Report of home appliance

8/14/2019 Report of home appliance

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ROLE OF MICRO CREDIT IN POVERTYALLEVIATION

Amina Mushtaq

Submitted in partia !u!iment "! the requirement !"r the de#ree "! Master

"! $usiness Administrati"n

at

Nati"na %ni&ersit' "! M"dern Lan#ua#es

Isamabad( Pa)istan *++,


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I #rate!u' a-)n".ed#e the -"ntributi"n "! the residents "! Musim C""n'( Dh")

/aa /han( Tehmaspabad and Sha)ria .h" .arm' pr"&ided me the "pp"rtunit' t")n". ab"ut their i&es0 I am than)!u t" m' super&is"r Madam Fareeha !"r her

-"nstant en-"ura#ement and super&isi"n0


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Executive Summary

The stud' tries t" "") at the impa-t "! mi-r" -redit "n the i&es "! the p""r pe"pe0

There are di!!erent &ie.s "n mi-r" -redit as a p".er!u de&e"pment t"" re#ardin# its

su--ess in de&e"pin# the i&es "! the p""r and s"me times these &ie.s are

-"ntradi-t"r'0 1".e&er p"&ert' is a #"ba issue2 it is a pr"bem that e&en the

.eathiest nati"n is !a-in#0 In this s-enari" -"untr' i)e Pa)istan is !a-in# a #reat

-haen#e t" ae&iate "r redu-e p"&ert' be-ause p"&ert' is be-"min# -ause "! man'

pr"bems i)e sui-ides( iitera-'( unemp"'ment( diseases i)e depressi"n( stress et-0

In "rder t" -"ntr" these diseases !irst .e ha&e t" -"ntr" p"&ert'0 At #"&ernment

e&e and as" at internati"na e&e man' strate#ies are made e&er' da' t" -"ntr"

p"&ert'0 $ut n". Dr0 Y"unis #a&e a !"rmua "! mi-r" -redit that su--ess!u' ."r)ed

in $an#adesh and is n". repi-ated a "&er the ."rd and as" in Pa)istan s"2 the

purp"se "! the stud' .as t" "bser&e that .hat r"e mi-r" -redit pa's in Pa)istan in

p"&ert' ae&iati"n0

The stud' .as -"ndu-ted in !"ur urban sum areas "! Ra.a pindi and Isamabad that

are Musim C""n'( Dh") /aa /han( Tehmaspabad and Sha)ria0 Th"se pe"pe are

tar#eted .h" ha&e ta)en mi-r" -redit s" that the -"mparis"n "! i&in# standard be!"re

and a!ter use "! mi-r" -redit -an be made and hen-e it -an be seen that( i! there is an'

impr"&ement in their i&in# standard a!ter usin# mi-r" -redit "r n"t0 The stud' .as

based "n questi"nnaires .hi-h .ere distributed a!ter transatin# it int" %rdu s" that

resp"ndents -an easi' understand it and !i it a--"rdin#'0 Sampe !"r this sur&e'

.as *++ .ith 3+ resp"ndents per area0 The dependent &ariabe ta)en in this stud' is

p"&ert' redu-ti"n .here as independent &ariabe is mi-r" -redit and m"deratin#&ariabe is p"iti-a en&ir"nment0

S"me "! the !a-t"rs that sh". p"&ert' redu-ti"n are Trainin# and edu-ati"n( -ean

.ater and h'#ieni- en&ir"nment( nutriti"n and adequate !""d( a--"mm"dati"n(

in-"me and sa&in#s0

O&era .e -an sa' that trainin# and edu-ati"n( -ean .ater and h'#ieni- en&ir"nment(

nutriti"n and adequate !""d( a--"mm"dati"n( in-"me and sa&in#s are imp"rtant

!a-t"rs "! p"&ert' redu-ti"n0 $e-ause .hen a pers"n has trainin# and edu-ati"n he -animpr"&e his i&in# standard( i! a pers"n has -ean drin)in# .ater and adequate !""d he


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.i be heath' and -an earn in a better .a' !"r his !ami'( i! his a--"mm"dati"n is

better and en"u#h !"r !ami' members and str"n# en"u#h !"r natura disasters he -an

i&e in a better .a'0 And "b&i"us' i! his earnin# is #""d and en"u#h !"r !ami' he

-an as" pr"&ide re-reati"na a-ti&ities t" his -hidren and -an as" a!!"rd un-ertain

e4penses su-h as sudden #uest et- and -an as" d" sa&in#s !"r !uture( then a these

thin#s p"ints t".ards a #""d i!e( a i!e .ith a #""d i&in# standard and a i!e ab"&e

p"&ert' ine0 S"2 a ab"&e menti"ned !a-t"rs pa's an imp"rtant r"e in p"&ert'

redu-ti"n0

Fr"m data ana'sis it is -"n-uded that the mi-r" -redit pr"#ram is e!!e-ti&e in #i&in#

un emp"'ed pe"pe emp"'ment su-h as ta4i dri&er( sh"p )eeper et- and t" meet

sh"rt term needs su-h as return debt ta)en !r"m s"me "ne ese( pa'in# !ee( "perati"n(

treatment "! disease et-0 M"st' b"rr".ers "! Musim -""n'( Dh") /aa /han(

Sha)ria and Tehmaspabad ha&e used mi-r" -redit t" pur-hase ta4i( se.in# ma-hine

and "penin# sma sh"p and impr"&in# a--"mm"dati"n0

$ut mi-r" -redit s'stem is n"t the per!e-t "ne2 it is n"t a repa-ement !"r 5"bs that are

n"t there and s)is that d" n"t e4ist0 Imp"rtant thin# is t" ma)e them !inan-ia'

stabe( t" brin# them "ut "! the p"&ert' ine and t" ma)e them abe t" sustain their

p"siti"n and impr"&e i&in# -"nditi"n instead "! returnin# ba-) t" the p"&ert' ine0 It

-an be d"ne in this .a' that mi-r" -redit instituti"ns -an ma)e -"ntra-t .ith dri&in#

-enters that -an #i&in# trainin# t" th"se pe"pe .h" d"n6t )n". dri&in# "n ha! rate(

-"ntra-ts .ith b"utiques -an be made( -"ntra-ts .ithBATAand Unilever-an be

made0 In th"se areas .hereBATAd" n"t ha&e "utet( a pers"n -an ta)e mi-r" -redit

pur-haseBATAsh"es and -an se them in his area0 Simiar -"ntra-t -an be made .ith

Unilever.


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CHAPTER: 1 INTRODCTION


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1!1 R"#e "$ micr" cre%it i& '"verty a##eviati"&

Mi-r" -redit Pr"#rams e4tend sma "ans t" &er' p""r pe"pe !"r se!

emp"'ment pr"5e-ts that #enerate in-"me !"r their sur&i&a( a".in# them t"

-are !"r themse&es and their !amiies0 De&e"ped "&er the past t.ent' 'ears(

mi-r" -redit is n". -"nsidered as "ne "! the m"st e!!e-ti&e t""s that .e used

t" !i#ht p"&ert'0 It is n"t -harit'( but in&estment( and t" understand it .e need

t" "") at p"&ert' in the ."rd t"da'0

P"&ert' is a #"ba issue0 Despite -han#es in de&e"pment paradi#ms in the

ast ha! "! the *+th -entur'( the pr"mise t" brin# .ebein# t" a human bein#

remained un!u!ied0 As it stands( m"re than 7++ mii"n -hidren "! primar'

s-h"" a#e ha&e ne&er stepped inside a -ass r""m( ab"ut *8+++ -hidren die

ea-h da' !r"m ar#e' pre&entabe manutriti"n and disease and m"re than 70*

bii"n pe"pe in the ."rd are stru##in# t" sur&i&e at the mar#in "! human

e4isten-e 9"n under a d"ar a da':0 P"&ert' is the pr"bem !"r a the -"untries

irrespe-ti&e "! their e&e "! de&e"pment0 It -an be "bser&ed in man' !"rms0 It

has b"th in-"me and n"n in-"me dimensi"ns0 It ma' be a a-) "! in-"me "r

res"ur-es( a a-) "! -"pin# -apa-it'( a a-) "! basi- human -apabiities( a a-)

"! instituti"na de!enses "r in e4treme -ases a a-) "! a "! these0 In a .ider

sense( it ma' be a -"mbinati"n "! e-"n"mi-( s"-ia and p"iti-a depri&ati"ns0

In -"nsiderati"n "! p"&ert' ine( pe"pe in ea-h -"untr' -an br"ad' be di&ided

int" t." -ate#"ries name' p""r and n"n p""r0 The n"n p""r are i&in# ab"&e

and the p""r are i&in# be". the p"&ert' ine0 The p""r ma' be di&ided int"destitute ;$"tt"m 7+ per-ent be". the p"&ert' ine


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e-"n"mi- i!e "! p""r pe"pe0 A--"rdin# t" Adam Smith 9M"ne'( sa's the

pr"&erb( ma)es m"ne'0 @hen '"u ha&e #"t a itte( it is "!ten eas' t" #et m"re

and the #reat di!!i-ut' is t" #et the itte: ;Adam Smith( 78B( 8


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mi-r" -redit "r#ani=ati"n "! $an#adesh and 5"int .inner "! the N"be Pea-e

Pri=e< has -aimed ar"und 88G returnin# rate0 It is interestin# t" n"te that the

main b"rr".ers "! this m"ne' are ."men and this is a p"i-' de-ided b' the

$an)0 @"men are re#arded as m"re trust."rth' and abe t" dea .ith m"ne'

m"re s)i!u' than men and this in turn has ead t" their emp".erment0 The

hi#h rates "! "an return ha&e heped mi-r"!inan-e "r#ani=ati"ns i)e the

rameen $an) t" be-"me se!?reiant ;n"t dependin# "n the d"n"rs an' m"reua8e etcB

En"u#h 3 (5

N"t en"u#h 77+ 31

Are y"u t.e "y ear&er "$

t.e $ami#yBYes 8+ 04

N" 3 ,(

W.at i- y"ur t"ta# $ami#y

i&c"meB

*+++ 3 +!(

+++ * (3

+++ *, 14

Other ,+ 01I- y"ur i&c"me e&"u2. t"

*ear recreati"&a# activitie-

$"r c.i#%re&B

Yes (4

N" 77+ 31

D" y"u 6a&t -"me "t.er

-"urce- "$ i&c"meBYes 7* 40


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N" * 1,!4

D" y"u e&c"ura2e

-avi&2-B

Yes 7 5,N" 8 0!4

Are y"u a*#e t" -ave "r it

i- %i$$icu#t $"r y"uB

Abe (4

Di!!i-ut 777 31

D" y"u .ave -avi&2- $"r

rai&y %ay- a&% a&y

&atura# %i-a-terB

Yes 3 +,

N" 7+* 0

H"6 muc. 'art "$ i&c"me

%" y"u -aveB

3G * (7

7+G 7, 11!

73G 77 3!7N"ne 8 7

W.at i- t.e "*/ective "$

y"ur -avi&2-B

T" meet an' un-ertain -risis

in !uture

* ,7

F"r !uture use( i! '"u ha&e

n"thin# e!t .ith '"u

* (3

F"r -hidren .e!are * (7

Other * 1

D" y"u 6a&t t" i&ve-t

y"ur -avi&2- i& a&y $"rm

"$ *u-i&e-- ?ric8-.a6

taxi -."' etcB

Yes 88 +

N" 3 +


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Have y"u i&v"#ve% i& a&y

8i&% "$ trai&i&2 ?Aut"

6"r8-."' etc "r

e%ucati"& 'r"2ramB

Yes ,7

N" 8* 05

D" y"u $ee# t.at *y

trai&i&2 "r e%ucati"& y"u

ca& im'r"ve y"ur #ivi&2

-ta&%ar%B

Yes ,7 0(

N" B ,3

D" y"u t.i&8 trai&i&2 "r

e%ucati"& i- ex'e&-e "r

a--etB

E4pense ,7 0(

Asset B ,3

Have a&y "$ y"ur c.i#%re&2etti&2 a&y 8i&% "$

trai&i&2 "r e%ucati"&B

Yes ,, 0

N" B ,+

D" y"u t.i&8 trai&i&2 "r

e%ucati"& i- a 6ay t" -"#ve

y"ur 'r"*#em-BYes 77B 30

N" , (,!0

I$ "''"rtu&ity "$ $ree

e%ucati"& a&% trai&i&2 i-

'r"vi%e% t" y"u 6i## y"u

avai# itB

Yes 7* 47N" 7 (7


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D" y"u .ave e&"u2. $""%

every %ayB

Yes ,7 0(!(

N" B ,3!3D" y"u $ee# %i$$icu#t t"

ma&a2e $""% ex'e&-e-B

Yes 7+B 5

N" , +1

W.at i- y"ur %ai#y

avera2e ex'e&-e "& $""%B

7++ 8 (0

73+ * (3

*++ 8 (0

Other 3 ((!0

I- t.ere a&y %ay y"u #ive

6it."ut $""%B

Yes ,* 0+

N" B ,3

Have y"u ever $e#t

u&certai& a*"ut 6.et.er I

6i## 2et &ext time mea# "r

&"tB

Yes ,B 0

N" , ,+!4

W.at %" y"u m"-t#y eatB

Fresh -hapatti 7+, 37

Meat 83 1

Lintes , ,+!4

Stae -hapatti B +7!+

Ri-e 88 +!4

Other 7 4!+

H"6 %" y"u -ee t.e

%i$$ere&ce i& y"ur #i$e

a$ter y"u -tarte% u-i&2


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micr" cre%itB

Impr"&e a--"mm"dati"n 8+ 04

Cean .ater and h'#ieni-

en&ir"nment

1!5

In-rease in-"me *8 14!3

In-rease sa&in#s 7 5!7

Adequate !""d , 0!1

Trainin# and edu-ati"n *B 13!,

Ot.er 11 3!7

,!( I&ter'retati"&

The resuts !"r the &ari"us !a-ets "! the questi"nnaire t" determine the R"e "! mi-r"

-redit in p"&ert' ae&iati"n are "utined in ab"&e tabe0 Resuts indi-ate that ma5"rit'

;N7+< ;3G


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ha&e tensi"n "! repa'ment -redit( s"metimes the' ha&e ess earnin# and the' ha&e

tensi"n that their earnin# is ess then !r"m .here the' -an return -redit0 And as"

th"se pe"pe .h" ha&e pur-hased an' ta4i "r ri-)sha. and the' are ."rried ab"ut it

that .hat the' .i d" i! it is st"en0 S"2 mi-r" -redit ma)es their i!e !u "! tensi"n

a--"rdin# t" them0

As the !a-t"rs that sh". p"&ert' redu-ti"n in this stud' are trainin# and edu-ati"n(

-ean .ater and h'#ieni- en&ir"nment( nutriti"n and adequate !""d( a--"mm"dati"n(

in-"me and sa&in#s0

And .e -an see !r"m the ab"&e tabe that ;N8+


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0

100

200

Gender

Series1 130 70

Male Female

As highlighted by above figure, the majority of the respondents in

the sample are males, with 65 (N=13! of the respondents beingmale and 35" (N=#! of the respondents being female$

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Age

Series1 19 50 59 54 18

20 yrs or

below 21-30 31-40 41-50

Above 50

yrs

As illustrated by above figure, 5% respondents (&%$5"! fall into the

age group 31' years$ 5 respondents ("! fall into the age

group 1'5 years and 5 respondents (&5"! fall into the age group

&1'3 years$ 1% respondents (%$5"! fell into the age & years or

below$ )he fewest respondents (1*+ %"! fall into the age group

above 5 years$


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0

20

40

60

Education

Series1 30 35 41 32 31 31

Mast Bach !ter Matri "!#e lliter

Above igure 3$6 highlights the edu-ational level of the sample$ .t

-an be noted that 3 (15"! are masters$ 35 (1#$5"! holds ba-helor

degree$ 1 (&$5"! are intermediate, 3& (16"! are mati-$ 31(15$5"! are under matri- and 31 (15$5"! are illiterate$

0

100

200

Marital status

Series1 147 53

Si!$le marrie#

Ab"&e !i#ure depi-ts the marita status "! resp"ndents0 A--"rdin# t" !i#ure 7B

;B03G< resp"ndents are sin#e and 3 ;*03G< resp"ndents are married0


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0

50

100

No. of children

Series1 %7 57 55 20

&ero o!e-two three- 'ive or

Fr"m the ab"&e !i#ure it is -ear that B resp"ndents ;03G< ha&e n" -hidren( 3B

resp"ndents ;*,03G< ha&e 7?* -hidren( 33 resp"ndents ;*B03G< ha&e ? -hidren and*+ ;7+G< ha&e 3 "r m"re -hidren0

0

50

100

Occupation

Series1 12 25 29 %5 10 44 15

(o! #riv Swe lab )eo Sch *th

It is -ear !r"m ab"&e !i#ure that 7* ;G< ha&e n" "--upati"n( the' sur&i&e "n =a)at(

-harit' and "--asi"na ab"r0 *3 ;7*03G< .ere dri&er( *8 ;703G< .ere s.eeper( 3

;*03G< .ere ab"r( 7+ ;3G< .ere pe"n( ;**G< .ere s-h"" tea-her and 73 ;B03G'ear' edu-ati"na e4penditure60 It means that mi-r"?-redit in-reases

entitement "! pr"#ram h"useh"ds "n edu-ati"n thr"u#h in-reasin# -apabiit' t"

spend m"re "n edu-ati"n "! -hidren0 The -hi?square resut re5e-ts the nu h'p"thesis

"n >h"useh"ds rep"rtin# si-) -hidren60 The re5e-ti"n "! the nu h'p"thesis means

that there is a si#ni!i-ant di!!eren-e bet.een the pr"#ram h"useh"ds and the

-"mparis"n h"useh"ds in terms "! !e.er than !i&e si-) -hidren0 The si-)ness "! an

under !i&e -hid indi-ates the manutriti"n "! that -hid and it as" indi-ates a-) "!

en"u#h -apabiit' "! the parents "! that -hid t" pr"&ide required nutriti"us !""d t" the

-hid0 The re5e-ti"n "! the nu h'p"thesis "n >under 3 si-) -hidren6 indi-ates that

pr"#ram h"useh"ds ha&e hi#her -apabiities t" pr"&ide required nutriti"us !""d t"

their under 3 -hidren0 The t?test resut re5e-ts the nu h'p"thesis "n 'ear' h"useh"d

medi-a e4penditure( i0e0 there is a si#ni!i-ant di!!eren-e bet.een the pr"#ram

h"useh"ds and -"mparis"n h"useh"ds in terms "! 'ear' h"useh"d medi-a

e4penditure0 This resut re&eas that pr"#ram h"useh"ds spend si#ni!i-ant' hi#her

am"unt "! m"ne' "n heath and medi-a purp"ses than that "! -"mparis"n

h"useh"ds0 There is a si#ni!i-ant di!!eren-e bet.een the pr"#ram h"useh"ds and

-"mparis"nh"useh"ds in terms "! the immediate ast medi-a ad&i-e ta)en b' the

h"useh"ds durin# the immediate ast si-)ness "! a member "! the h"useh"d as the

-hi?square re5e-ts the nu h'p"thesis0 This means that pr"#ram h"useh"ds ha&e m"re

abiit' t" pa' !ees "! a quai!ied pri&ate pra-titi"ner and as" ha&e m"re abiit' t"

pur-hase medi-ine0 There!"re( the re5e-ti"n "! nu h'p"theses "n !e.er than !i&e si-)

-hidren( the a&era#e 'ear' medi-a e4penditure "! h"useh"ds and the immediate ast

medi-a ad&i-e indi-ates that mi-r"?-redit in-reases entitement "! pr"#ram

h"useh"ds "n heath thr"u#h in-reasin# the -apabiities "! pr"#ram h"useh"ds t"


84/108

spend m"re "n heath0 The impa-ts "! mi-r"?-redit "n sheter ha&e been assessed

thr"u#h -"mparis"n "! di!!erent indi-at"rs reated t" sheter "! pr"#ram h"useh"ds

.ith th"se "! -"mparis"n h"useh"ds0 F"r ana'=in# the sheter status "! pr"#ram

h"useh"ds and -"mparis"n h"useh"ds( !"ur indi-at"rs reated t" sheter ha&e been

used0 These !"ur indi-at"rs are ;a< the a&era#e t"ta area "! i&in# spa-e( ;b< h"usin#

-"nditi"n ;r""!


85/108

e4penditure "! h"useh"ds0 The a&era#e >.ee)' !""d -"nsumpti"n e4penditure6 "!

pr"#ram h"useh"ds is Ta)a ,3,03, and the a&era#e >.ee)' !""d -"nsumpti"n

e4penditure6 "! -"mparis"n h"useh"ds is Ta)a 3,,0,30 The a&era#e >.ee)' !""d

-"nsumpti"n e4penditure6 "! pr"#ram h"useh"ds is G per-ent hi#her than the

a&era#e >.ee)' !""d -"nsumpti"n e4penditure6 "! -"mparis"n h"useh"ds0 It sh".s

the a&aiabiit' "! !""d "! pr"#ram h"useh"ds and -"mparis"n h"useh"ds0 The

pr"#ram h"useh"ds -an arran#een"u#h !""d !"r the members "! the h"useh"d "n an

a&era#e 7703, m"nths "! a 'ear0 On the "ther hand h"useh"ds -an arran#e !""d !"r

the members "! the h"useh"d "n an a&era#e 807 m"nths "! a 'ear0 These t."

a&era#es dem"nstrate that !""d is m"re a&aiabe in pr"#ram h"useh"ds than

-"mparis"n h"useh"ds0 The -"?e!!i-ient "! &ariati"n "! >a&aiabiit' "! !""d in

m"nths6 "! pr"#ram h"useh"ds and -"mparis"n h"useh"ds are +07 and +0*

respe-ti&e'0 It sh".s the distributi"n "! >a&aiabiit' "! !""d in m"nths6 "!

h"useh"ds0 The distributi"n as" sh".s better distributi"n !"r pr"#ram h"useh"ds0

@hie *0+G "! -"mparis"n h"useh"ds ha&e !""d de!i-it( "n' 7+0,G "! pr"#ram

h"useh"ds ha&e !""d de!i-it0 It sh".s that the t test &aue re5e-ts the nu h'p"thesis

"n >.ee)' !""d -"nsumpti"n e4penditure6 and >!""d a&aiabiit' "! h"useh"ds60

A--"rdin# t" A%e"#u )! Aya&6a#e andTai6" A#imiMICRO FINANCIN AS A

POVERTY ALLEVIATION MEAS%RE Resuts "! the saient s"-i"e-"n"mi-

-hara-teristi-s "! the resp"ndents are presented in Tabe 7 be".0 M"st ;,0

per-ent< "! the resp"ndents !a in the a#e ran#e 7?3+ 'ears( .hie ab"ut B+ per-ent

!a bet.een 7 and 3+ 'ears "! a#e0 The re-ipients are reati&e' '"un# and in their

pr"du-ti&e' a-ti&e 'ears0 The #ender distributi"n is am"st equa sin-e a simpe

rand"m sampe pr"du-es an am"st equa number "! mae and !emae0 Thus .e -an

assert that FAD% "an s-heme is #ender sensiti&e0

M"st "! the resp"ndents ;80+ per-ent< ha&e a !ami' si=e "! bet.een 3 and , pe"pe(

.ith the a&era#e !ami' si=e "! 7+ pe"pe0

The a&era#e number "! 'ears spent in !"rma instituti"n is three and a ha! 'ears0 M"st

"! the resp"ndents ;0B per-ent< -"mpeted their se-"ndar' s-h"" edu-ati"n( .hie

"n' ;70+ per-ent< had n" !"rma edu-ati"n0 Furtherm"re m"st ;*0,7 per-ent< "!

the resp"ndents ha&e ess than 7+ 'ears "! !armin# e4perien-e0

The impi-ati"ns "! these s"-i"?e-"n"mi- -hara-teristi-s are that 9the FAD%

bene!i-iaries are edu-ated( '"un# and ha&e an a&era#e !ami' si=e "! 7+0 The !a-t that


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the' are edu-ated means the' .i be abe t" )eep !arm re-"rd( sin-e edu-ati"n

enabes !armers t" )eep pr"du-ti"n and !arm re-"rds and there!"re b""sts !arm

"utput0

FAD% en-"ura#es her bene!i-iaries t" sa&e0 Tabe * sh".s the sa&in#s patterns "! the

resp"ndents0 M"st ;*0,7 per-ent< "! the resp"ndents sa&e bet.een N7+++ and *+++

per annum( at"#ether ab"ut + per-ent "! the resp"ndents sa&es bet.een N77+++ and

N++++ per annum0 The a&era#e am"unt "! sa&in#sis N*B( 3+0++ .hi-h .as ab"ut

, per-ent "! the mean am"unt "! "an requested( .hi-h .as N+( *3+0++0

Ta*#e 1: S"ci"ec"&"mic c.aracteri-tic- "$ re-'"&%e&t-

=aria*#e ;re>ue&cy J a2e Mea&

A2e ?year-< 3 0+3

*7?+ *7083

7?+ B8 ,07B

7?3+ 7 *3

37?+ 70,

+ 7 7++

T"ta# 0*,

Sex

Mae ,8 30*B

Femae B3 30B

T"ta# 7

;ami#y -i9e

an 7+ 07

, Ma' 80+*

7* Sept 3 *08

7?7 * 730,3

7B 7+ 07

T"ta# 7++ 7+

E%ucati"& #eve#

N" !"rma

edu-ati"n

* 70+*

Primar' s-h""

-"mpeted

730,3


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Primar' s-h""

n"t -"mpeted

, 0,,

Se-"ndar'

s-h""

-"mpeted

3 073

Se-"ndar'

s-h"" n"t

-"mpeted

7, 7+08,

Territ"r' * 70+*

T"ta# 7 7++ 03*

S"ur-eH Ana'sis "! Fied Sur&e' Data ;*++*n"rma6 t" the -"mmunit' t" i&e am"n# them in "rder t" #et t"

)n". ab"ut their -"nditi"n( t" "&er-"me this pr"bem I tried t" ma)e su-h

questi"nnaire .hi-h .i be eas' !"r them t" read( understand and !i it0 That

is .h' I transated questi"nnaire int" %rdu .hi-h e&er'"ne am"n# them -an

read and understand0


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$ut I thin) it ."ud ha&e been better i! I -"ud spend m"re time0

Re$ere&ce-


101/108

70 Abduah( T0 M0 ;*++3


102/108

@renn( E0 ;*++3


103/108

siteres"ur-es0."rdban)0"r#INTISPMARes"ur-esTrainin#?E&ents?and?Materiasm"nit"rin#Vietnam0pd!

730 1"ssain( F( \ /ni#ht( T0 ;*++,


104/108

D"-t"ra Dissertati"n( Institute !"r A#ri-utura E-"n"mi- andS"-ia S-ien-es in the Tr"pi-s and Subtr"pi-s0

**0/hand)er( M0 ;*+++


105/108

p"&ert'mi-r"-redit0htm0 Re!eren-e a--"rdin# t" @renn( E0;*++3


106/108

Internati"na re&ie. "! $usiness Resear-h Papers V"0 N"0 (Pp0 +8?*( *++*0

0Russe( A0 S0 ;*++


107/108

Dissertati"n0 Lund %ni&ersit' -entre !"r East and S"uth EastAsian Studies0

0@aheed( S0 ;*++7


108/108

3+0aidi( E0 ;*++B

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