(separation of calibration and detection units?)
Design of photo-detection units?(large vs. several small PMs, directionality, ...)
Deployment technology?(dry vs. wet by ROV/AUV vs. wet from surface)
And finally: The site choice/recommendation!
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 15
The KM3NeT Design Study (EU FP6)
Design Study for a Deep-Sea Facility in the Mediterranean for Neutrino Astronomy and Associated Sciences
Initial initiative Sept 2002 (ApPEC meeting, Paris). Intense discussions and coordination meetings
from beginning of 2003 on. VLVT Workshop, Amsterdam, Oct 2003. ApPEC review, Nov 2003. Inclusion of sea science/technology institutes (Jan 2004). Proposal submission 04.03.2004. Evaluation report received June 2004 (overall mark: 88%). Unofficial but reliable message (Sept. 2004):
The KM3NeT Design Study will be funded ! Currently waiting for EU budget allocation
(transfer between calls and from 2006 to 2005).
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 16
KM3NeT Design Study Participants
Cyprus: Univ. Cyprus France: CEA/Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3 (CPP Marseille, IreS
Strasbourg), IFREMER Germany: Univ. Erlangen, Univ. Kiel Greece: HCMR, Hellenic Open Univ., NCSR Democritos,
NOA/Nestor, Univ. Athens Italy: CNR/ISMAR, INFN (Univs. Bari, Bologna, Catania, Genova,
Messina, Pisa, Roma-1, LNS Catania, LNF Frascati), INGV, Tecnomare SpA
Netherlands: NIKHEF/FOM Spain: IFIC/CSIC Valencia, Univ. Valencia, UP Valencia UK: Univ. Aberdeen, Univ. Leeds, Univ. Liverpool,
John Moores Univ. Liverpool, Univ. Sheffield
Particle/Astroparticle institutes – Sea science/technology institutes – Coordinator
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 17
KM3NeT Design Study: Evaluation Results
Evaluation summary report received in June 2004 Evaluation by 4 independent experts, marks are averages. Results:
- European added value 4.6
- Scientific and technological excellence 4.2“one would have liked to have seen more discussion of their [ANN] results”; “it is quite difficult to ascertain the time scale to reach the goals [of the DS]”
- Relevance to the objectives of the scheme 4.6
- Quality of the management 4.1“the management structure ... appears somewhat complicated”;“invest strong and immediate executive authority ... in one individual”“the budget ... has ... been developed bottom-up, and it looks reasonable”
- Average 4.4... more precisely: 4.375 (87.5%)
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 18
Short Summary of the Call Results
Call: FP6-2003-Infrastructures-4
Proposals: 121 (DS+CNI+AM)valid 118 (55 + 34 + 29)below threshold 41above threshold 77
of these on main short list 20on reserve list 6with mark 4.4 4
funded 30 (19 + 9 + 2)DS = Design StudiesCNI = Construction of New InfrastructuresAM = Accompanying Measures
For the 20 projects on main short list:requested funding 95.2 M€ (75.0+20.1+0.1)suggested funding 69.6 M€ (-27%) (53.3+16.2+0.1)
Budget reductions (suggested by panel) very different between projects.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 19
Objectives and Scope of the Design Sudy
Establish path from current projects to KM3NeT:
Critical review of current technical solutions; New developments, thorough tests; Comparative study of sites and recommendation
on site choice (figure of merit: physics sensitivity / €); Assessment of quality control and assurance; Exploration of possible cooperation with industry; Investigation of funding and governance models.
Envisaged time scale of design, construction and operation poses stringent conditions.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 20
Detection principle: water Cherenkov. Location in Europe: in the Mediterranean Sea. Detection view:
maximal angular acceptance for all possible detectable neutrino signals including down-going neutrinos at VHE.
Angular resolution: close to the intrinsic resolution (< 0.1° for muons with E > 10 TeV).
Detection volume: 1 km3, expandable. Lower energy threshold:
a few 100 GeV for upward going neutrinos with the possibility to go lower for from known point sources.
Energy reconstruction: within a factor of 2 for muon events. Reaction types: all neutrino flavors. Duty cycle: close to 100%. Operational lifetime: ≥ 10 years. Cost-effectiveness: < 200 M€ per km3
Design Study Target Values
Most of these parameters need
optimisation !
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 21
Design Study & Site Recommendation
Site recommendation is part of the Design Study(the decision may yet be taken on the political level);
Foreseen procedure:- Review and assess all existing data one site parameters
- Perform additional measurements with the same instrumentsat all sites (involves sea science institutes);
- Evaluate physics potential by detailed simulation, taking into account environmental parameters and overall cost (boundary condition);
- Decision on preferred site(s) for CDR (mid-2007);
- Longer-term measurements in second half of Design Study; N detector concepts and M site candidates
→ (N x M)-matrix of “figures of merit” (physics/€)
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 22
Exploitation Model
Reconstructed data will be made available to the whole community.
Observation of specific objects with increased sensitivity will be offered(by dedicated adjustment of filter algorithms).
Close relation to space-based observatories will be established (alerts for GRBs, Supernovae etc.).
“Plug-and-play” solutions for detectors of associated sciences.
Reminder: KM3NeT is an infrastructure;Goal: facility exploited in multi-user and
interdisciplinary environment.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 23
Associated Sciences
Great interest in long term deep-sea measurementsin many different scientific communities:- Biology
- Oceanography
- Environmental sciences
- Geology and geophysics
- . . .
Substantial cross-links to ESONET(The European Sea Floor Observatory Network).
Plan: include the associated science communities in the design phase to understand and react to their needs and make use of theirexpertise (e.g. site exploration,
bioluminescence).
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 24
KM3NeT Design Study: Resources
Suggested overall budget of the Design Study: 24 M€ (mainly personnel, but also equipment, consumables, travel etc.).
Amount requested from EU: 10 M€;
Estimated overall labor power: ~3500 FTEMs(FTEM = full-time equivalent person month) → 100 persons working full-time over 3 years!
Substantial resources (labor power) additional to those available in the current
pilot projects will be required !
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 25
KM3NeT: Time Schedule
Experience from current first generation water neutrino telescopes is a solid basis for the design of the KM3NeT detector.
Interest fades away if KM3NeT comes much later than IceCube (ready by 2010).
Time scale given by "community lifetime" and competition with ice detector
01.01.2006 Start of Design StudyMid-2007 Conceptual Design ReportEnd of 2008 Technical Design Report2009-2013 Construction2010-20XX Operation
Time schedule (optimistic):
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 26
The phases of KM3NeT
Phase 1: Pre-negotiation- Starting in Nov. 2004: KM3NeT meeting in Paris;
- Main tasks: preparation of input to negotiations (Annex 1)and establishment of a collaboration-type organizational structure;
- Also: coherent coordination of ongoing efforts (software!); Phase 2: Negotiation
- Requires a series of decisions entailing commitments;
- Includes the exact definition of the management of the Design Study phase (including consortium contract);
Phase 3: Design Study Collaboration- Collaboration with MoU replaced by legally binding contract(s)!
Phase 4: The KM3NeT Infrastructure- ... beyond the scope of detailed action to date.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 27
KM3NeT Collaboration
Decisions taken at the meeting in Paris (Nov. 2004); Organizational structure (phase 1):
- Negotiation Preparation Group (NPG)Same members as Writing Group for proposalIn addition: M.Priede (U. Aberdeen), others by invitation.Task: preparation of Annex 1, consortium agreement
- Major legislative body: General Assembly;One representative per institute;Simple set of rules for phase 1 worked out by NPG.Task: Approval of all documents, commitments, ...
- Coordinator: UK confirmed.- WP responsibles: to be named by “Leading Institutes”
Task: establish communication between WP partners,collect info., contact persons for NPG, WP summaries
- Publication Committee: responsible for “public affairs”.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 28
Modifications for phase 2:- NPG evolves to Negotiation Group (NG)
(new members, financial expert, ...).
- WP responsibles form Steering Committeeaccording to rules of consortium agreement,approval by GA.
Time line:By end of 2004: Nomination of WP resp. where
possible;
24/25 Feb. 2005: First meeting of NPG;
1 March 2005: Nomination of all WP resp., approval by GA;
1 May 2005: WP reports(few pages, detailing plans,
resources, ...);
June 2005: First draft of Annex I, complete set of CPFs;
KM3NeT Collaboration (2)
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 29
KM3NeT and ESFRI
ESFRI = European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures: consultations of national and EU representatives“on matters related to infrastructures of European significance”
Task: Produce Road Map of European research infrastructures(no selection or prioritization).
Procedure: 3 Steering groups- Biological and medical sciences- Social sciences and humanities- Physical sciences and engineering.Each Steering Group forms different expert groups (EGs) to produceinput to Road map for special fields
Question 1: In which EG will Astroparticle Physics be included?
Question 2: By what mechanism will representatives of Astroparticle physics in these EGs be nominated?
Process in progress ... next meeting beginning of Feb. 2005.
20.01.2005 KM3NeT Activities 30
Summary and Outlook
The Mediterranean-Sea neutrino telescope groupshave united their efforts to prepare togetherthe future, km3-scale deep-sea detector.
An EU-funded Design Study (KM3NeT) will providesubstantial resources for an intense 3-year R&D phase;expected to start by beginning of 2006.
The formation of the KM3NeT Collaboration is ongoing.
The ApPEC recommendations have been taken into account and are a substantial ingredient of the process.
Next political step: Pave the way for KM3NeT funding(EU FP7 & national/regional). Requires presence and support in various bodies and processes (e.g. ESFRI).