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December 2008
Document of the World Bank
Report No. 46449-MG
MadagascarBack to the Future on the road to sustained and balanced growth
(In Two Volumes) Volume II: Annexes
PREM 1Africa Region
Report N
o. 46449-MG
Madagascar
Back to the Future on the road to sustained and balanced grow
th Vol. II
Country Economic MemorandumPub
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COCPO Oil, Gas and Mining Policy Division, World Bank
CODEX Food Norms defined by the FAO and the WHO
COMESA Common Market for Southern and Eastern Africa
CPIA Country Policy and Institutional Assessment
CREAM Center for Research, Study and Support to Economic Analysis or Centre de Recherche, d’Etude et d’Appui à l’Analyse Economique
CRIF Land Titling Resource and Information Center or Centre de Ressources et d’Informations Foncières
CSI Committee for Integrity Safeguard or Comité pour la Sauvegarde de l’Intégrité
CSLCC High Council for the Fight against Corruption or Conseil Supérieur pour la Lutte Contre la Corruption
CT Labor Laws or Code du Travail
CYCI Commonwealth Youth Credit Initiative
DAU Single Administrative Document or Document Administratif Unique
CEO Chief Executive Officer or Directeur Général - DG
DGD Customs Directorate General or Direction Générale des Douanes
DGI Tax Directorate General or Direction Générale des Impôts
DT Dwell Time
DVS Value and Selectivity Division or Division Valeur et Sélectivité
EDBM Economic Development Board of Madagascar
EITI Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
EPIN CPIA, Country Policy and Institutional Assessment
EPZ Export Processing Zone
EVP Twenty Feet Equivalent or Equivalent Vingt Pieds
FENU United Nations Equipment Funds or Fond d'Equipement des Nations Unies
FER Road Maintenance Funds or Fonds d'Entretien Routier
FHORM Hotel and Restaurant Federation of Madagascar or Fédération des Hôtels et Restaurants de Madagascar
FIAS Foreign Investment Climate Advisory Service
FIATA International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations or Fédération Internationale des Associations de Transitaires et Assimilés
FID Intervention Funds for Development or Fonds d'Investissement pour le Développement
FIDA International Agricultural Development Funds or Fonds International de Développement Agricole
IMF International Monetary Fund
FOB Free on Board
FONDEF Technical Learning and Vocational Training Development Funds or Fonds de Développement de l'Enseignement Technique et de la Formation Professionnelle
FPC Continous Professional Training or Formation Professionnelle Continue
FRE Extractive Revenue Funds or Fonds de Recette Extractive
FSAP Financial Sector Assessment Program
FTU Fort Dauphin
GEFP Professional Export Processing Zone Group or Groupement des Entreprises Franches Professionnelles
GIPA Interprofessional Craftsmen Group or Groupement Interprofessionnel des Artisans
GPCAD Professional Registered Customs Agent Group or Groupement des Professionnels des Commissionnaires Agréés en Douane
GVS Gate Validation System
HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (Norme Sécurité des aliments)
HIMO High Man Labor Intensity or Haute Intensité de Main d'œuvre
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IDE Direct Foreign Investment or Investissement Direct Etranger
IFC International Finance Corporation
INSTAT National Stastics Institute or Institut National de la Statistique
JIRAMA Jiro sy Rano Malagasy
KFW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
KRAOMA Kraomita Malagasy
LGIM Law on Large Mining Investments or Loi sur les Grands Investissements Miniers
MAEP Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fishing or Ministère de l’Agriculture de l’Elevage et de la Pêche
MAP Madagascar Action Plan
MCA Millenium Challenge Account
MECI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry or Ministère de l’Economie, du Commerce et de l’Industrie
MEM Ministry of Energy and Mining or Ministère de l’Energie et des Mines
MENRS Ministry of National Education and of Scientific Research or Ministère de l’Education Nationale et de la Recherche Scientifique
MFB Minsitry of Finance and Budget or Ministère des Finances et du Budget
MFPTLS Ministry of Civil Service, Work and Social Laws or Ministère de la Fonction Publique, du Travail et des Lois Sociales
MICTSL Madagascar International Container Terminal Service Ltd
NOS Nosy Be
NICT New Information and Communications Technology
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
OIE World Animal Health Organization or Organisation Mondiale de la Santé Animale
OMD Millenium Development Objectives or Objectifs Millenium de Développement
OMEF Malagasy Research Observatory for Employment and Professional Training or Observatoire Malgache de l'Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle
OMNIS National Office for Mining and Strategic Industries or Office des Mines National et des Industries Stratégiques
NGO Non Governmental Organization
ONN National Office for Nutrition or Office National pour la Nutrition
ONPE National Office To Promote Employment or Office National de la Promotion de l'Emploi
ONT National Tourism Office or Office National du Tourisme
ONUDI United Nations for Industrial Development Organization or Organisation des Nations Unies pour le Développement Industriel
OPCAEF Fund Collector Joint Organization for Profesional Training or Organisme Paritaire Collecteurs de Fonds pour la Formation Professionnelle
OPCI Public Intercommunal Cooperation Organization or Organisme Public de Coopération Intercommunale
ORT Regional Tourism Office or Office Régional du Tourisme
PEFA Public Expanditure and Financial Accountability
PER Employment Promotion Program or Programme de Promotion à l'Emploi
PGRM Mining Reserouce Governance Project or Projet de Gouvernance des Ressources Minières
GDP Gross Domestic Products
PIC Integrated Growth Pole or Pôle Intégré de Croissance
SME Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
PNUD United Nations Development Program or Programme des Nations Unies pour le Développement
PPP Public Private Partnership or Partenariat Public Privé
PRSM Mining Sector Restructuration Project or Projet de Restructuration du Secteur Minier
PSI Pre-Shipment Inspection
PTAC Gross Weight or Poids Total Autorisé en Charge
QMM Qit Madagascar Minerals
RFT Tourism Land Reserves or Réserves Foncières Touristiques
SADC Southern African Development Community
SFI International Financial Society or Société Financière Internationale
SG Secretary General
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
SNIE National Employment Information System or Système National de l'Information sur l'Emploi
SPAT Agri-food and Tourism Productive System or Système Productif Agroalimentaire et Touristique
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards or Standards Sanitaires et Phytosanitaires
SQAMT Standardisation Quality Assurance, Metrology and Testing
TELMA Telecom Malagasy
TOT Terms of Trade
TTI/TTA Itinerant or Traveling Terriers or Terriers Itinérants ou Ambulants
VAT Value Added Tax
EU European Union
UK United Kingdom
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VAE Validation of Experience Assets or des Acquis de l'Expérience
VATSI Malagasy Office for the Promotion of Employment for All or Office Malagasy de Promotion pour l'Emploi pour tous
WTO World Trade Organization (OMC)
2
LIST OF ANNEXES
ANNEX 1: MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS ........................................................ 3 Table 1: Sectoral growth rate – baseline scenario ...................................................... 3
ANNEX 2: LIST OF STUDIES ON THE CONSTRAINTS TO PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ........................................................................................................... 5 ANNEX 3: EXPORT POTENTIAL OF MALAGASY PRODUCTS ......................... 42
Table 1: Largest sources of export growth by country between 2003 and 2006 ...... 42 Table 2: Export market penetration at HS-6 digit level ............................................ 43 All products ............................................................................................................... 43 Table 3: Madagascar export market penetration at HS-6 digit level by destination market ....................................................................................................................... 43 Table 4: Madagascar export market penetration at HS-6 digit level by major product................................................................................................................................... 44
ANNEX 4: AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETS NORMS AND STANDARDS............................................................................................................... 45 ANNEX 5: ASSESSMENT OF THE LABOR LAWS ................................................ 50 ANNEX 6: METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE LINK BETWEEN TRADE AND THE HOUSEHOLD REVENUE .................................................................................. 80 ANNEX 7: A QUICK REVIEW OF THE NORMS AND STANDARDS ON THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETS .................................................................................. 82
Table 1: Defend the market shares of the existing exports ....................................... 82 Table 2: The existing exports losing momentum ...................................................... 82 Table 3: The existing products to promote and not to promote towards new markets................................................................................................................................... 83 Table 4: The emerging products to promote ............................................................. 84
3
ANNEX 1: MACROECONOMIC INDICATORS
Table 1: Sectoral growth rate – baseline scenario
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011Average
2008-2011Primary sector 3.1 2.5 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.3
Agriculture 3.5 4.4 2.6 2.9 4.5 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.4
Cattle and fishing 3.3 0.8 1.9 1.7 2.0 2.0 3.0 3.0 2.5
Forestry 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Secondary sector 6.5 3.0 3.5 9.8 8.8 11.1 40.5 20.9 20.3
Food and drink 3.8 0.3 3.6 8.4 9.1 7.6 5.2 3.7 6.4
Export processing zone 25.0 0.0 0.0 28.6 8.6 11.6 12.1 12.4 11.2
Energy 6.0 2.5 4.4 5.6 12.0 12.0 7.0 7.0 9.5
Extractive industry 4.4 9.1 -7.2 9.0 125.0 880.0 60.0 268.5
Other 3.7 8.2 4.2 6.7 7.4 8.5 6.9 7.0 7.5
Tertiary sector 2
6.0 6.1 7.1 7.7 8.9 8.8 6.2 5.4 7.3
Transportation 5.7 5.3 7.3 7.9 9.0 9.2 7.7 7.5 8.4
Services 6.3 6.8 6.0 8.3 8.9 9.8 4.8 4.0 6.9
Trade 4.5 4.3 3.9 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.5
Public administration 1.6 3.0 2.1 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Public works/construction 29.0 18.8 27.6 21.8 24.0 18.0 12.0 7.0 15.3
Indirect taxes 7.3 6.4 6.2 6.6 8.2 8.3 8.5 8.5 8.4
Real GDP at market prices 5.3 4.6 5.0 6.2 7.1 7.5 9.8 7.6 8.0
Sources: Malagasy authorities and IMF staff estimates.2 Includes non-inputed banking services.
4
Table 2: Selected macroeconomic indicators for the base case scenario, 2004-11 (% of GDP unless otherwise noted)
Average2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2008-2011
Real GDP growth 5.3 4.6 5.0 6.2 7.1 7.5 9.8 7.6 8.0Consumer Price Index (period average) 27.3 11,4 10.8 10.3 9.4 8.8 6.5 5.5 7.6
Consumer Price Index (end of period) 14.0 18.4 10.8 8.2 11.0 8.5 6.0 5.0 7.6
Investment 24.3 22.5 24.1 26.4 36.0 33.2 21.6 18.7 27.4
Government 12.5 10.3 10.1 6.7 10.3 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.1 Non-Government 11.8 12.3 14.1 19.7 25.7 23.2 11.7 8.7 17.3
Central Government Account
Total Revenue (excluding grants) 12.0 10.9 11.2 11.7 12.3 12.7 13.2 13.6 13.0 of which: Tax revenue 10.9 10.1 10.7 11.4 12.0 12.5 12.9 13.3 12.7
Grants 8.2 5.7 47.9 4.3 5.1 3.9 4.4 4.3 4.4
Total Expenditure 25.1 21.2 21.3 18.7 21.8 21.4 20.4 21.2 21.2 Current Expenditure 12.6 11.0 11.1 11.0 11.5 11.5 10.5 11.2 11.2
Capital Expenditure 12.5 10.3 10.2 7.6 10.3 10.0 9.9 10.0 10.1
Domestic balance -2.3 -2.2 -1.9 -1.5 -2.0 -2.0 -1.2 -1.7 -1.7Overall balance (cash basis, excl. grants)-13.9 -10.1 -10.5 -7.2 -9.8 -8.8 -7.2 -7.6 -8.4
Overall balance (cash basis, incl. grants)-5.7 -4.3 37.4 -2.9 -4.7 -4.9 -2.8 -3.3 -3.9
Trade balance
Exports f.o.b. 22.9 17.0 17.8 16.8 15.8 16.1 22.6 23.2 19.4 Imports c.a.f. 38.8 33.9 32.6 35.9 40.9 38.0 28.8 27.3 33.8
Current Account (excluding grants) -12.9 -12.1 -10.0 -15.0 -23.6 -21.7 -10.0 -7.1 -15.6Current Account (including grants) -9.1 -10.9 -8.8 -14.6 -22.8 -21.3 -9.3 -6.3 -14.9Gross official reserves (in months of imports of GNFS)
2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.5 2.8 3.6 3.7 3.2
Sources: Malagasy authorities and IMF staff estimates and projections.
5
AN
NE
X 2
: L
IST
OF
ST
UD
IES
ON
TH
E C
ON
ST
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INT
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Ant
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Con
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Stu
dy o
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e su
pply
and
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and
– Te
chni
cal
aspe
cts
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he c
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Fina
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Agr
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Agr
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od
pres
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Ref
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Airp
ort -
Fru
its
- V
eget
able
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Feas
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ty
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ntan
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- Iva
to
393
KB
; fig
.
2 B
AM
EX
. Ant
anan
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o C
olle
ctio
n of
pr
oduc
ts
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t s
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ted
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ram
Ant
anan
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SA
ID
2005
07
.05.
05
BA
M
Hig
h pr
iorit
y ch
ains
– P
riorit
y ch
ains
–
Sel
ecte
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ains
A
grib
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ess
- S
pice
s -
Cer
eals
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ruits
- V
eget
able
s -
Fibe
rs –
Oils
eeds
– N
uts
– B
ever
ages
- M
adag
asca
r
600
KB
; fig
.
3 C
onso
rtium
R
AIS
E
AR
D. A
rling
ton
Mad
agas
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– A
naly
sis
of
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-pro
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fore
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Ant
anan
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2002
08
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01
CO
N
Rur
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artic
ipat
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and
prof
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as
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atio
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Food
-pro
cess
ing
sect
or –
For
estry
ind
ustry
sec
tor
– Tr
ade
and
expo
rts –
Ser
vice
cen
tre
for
busi
ness
de
velo
pmen
t an
d ac
cess
to fi
nanc
ing
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Inve
stm
ent
proj
ects
– F
ood-
proc
essi
ng in
dust
ry –
For
ests
–
Fore
stry
ind
ustry
– A
ctio
n P
lan
– M
arke
t st
udy
–M
adag
asca
r
895
KB
; fig
.
4 Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
M
issi
ons.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Bak
ery
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ur-
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asca
r A
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ivo
20
06
08.0
6.01
MIS
G
ener
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pres
enta
tion
– th
e K
OB
AM
A -
Im
ports
– B
aker
y tra
de
- D
istri
butio
n -
Con
sum
ptio
n
- P
rosp
ects
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Agr
o-in
dust
ry
– B
aker
y tra
de
– Fl
our-m
illin
g -
Mad
agas
car
175
KB
; fig
.
5 M
AE
P.
Ant
anan
ariv
o;
INS
TAT.
Ant
anan
ariv
o A
gric
ultu
ral
prod
uctiv
ity
in
Mad
agas
car:
2004
-20
05 s
easo
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
SA
ID
2005
07
.01.
01
MA
E
Farm
ers
asso
ciat
ion
– C
rop
yiel
ds –
P
rodu
ctio
n co
sts
– M
arke
t acc
ess
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Mai
ze
– P
otat
o –
Dai
ry
prod
uct -
Mad
agas
car
110
KB
; fig
.
6 B
AM
EX
. Ant
anan
ariv
o S
tatu
s of
th
e ja
troph
a ch
ain
and
impa
cts
of
inve
stm
ents
in
biod
iese
l in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
SA
ID
2007
08
.11.
01
BA
M
The
Jatro
pha
chai
n –
The
biod
iese
l se
ctor
in
Mad
agas
car
- A
ctio
ns i
n fa
vor
of
the
sust
aina
ble
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ent o
f the
sec
tor
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
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o-in
dust
ry
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rgy
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enew
able
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rgy
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iodi
esel
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fuel
-
Jatro
pha
– In
vest
men
ts
proj
ects
– F
easi
bilit
y st
udy
- M
adag
asca
r
580
KB
; fig
.
7 M
AE
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Five
-yea
r M
aste
r P
lan
for
Rur
al
Dev
elop
men
t: A
m
arke
t ap
proa
ch
to
fight
pov
erty
in
the
rura
l en
viro
nmen
t of
M
adag
asca
r: A
pril
2004
to
Mar
ch 2
009
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
2004
02
.01.
03
MA
E
Ove
rvie
w
of
the
syst
ems:
ke
y di
scov
erie
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d op
portu
nitie
s;
Stra
tegi
c ap
proa
ch
of
the
Mas
ter
Pla
n;
Ope
ratio
nal
Pla
n –
Inco
rpor
atio
n of
en
viro
nmen
tal,
men
-wom
en
and
soci
al
issu
es;
Con
trol
met
hods
of
th
e pr
ogre
ss
mad
e in
ru
ral
deve
lopm
ent;
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Mar
ket s
tudy
- A
gric
ultu
re
– A
gric
ultu
ral
polic
y - P
lann
ing
- Liv
esto
ck –
Tr
aditi
onal
fis
hing
–
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ects
- M
adag
asca
r
222
KB
6
Exp
lana
tory
man
agem
ent
note
s –
Sta
rt-up
act
iviti
es
8 M
inis
try
of
Agr
icul
ture
, Li
vest
ock
and
Fish
ing.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Mal
agas
y ag
ro-in
dust
rial
dyna
mic
s an
d de
velo
pmen
t pr
ospe
cts
or b
ases
for
a r
egio
nal
agro
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stria
l po
le
stra
tegy
: C
ontri
butio
n to
th
e P
over
ty
Red
uctio
n S
trate
gy P
aper
(PR
SP
) –
Wor
king
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e.
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
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R
2000
02
.01.
03 M
IN
The
agro
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l se
ctor
in
th
e M
alag
asy
deve
lopm
ent
dyna
mic
s –
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futu
re
of
agro
-indu
stria
l in
dust
ries
– S
patia
l an
alys
is o
f th
e dy
nam
ics
of
agro
-indu
stria
l bu
sine
sses
con
cent
ratio
n –
Bas
es
for
a re
gion
al a
gro-
indu
stria
l po
le
stra
tegy
– R
emin
ders
on
the
sub-
sect
ors
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
o-in
dust
ry
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ects
–
Agr
icul
tura
l po
licy
– H
alie
utic
pr
oduc
t –
Dai
ry
prod
uct
– C
erea
l – S
eric
ultu
re –
Bee
f -
Mad
agas
car
287
KB
; fig
.
9 C
ITE
. Ant
anan
ariv
o S
tudi
es o
n op
portu
nitie
s of
th
e va
lue
chai
ns
– Fi
anar
ants
oa
mic
ro-
regi
on:
The
« m
aize
»
chai
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
rime-
Min
iste
r’s
Offi
ce
in
char
ge
of
econ
omic
pr
ogra
ms
- M
TTP
AT
- P
AG
U/D
EV
EC
O
2003
07
.07.
04 C
IT
Con
text
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– S
ocia
l en
viro
nmen
t of
the
val
ue c
hain
–
Com
mer
cial
en
viro
nmen
t of
th
e va
lue
chai
n –
Mac
ro-e
cono
mic
an
alys
is
elem
ents
–
Qua
litat
ive
asse
ssm
ent o
f the
val
ue c
hain
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Mar
ket s
tudy
- A
gric
ultu
re
– A
gric
ultu
ral
mar
ket
– A
gric
ultu
ral
prod
uct
- Maz
e -
Mad
agas
car
205
KB
; fig
.
10
BA
ME
X. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Bus
ines
s pl
an f
or a
fru
it pr
oces
sing
uni
t se
t-up
in
Man
akar
a by
th
e "S
ocié
té m
alai
se"
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
SA
ID
2006
08
.06.
01
BA
M
Con
text
an
d ob
ject
ives
of
th
e pr
ojec
t –
Pre
sent
atio
n of
th
e de
velo
pers
– B
usin
ess
asse
ssm
ent
of th
e pr
ojec
t – T
echn
ical
asp
ects
of
the
proc
essi
ng
unit
– H
uman
re
sour
ce r
equi
rem
ents
– F
inan
cial
pl
an
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y -
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Pro
cess
ing
indu
stry
– A
gric
ultu
ral m
arke
t –
Frui
t -
Litc
hi –
Spi
ces
– S
eafo
od
- M
adag
asca
r -
Man
akar
a
276
KB
; fig
.
11
FTH
M
Con
seils
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Nat
iona
l sec
tora
l pla
n fo
r th
e fo
od-p
roce
ssin
g in
dust
ry in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o FT
HM
20
05
08.0
1.02
FT
H
Gen
eral
ities
–
Har
mon
izin
g M
adag
asca
r’s p
olic
y in
the
are
a of
fo
od-p
roce
ssin
g in
dust
ry –
Stre
ngth
an
d w
eakn
ess
of
the
food
-pr
oces
sing
ind
ustry
in
Mad
agas
car
and
valu
e ch
ain
– S
ecto
ral
plan
pr
opos
al
for
the
food
-pro
cess
ing
indu
stry
in
M
adag
asca
r –
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
a c
ompe
titiv
enes
s ob
serv
ator
y -
Iden
tific
atio
n of
ce
nter
s of
exc
elle
nce
– O
pera
tiona
l m
onito
ring
activ
ities
– F
inan
cing
of
the
actio
n pl
an
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
-
Food
-pro
cess
ing
indu
stry
–
Nat
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t po
licy
– Li
vest
ock
– Fr
uits
an
d ve
geta
bles
– S
ugar
– R
ice
- R
ecom
men
datio
n -
Mad
agas
car
1374
KB
; fig
.
12
BO
CK
EL
Loui
s R
evie
w o
f Mad
agas
car's
R
ice
sub-
sect
or: F
inal
V
ersi
on
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank
2002
07
.07.
04
BO
C
Ric
e in
M
adag
asca
r -
Inhe
rent
ch
arac
teris
tics
of t
he r
ice
chai
n -
Ric
e pr
oduc
ing
hous
ehol
ds
and
rura
l po
verty
-
Ric
e ch
ain
and
pove
rty r
educ
tion
stra
tegy
: P
olic
y im
plic
atio
ns
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Ric
e gr
owin
g -
Tech
niqu
e de
pr
oduc
tion
– In
vest
men
t in
ag
ricul
ture
-
Ric
e -
Rec
omm
enda
tions
-
Mad
agas
car
- A
grib
usin
ess
- Fa
rmin
g sy
stem
- A
gric
ultu
ral
inve
stm
ents
-
Rec
omm
enda
tions
-
Mad
agas
car
517
KB
; fig
.
13
BA
ME
X. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Bus
ines
s P
lan
for
the
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
SA
ID
2005
08
.12.
Pro
ject
de
scrip
tion
– Te
chni
cal
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
o-in
dust
ry
188
KB
; fig
.
7
bulk
ble
ndin
g of
fer
tiliz
er
to
be
esta
blis
hed
in
Maj
unga
05
BA
M
aspe
ct
of
the
proj
ect
– Fi
nanc
ial
requ
irem
ents
– fi
nanc
ial f
orec
asts
–
Indu
stria
l de
velo
pmen
t pr
ojec
t – In
vest
men
t pro
ject
–
Ferti
lizer
–
Ure
a –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Mah
ajan
ga
14
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Ban
ana
chai
n A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.0
7.05
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis–
P
olic
y
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– B
anan
a –
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t st
udy
- Mad
agas
car
116
KB
; fig
.
15
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Cof
fee
chai
n A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.0
7.09
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
–
Pol
icy
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– C
offe
e -
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
227
KB
; fig
.
16
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Sug
ar c
hain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
08.0
6.04
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
–
Pol
icy
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t – A
gric
ultu
re –
Sug
ar
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
842
KB
; fig
.
17
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Cot
ton
chai
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
07
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
–
Pol
icy
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– C
otto
n -
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
638
KB
; fig
.
18
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Frui
t and
veg
etab
le
chai
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
05
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
– A
P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Gen
eral
po
licy
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– F
ruits
–
Veg
etab
les
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
325
KB
; fig
.
19
Val
y ag
ri. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Pul
se c
hain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.0
7.06
VA
L D
escr
iptio
n –
Pro
blem
atic
ana
lysi
s –
Gen
eral
pol
icy
of th
e va
lue
chai
n A
grib
usin
ess
- A
gric
ultu
re –
A
gric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ct –
Pul
se -
R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
269
KB
; fig
.
20
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Litc
hi c
hain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.0
7.05
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
– G
ener
al p
olic
y of
the
valu
e ch
ain
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– L
itchi
-
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
93 K
B; f
ig.
21
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Maz
e ch
ain
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
04
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of th
e fie
ld o
f app
licat
ion
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– M
aze
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
100
KB
; fig
.
22
Val
y ag
ri. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Oils
eed
chai
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
09 V
AL
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Gen
eral
po
licy
of th
e va
lue
chai
n
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Oils
eeds
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
-
Mad
agas
car
340
KB
; fig
.
23
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Spi
ce p
lant
cha
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
09
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n do
mai
n -
Pro
blem
atic
an
alys
is
– P
olic
y
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Spi
ces
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
390
KB
; fig
.
24
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Pot
ato
chai
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
09
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
– P
olic
y A
grib
usin
ess
- A
gric
ultu
re –
A
gric
ultu
ral p
rodu
ct –
Pot
ato
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
134
KB
; fig
.
8
25
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Ess
entia
l oil
and
arom
atic
pla
nts
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.0
7.09
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
–
Pol
icy
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Aro
mat
ic p
lant
– E
ssen
tial o
il -
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
820
KB
; fig
.
26
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Cas
sava
cha
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
09
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
–
Pol
icy
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Cas
sava
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
-
Mad
agas
car
139
KB
; fig
.
27
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Ric
e ch
ain
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
04
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
– P
olic
y A
grib
usin
ess
- A
gric
ultu
re –
A
gric
ultu
ral
prod
uct
– R
ice
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
441
KB
; fig
.
28
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Toba
cco
chai
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.07.
09
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
–
Pol
icy
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Toba
cco
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
-
Mad
agas
car
165
KB
; fig
.
29
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Van
illa
chai
n A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.0
7.09
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of th
e fie
ld o
f app
licat
ion
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Van
illa
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
– M
adag
asca
r
87 K
B; f
ig.
30
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Trad
ition
al p
oultr
y-fa
rmin
g ch
ain
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.09.
02
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
- O
utlin
e of
th
e tra
ditio
nal p
oultr
y-fa
rmin
g po
licy
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– P
oultr
y fa
rmin
g -
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch
- M
adag
asca
r
177
KB
; fig
.
31
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Sna
il ch
ain
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.09.
02
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– S
nail
-
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
121
KB
; fig
.
32
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Eel
cha
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.09.
02
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Eel
-
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
72 K
B; f
ig.
33
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Sea
wee
d ch
ain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.04
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Sea
wee
d -
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch
- M
adag
asca
r
81 K
B; f
ig.
34
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Inla
nd tr
aditi
onal
fish
ing
chai
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.10.
01
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Inla
nd f
ishi
ng
– Tr
aditi
onal
fis
hing
–
Sea
food
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mar
ket
rese
arch
-
Mad
agas
car
92 K
B; f
ig.
35
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Fish
farm
ing
and
rice
an
d fis
h fa
rmin
g c
hain
s A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.03
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Live
stoc
k - f
ish
farm
ing
- Ric
e fis
h fa
rmin
g -
Car
p –
Gol
dfis
h-
Tila
pia
-
90 K
B; f
ig.
9
Rec
omm
enda
tion
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
36
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Oth
er fi
sh c
hain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.01
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Fish
ing
– H
alie
utic
pr
oduc
t –
Fish
-
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
81 K
B; f
ig.
37
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Fish
ed s
hrim
p ch
ain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.01
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Fish
ing
- A
quac
ultu
re
– S
hrim
p -
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
131
KB
; fig
.
38
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Mar
ine
aqua
cultu
re
shrim
p ch
ain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.03
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Fish
ing
- A
quac
ultu
re
– S
eafo
od
– S
hrim
p - R
ecom
men
datio
ns –
M
arke
t re
sear
ch
– M
adag
asca
r
114
KB
; fig
.
39
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Lobs
ter c
hain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.01
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Fish
ing
– H
alie
utic
pro
duct
–
Lobs
ter
- R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch
– M
adag
asca
r
98 K
B; f
ig.
40
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Trad
ition
al m
ariti
me
fishi
ng c
hain
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.01
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Trad
ition
al
fishi
ng
– M
ariti
me
fishi
ng
- S
eafo
od –
Hal
ieut
ic p
rodu
ct -
R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
105
KB
; fig
.
41
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Tuna
cha
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.10.
01
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Fish
ing
– Tu
na
- R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
82 K
B; f
ig.
42
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Oys
ter a
nd m
usse
l cha
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P U
PD
R
2004
07
.10.
01
OC
E
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Fish
ing
– O
yste
r –
Mus
sel
- R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– M
arke
t re
sear
ch -
Mad
agas
car
77 K
B; f
ig.
43
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Trep
ang
chai
n A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.1
0.01
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
of
the
valu
e ch
ain
– P
robl
emat
ic
anal
ysis
–
Pol
icy
outli
ne
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Fish
ing
– Tr
epan
g– A
gric
ultu
ral p
olic
y -
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
93 K
B; f
ig.
44
Oce
an C
onsu
ltant
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Land
titli
ng s
ecto
r A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
UP
DR
20
04
07.0
2.01
O
CE
Des
crip
tion
– P
robl
emat
ic a
naly
sis
–
Nat
iona
l lan
d tit
ling
prog
ram
La
nd
titlin
g –
Land
tit
ling
polic
y –
Land
ref
orm
– L
and
titlin
g po
licy
– Ti
tle-d
eeds
-
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Mar
ket
rese
arch
- M
adag
asca
r
213
KB
; fig
.
45
RA
MIL
ISO
N E
ric
Nor
bert
Pro
duct
ion
cost
s an
d th
e ef
fect
s of
th
e ne
w
cust
oms
dutie
s pr
ovis
ions
on
the
pric
e of
im
porte
d (n
on-e
nerg
y)
inpu
ts
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
RE
AM
20
03
11.0
1.02
R
AM
1-
Dep
ende
nce
vis-
à-vi
s in
term
edia
ry im
porte
d co
nsum
ptio
n;
2- N
ew im
port
tax
rate
s an
d im
pact
s on
im
porte
d in
puts
; 3-
Est
imat
e of
th
e co
st f
unct
ion
and
sim
ulat
ion
of
the
impa
ct o
f th
e ne
w t
ax p
rovi
sion
on
the
prod
uctio
n co
st
Taxa
tion-
Impo
rt –
Taxe
s an
d du
ties
– P
rodu
ctio
n co
st
– P
rice
– S
tatis
tical
da
ta
Mad
agas
car
540
KB
: ta
bl.
10
46
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Tour
ism
in M
adag
asca
r A
ntan
anar
ivo
MIN
EFI
20
06
09.0
4.05
MIS
Th
is s
umm
ary
shee
t de
scrib
es t
he
curre
nt
situ
atio
n of
th
e to
uris
m
sect
or i
n M
adag
asca
r. It
brin
gs a
co
sted
sum
mar
y of
pre
viou
s re
sults
. A
ccor
ding
to
this
she
et,
in s
pite
of
the
sect
or’s
no
tabl
e de
velo
pmen
t th
ese
last
ye
ars
the
exis
ting
infra
stru
ctur
es
rem
ain
insu
ffici
ent
and
do
not
mee
t in
tern
atio
nal
stan
dard
s. H
owev
er t
he a
utho
ritie
s an
d ot
her
deve
lopm
ent
partn
ers
supp
ort t
he s
ecto
r’s d
evel
opm
ent.
Tour
ism
– H
otel
s –
Sta
tistic
al
data
– T
ouris
m in
frast
ruct
ures
–
Tour
ism
po
licy
– M
adag
asca
r
232
KB
: fig
.
47
CH
RIS
TIE
Ian
T;
CR
OM
PTO
N E
lizab
eth
Rep
ublic
of M
adag
asca
r: A
stu
dy o
f th
e to
uris
m
sect
or
- A
frica
R
egio
n W
orki
ng P
aper
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k 20
03
09.0
4.05
C
HR
This
rep
ort
stat
es t
hat
Mad
agas
car
has
the
maj
or
pote
ntia
l of
w
elco
min
g a
larg
e nu
mbe
r of
vi
sito
rs,
and
to
mak
e to
uris
m
a so
urce
of
gr
owth
, pr
ovid
ed
that
th
ere
is a
gua
rant
ee th
at th
e se
ctor
is
wel
l man
aged
whi
le e
mph
asiz
ing
the
econ
omic
, en
viro
nmen
tal
and
soci
al
aspe
cts;
an
d na
mel
y co
mm
unity
par
ticip
atio
n. T
his
repo
rt pr
esen
ts
a pr
ogra
m
for
the
bala
nced
dev
elop
men
t of t
he s
ecto
r an
d as
sess
es
both
th
e gr
owth
op
portu
nitie
s an
d th
e ob
stac
les
that
bl
ock
prog
ress
. Thi
s re
port
incl
udes
a
poll
amon
g ho
tels
and
tou
rism
es
tabl
ishm
ents
. Th
e re
port
reco
mm
ends
th
at
a pl
anni
ng
proc
ess
(mas
ter
sche
me)
an
d a
prog
ram
of a
ctio
ns b
e un
derta
ken.
Tour
ism
-
Hot
el
– A
ccom
mod
atio
n –
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
- M
adag
asca
r
676
KB
: ill.
48
CH
RIS
TIE
Ian
T To
uris
m s
ecto
r in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k 20
05
09.0
4.05
C
HR
This
arti
cle
pres
ents
a d
escr
iptio
n of
M
adag
asca
r’s p
oten
tials
, nam
ely
its
biod
iver
sity
and
its
cultu
ral w
ealth
. It
also
su
mm
ariz
es
the
actio
ns
unde
rtake
n an
d th
e pr
ojec
ts
unde
rway
to
prom
ote
the
tour
ism
se
ctor
. Im
prov
emen
ts
have
be
en
note
d in
the
sect
or n
otab
ly th
anks
to
the
effo
rts m
ade
by t
he a
utho
ritie
s an
d th
e su
ppor
ts
give
n by
th
e pa
rtner
s.
How
ever
, so
me
char
acte
ristic
s of
the
cont
ext a
nd o
f th
e po
pula
tion
can
harm
th
e se
ctor
’s d
evel
opm
ent
by d
estro
ying
th
e as
sets
th
e co
untry
ha
s.
Ther
efor
e, s
ome
mea
sure
s m
ust b
e ta
ken
both
by
publ
ic a
utho
ritie
s an
d by
the
popu
latio
n its
elf.
Tour
ism
-
Eco
tour
ism
–
Cul
tura
l w
ealth
-
Cul
ture
–
Tour
ist
site
–
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial -
Mad
agas
car
201
KB
:
11
49
CR
EA
M. A
ntan
anar
ivo
The
cultu
ral
fact
ors
of
the
inve
stm
ent c
limat
e in
M
adag
asca
r: E
cono
mic
an
alys
is re
sear
ch b
rief
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fo
cus
Dev
elop
men
t A
ssoc
iatio
n
2005
11
.02.
06
CR
E
1- M
etho
dolo
gy;
2- T
he o
bsta
cles
re
late
d to
the
cul
ture
of
the
mai
n in
vest
ors
3-
Con
clus
ions
an
d re
com
men
datio
ns
Eco
nom
y –
Inve
stm
ent
proj
ects
–
Soc
iolo
gica
l an
alys
is
- O
bsta
cles
to
de
velo
pmen
t -
Cul
ture
–
Soc
iety
-
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Mad
agas
car
632
KB
50
Inte
rnat
iona
l Tax
D
ialo
gue.
Was
hing
ton
Inte
rnat
iona
l IT
D
conf
eren
ce
on
SM
E ta
xatio
n:
6 –
Mad
agas
car
[s.l.
] In
tern
atio
nal
Tax
Dia
logu
e 20
07
11.0
1.02
P
ME
1-
Mai
n co
nsid
erat
ion
for
SM
E
taxa
tion;
2-
C
urre
nt
prac
tice
for
SM
E t
axat
ion;
3-
Tack
ling
the
mai
n ta
x po
licy
and
adm
inis
tratio
n ch
alle
nges
re
gard
ing
MS
ME
s;
4-
Red
ucin
g th
e di
scip
line
char
ge f
or
SM
Es;
5- F
utur
e ch
alle
nges
Sm
all-s
cale
in
dust
ry
– Ta
xatio
n –
Tax
refo
rm
– Ta
xes
and
dutie
s –
Cor
pora
te
tax
- SM
E -
Mad
agas
car
212
KB
51
Her
mes
Con
seils
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Ana
lysi
s re
view
an
d pr
opos
al
to
impr
ove
Mad
agas
car’s
bu
sine
ss
envi
ronm
ent:
Iden
tific
atio
n an
d de
finiti
on
of
spec
ific
ince
ntiv
e in
stru
men
ts i
n th
e fra
mew
ork
of th
e P
IC
proj
ect
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
IC P
roje
ct
2005
11
.02.
06
HE
R
1.
Ana
lysi
s of
th
e bu
sine
ss
envi
ronm
ents
in
M
adag
asca
r: th
e m
ain
cons
train
ts t
o in
vest
men
t; 2.
Fi
ndin
gs o
f th
e op
inio
n po
ll; 3
. Th
e m
ain
obst
acle
s to
the
PIC
pro
ject
’s
impl
emen
tatio
n at
the
lev
el o
f th
e th
ree
grow
th p
oles
; 4.
Com
para
tive
anal
ysis
of
th
e ex
istin
g in
cent
ive
inst
rum
ents
: B
EN
CH
MA
RK
ING
; 5.
Id
entif
icat
ion
and
defin
ition
of
new
in
vest
men
t inc
entiv
e in
stru
men
ts; 6
. M
acro
econ
omic
im
pact
of
th
e m
easu
res
prop
osed
at
th
e le
vel
mea
sure
d th
roug
h th
e ad
ditio
nalit
y ef
fect
s;
7.
Pro
posa
l fo
r B
usin
ess
Dev
elop
men
t S
ervi
ces
(BD
S)
in
Mad
agas
car
Eco
nom
y - I
nves
tmen
t - F
DI -
O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
– In
tegr
ated
gr
owth
po
le
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: f
ig.
52
Rep
ublic
of
Mad
agas
car.
Gov
ernm
ent.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Pro
ject
fo
r th
e im
prov
emen
t of
ex
port
proc
essi
ng
zone
co
mpa
ny
prod
uctiv
ity
thro
ugh
the
prom
otio
n of
de
cent
jobs
Ant
anan
ariv
o G
over
nmen
t 20
05
08.0
8.01
G
OV
1.
Con
text
of
th
e as
sist
ance
; 2.
Ju
stifi
catio
n an
d pr
esen
tatio
n of
the
proj
ect;
3.
Obj
ectiv
es,
expe
cted
re
sults
and
AP
RO
DE
F ac
tiviti
es;
4.
Bud
get
and
cont
ribut
ions
fo
r A
PR
OD
EF;
5.
C
ondi
tions
fo
r th
e pr
ojec
t to
suc
ceed
; 6.
Mon
itorin
g-ev
alua
tion
and
cont
rol m
echa
nism
Eco
nom
y –
Text
ile in
dust
ry –
E
xpor
t pr
oces
sing
zo
nes
– C
ompe
titiv
enes
s -
Pro
duct
ivity
– J
ob c
reat
ion
– M
adag
asca
r
416
KB
53
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Soc
ial
regi
me
of
the
wor
kfor
ce in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2005
13
.01.
03 M
IS
1.
Hiri
ng
form
aliti
es;
2.
Soc
ial
cont
ribut
ions
; 3.
S
alar
y;
4.
Pai
d le
ave;
5.
Tr
ansp
ort;
6.
Spe
cial
re
gim
es; 7
. Firi
ng; 8
. Agr
eem
ents
Eco
nom
y –
Hum
an re
sour
ces
– W
orkf
orce
– H
iring
– S
ocia
l se
curit
y –
Sal
ary
– M
adag
asca
r
212
KB
: fig
.
54
HV
IDS
TEE
N K
risto
ffer
Mad
agas
car
– In
vest
men
t in
cent
ives
to
inve
st in
tour
ism
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
IC P
roje
ct
2007
09
.04.
05 H
VI
1.
Ele
men
ts
of
a fa
vora
ble
inve
stm
ent
clim
ate;
2.
Syn
thes
is o
f th
e st
udie
s on
th
e in
vest
men
t cl
imat
e in
tour
ism
in M
adag
asca
r; 3.
In
tern
atio
nal
com
para
tive
anal
ysis
of
th
e in
vest
men
t cl
imat
e;
4.
Ince
ntiv
es t
o in
vest
in M
adag
asca
r; 5.
R
ecom
men
datio
ns
to
faci
litat
e in
vest
men
t in
to
uris
m
in
Tour
ism
–
Fore
ign
inve
stm
ents
–
Priv
ate
inve
stm
ents
–
Ince
ntiv
e m
easu
re
– R
egul
atio
n –
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n -
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: f
ig.
12
Mad
agas
car
55
RA
HA
RIM
AN
AN
A F
idy
Com
para
tive
stud
y of
ta
xatio
n on
tour
ism
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Har
son
Dev
elop
men
t 20
04
09.0
4.05
R
AH
1. D
escr
iptio
n of
the
tou
rism
sec
tor
in M
adag
asca
r; 2.
Sec
tor
decl
ared
as
bu
oyan
t in
th
e na
tiona
l de
velo
pmen
t po
licy;
3.
M
alag
asy
tour
ism
sec
tor
in a
wea
k po
sitio
n co
mpa
red
to
its
neig
hbor
ing
com
petit
ors
Tour
ism
– T
ouris
m p
olic
y -
Com
para
tive
anal
ysis
–
Taxa
tion
– C
ompe
titio
n -
Mad
agas
car –
Indi
an O
cean
30 c
m
56
BH
ATI
A A
shok
Kum
ar
Stu
dy
on
the
esta
blis
hmen
t of
ag
ro-
tech
nopo
le
com
plex
in
M
adag
asca
r
Ant
anan
ariv
o FA
O
2006
07
.05.
03
BH
A
1. I
ntro
duct
ion;
2.
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
ag
ro-te
chno
po
les:
Agr
o-te
chno
po
le
obje
ctiv
e an
d m
issi
on
- H
andl
ing
and
stor
age
of f
resh
frui
ts
and
vege
tabl
es -
Tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
of
Frui
ts
and
Veg
etab
les
- Tr
ansf
orm
atio
n of
S
pice
s -
Tran
sfor
mat
ion
of
Cer
eals
, Le
gum
es,
Oils
eeds
-
Trai
ning
, E
xten
sion
and
R&
D C
entre
- P
roje
ct
cost
for A
gro-
tech
nopo
le c
ompl
exes
re
com
men
ded
loca
tions
and
foc
us
area
s of
tech
nolo
gy -
Con
tact
s w
ith
pote
ntia
l do
nors
/ i
nves
tmen
t -
2.9
Rec
omm
enda
tion
on fu
rther
spe
cific
st
udie
s ag
enci
es; 3
. App
endi
ces
- G
row
th p
oles
- F
easi
bilit
y st
udie
s -
Agr
o-in
dust
rie
- A
gric
ultu
ral
polic
y -
Frui
ts -
V
eget
able
s - S
pice
s - C
erea
ls
- Le
gum
es
- O
ilsee
ds
- Tr
aini
ng
cent
er
- Fo
od
indu
stry
- R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– M
adag
asca
r
1é41
MB
: ta
bl.
57
Wor
ld B
ank.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Rep
ublic
of M
adag
asca
r: To
uris
m S
ecto
r Stu
dy
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k 20
01
09.0
4.05
B
AN
1.
Tour
ism
as
sets
; 2.
S
ize
and
char
acte
ristic
s of
tou
rism
sec
tor;
3.
Acc
omm
odat
ion
and
tour
ist
serv
ices
; 4.
Dom
estic
and
reg
iona
l to
uris
m;
5.
Cru
ise
tour
ism
; 6.
E
cono
mic
im
pact
of
to
uris
m;
7.
Tour
ism
an
d po
verty
; 8.
To
uris
m
and
envi
ronm
ent;
9. N
egat
ive
soci
al
impa
cts
of
tour
ism
; 10
. S
ecto
r ad
min
istra
tion;
11
. C
onst
rain
ts
to
the
grow
th o
f tou
rism
; 12.
Pro
spec
ts
for t
ouris
m; 1
3. A
pro
pose
d st
rate
gy
for t
ouris
m; 1
4. S
umm
ary
of fi
ndin
gs
and
reco
mm
enda
tions
Tour
ism
-
Tour
ism
de
velo
pmen
t -
Hot
el i
ndus
try
- N
atio
nal
park
s -
Rec
omm
anda
tions
–
Mad
agas
car
558
KB
: ill
.
58
The
Ser
vice
s G
roup
. A
rling
ton
Ove
rvie
w o
f Mad
agas
car
– R
evie
w
of
the
com
para
tive
anal
ysis
of
busi
ness
es
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
P
DS
P II
20
06
12.0
1.01
TS
G
1. R
esul
ts –
App
arel
; 2.
Res
ults
–
Text
iles;
3.
R
esul
ts
– S
hare
d se
rvic
es;
4. R
esul
ts -
Tou
rism
; 5.
R
esul
ts –
Hor
ticul
ture
; 6.
Res
ults
–
Food
and
bev
erag
e pr
oces
sing
; 7.
S
urve
y re
port
and
reco
mm
enda
tions
Eco
nom
y –
Eco
nom
ic
anal
ysis
- T
extil
e in
dust
ry -
To
uris
m -
Hor
ticul
ture
– F
ood
indu
stry
–
Bev
erag
es
– In
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
- R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udie
s -
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: f
ig.
59
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
BE
EM
S
urve
y (E
cono
mic
Bar
omet
er o
f B
usin
esse
s in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
05
12.0
1.01
MIN
1.
Cur
rent
situ
atio
n an
d pr
ospe
cts
from
the
busi
ness
es’ p
ersp
ectiv
e; 2
. Th
e pr
oduc
tion
proc
ess
and
its
Eco
nom
y –
Sta
tistic
al d
ata
– E
cono
mic
an
alys
is
– E
cono
mic
co
ntex
t -
30 c
m: i
ll.
13
Mad
agas
car
or
Bar
omèt
re
écon
omiq
ue
des
entre
pris
es
à M
adag
asca
r): I
ssue
1
envi
ronm
ent;
3.
Turn
over
an
d pr
oduc
tion;
4.
M
icro
- an
d m
acro
-ec
onom
ic e
nviro
nmen
t acc
ordi
ng to
co
mpa
ny
dire
ctor
s;
5.
The
inte
grat
ion
of b
usin
esse
s in
to t
heir
envi
ronm
ent
Inve
stm
ents
- M
acro
econ
omy
- M
icro
econ
omy
- M
adag
asca
r
60
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
BE
EM
S
urve
y (E
cono
mic
Bar
omet
er o
f B
usin
esse
s in
M
adag
asca
r or
B
arom
ètre
éc
onom
ique
de
s en
trepr
ises
à
Mad
agas
car)
: Iss
ue 3
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
05
12.0
1.01
MIN
1.
Mac
roec
onom
ic s
ituat
ion
of t
he
coun
try;
2. T
he s
ituat
ion
in e
ach
sect
or
Eco
nom
y –
Eco
nom
ic p
olic
y –
Fore
ign
trade
– E
cono
mic
an
alys
is
- In
vest
men
ts
– S
tatis
tical
dat
a - M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: i
ll.
61
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Pro
posa
l fo
r an
in
vest
men
t ch
arte
r in
M
adag
asca
r
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
11.0
2.06
MIN
1.
Rig
hts
and
dutie
s of
the
inve
stor
; 2.
Th
e re
gula
tory
fra
mew
ork
of
inve
stm
ents
Eco
nom
y -
Inve
stm
ent
– In
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
– In
vest
men
t ch
arte
r –
Reg
ulat
ion
– Ta
xatio
n –
Cus
tom
s –
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: t
abl.
62
FIA
S. W
ashi
ngto
n M
adag
asca
r: S
tudy
of
th
e re
al
impa
ct
of
taxa
tion
Ant
anan
ariv
o IF
C; W
orld
B
ank
2006
11
.01.
02 F
IA
1.
Tax
polic
ies
and
reve
nue
perfo
rman
ce;
2.
Ana
lysi
s of
th
e ef
fect
ive
tax
burd
en;
3.
Sec
tora
l an
alys
is o
f the
tax
burd
en
Eco
nom
y -
Taxa
tion
– Ta
x po
licy
– Ta
xes
- O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
- R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: t
abl.
63
Wor
ld B
ank.
Was
hing
ton
Doi
ng b
usin
ess
in 2
006
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank;
IF
C
2005
11
.02.
06
BA
N
1. C
reat
ing
jobs
: an
ove
rvie
w;
2.
Sta
rting
a b
usin
ess;
3. D
ealin
g w
ith
licen
ses;
4. R
egis
terin
g pr
oper
ty;
5.
Pro
tect
ing
inve
stor
s; 6
. C
losi
ng a
bu
sine
ss; 7
. Dat
a no
tes
Eco
nom
y -
Inve
stm
ent
- In
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
- B
usin
ess
crea
tion
- Jo
b -
Bus
ines
s fin
anci
ng -
Tax
atio
n –
Exp
orts
30 c
m: f
ig.
64
MC
I. A
ntan
anar
ivo
[Con
certe
d D
evel
opm
ent
Zone
or
Zo
ne
d'A
mén
agem
ent
Con
certé
]: N
ote
on t
he
econ
omic
fin
anci
al
and
tax
aspe
cts:
Vol
ume
II
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
DS
P II
20
05
03.0
2.01
MC
I 1.
G
ener
aliti
es;
2.
Gen
eral
ch
arac
teris
tics
of th
e pr
ojec
t for
the
se
t-up
of a
Con
certe
d D
evel
opm
ent
Zone
(Z
AC
); 3.
A
naly
ses
and
reco
mm
enda
tions
Eco
nom
y –
Indu
stria
l de
velo
pmen
t -
Con
certe
d de
velo
pmen
t zo
ne
- ZA
C
- E
xpor
t pro
cess
ing
zone
- E
PZ
– Ta
xatio
n –
Indu
stria
l tra
ding
zo
ne -
ZIC
–
Reg
ulat
ion
– M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: t
abl.
65
BC
MM
. Ant
anan
ariv
o G
uide
for m
inin
g co
mpa
nies
A
ntan
anar
ivo
BP
GR
M
08
.13.
02
BC
M
1.
Doc
umen
ts
to
prov
ide;
2.
S
ynop
tic t
able
; 3.
Pre
para
tion
of a
re
ques
t; 4.
Circ
uit
of t
he r
eque
sts;
5.
Issu
ance
of p
erm
its
Min
es
– M
inin
g re
sour
ce
– M
inin
g of
min
eral
s –
Indu
stria
l de
velo
pmen
t -
Inve
stm
ent
- R
egul
atio
n –
Mad
agas
car
20 c
m: i
ll.
66
RA
ZAFI
NIR
INA
And
ré
The
food
-pro
cess
ing
sect
or in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o FA
SP
07.0
1.01
R
AZ
1.
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n an
d co
nditi
ons
for
min
ing;
2. D
escr
iptio
n of
th
e se
ctor
an
d in
vest
men
t po
tent
ials
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
-pr
oces
sing
- In
dust
rial
deve
lopm
ent
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Reg
ulat
ion
- In
vest
men
t -
Rec
omm
enda
tion
- M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: t
abl.
67
RA
BE
Oliv
ier L
andr
y S
tudy
for t
he fi
of t
he
list o
f sen
sitiv
e pr
oduc
ts
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
06
12.0
8.01
R
AB
1. S
truct
ure
of t
he im
ports
from
the
is
land
; 2. C
once
pt a
nd c
riter
ia o
f the
se
lect
ion
of s
ensi
tive
prod
ucts
; 3.
Li
st
of
sens
itive
pr
oduc
ts
for
Mad
agas
car;
4.
Sco
pes
and
Trad
e -
Impo
rt –
Sen
sitiv
e pr
oduc
t –
Taxa
tion
– In
dust
rial
deve
lopm
ent
- M
adag
asca
r
5938
KB
: ta
bl.
14
limita
tions
of t
his
stud
y
68
MD
P J
EX
CO
A
sses
smen
t of
E
PA
im
pact
s fo
r Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
DP
JE
XC
O
2004
01
.02.
01
MD
P
1.
Mad
agas
car’s
tra
de;
2.
Mad
agas
car’s
tra
de a
gree
men
ts;
3.
Eco
nom
ic p
artn
ersh
ip a
gree
men
ts;
4. M
adag
asca
r’s t
rade
pol
icy
and
trade
with
the
UE
; 5.
EP
A i
mpa
cts
for
Mad
agas
car;
6. S
tatu
s of
the
ne
gotia
tions
Trad
e –
Com
mer
cial
tra
de -
Im
port
- Exp
ort –
Tra
de p
olic
y –
Trad
e ag
reem
ent
– E
cono
mic
pa
rtner
ship
ag
reem
ent
– Im
pact
as
sess
men
t - M
adag
asca
r
2159
5 K
B
69
EC
R. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
th
e S
AD
C tr
ade
prot
ocol
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MIC
DS
P
2007
01
.02.
01
EC
R
1.
Intro
duct
ion;
2.
E
xecu
tive
sum
mar
y;
3.
Dia
gnos
is
and
reco
mm
enda
tions
; 4. A
ctio
n pl
an.
Trad
e –
Reg
iona
l tra
de
- S
AD
C –
Non
-tarif
f ba
rrie
r –
Free
trad
e ar
ea -
Mad
agas
car
– S
outh
ern
Afri
ca
689
KB
70
LIM
AN
TOU
R J
ean
Fran
‡ois
Th
e te
xtile
-app
arel
se
ctor
in
M
adag
asca
r an
d its
in
tern
atio
nal
envi
ronm
ent
FED
; JE
XC
O
20
06
08.0
8.01
LIM
1.
The
tex
tile
chai
n in
Mad
agas
car;
2. A
gree
men
ts a
nd re
gula
tions
. E
cono
my
– Fo
reig
n tra
de -
E
xpor
t -
Text
ile
indu
stry
–
Indu
stria
l po
tent
ial
- C
ompe
titiv
enes
s –
Mad
agas
car
5,87
Mo
71
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Reg
iona
l ind
ustri
aliz
atio
n pr
ogra
m
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
06
08.0
1.01
MIC
1.
The
fac
tors
for
the
dev
elop
men
t of
in
dust
ry
in
the
regi
ons;
2.
S
trate
gies
; 3.
A
venu
es
for
indu
stria
lizat
ion;
4.
A
ctio
ns
to
impl
emen
t.
Indu
stry
–
Indu
stria
l de
velo
pmen
t -
Reg
ion
– In
dust
rial
pote
ntia
l –
Dev
elop
men
t pl
an
- M
adag
asca
r
2658
KB
72
PN
UD
. New
Yor
k Li
bera
ting
entre
pren
eurs
hip:
P
uttin
g bu
sine
ss a
t th
e se
rvic
e of
the
poor
New
Yor
k P
NU
D
2004
12
.04.
01
PN
U
1.
The
impo
rtanc
e of
th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
fo
r po
verty
al
levi
atio
n;
2.
Con
stra
ints
on
the
priv
ate
sect
or in
de
velo
ping
cou
ntrie
s; 3
. Li
bera
ting
priv
ate
sect
or p
oten
tial;
4. E
ngag
ing
the
priv
ate
sect
or i
n de
velo
pmen
t; 5.
Rec
omm
ende
d ac
tions
.
Eco
nom
y –
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
- P
rivat
e se
ctor
–
Inve
stm
ent
plan
–
Job
crea
tion
- O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
- R
ecom
men
datio
n
2310
KB
73
FTH
M. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y of
th
e cr
eatio
n of
an
ex
port
prom
otio
n ag
ency
in
M
adag
asca
r
Ant
anan
ariv
o FT
HM
20
04
09.0
5.05
FT
H
1.
Con
text
an
d ob
ject
ives
; 2.
A
sses
smen
t of
th
e si
tuat
ion;
3.
G
aps
and
diffi
culti
es o
f exp
orte
rs; 4
. B
ench
mar
king
; 5.
Pro
posa
l fo
r th
e or
gani
zing
of t
he A
MP
E
Trad
e -
Exp
ort
– E
xpor
t pr
omot
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent
plan
–
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y -
Mad
agas
car
1355
7 K
B
74
BC
M. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Bul
letin
of
th
e B
anqu
e ce
ntra
le d
e M
adag
asca
r A
ntan
anar
ivo
BC
M
2007
11
.02.
02
BA
N
1.
Eco
nom
ic
situ
atio
n en
d of
D
ecem
ber 2
006;
2. R
esea
rch
note
s.
Eco
nom
y –
Eco
nom
ic
situ
atio
n –
Sta
tistic
al d
ata
– Fi
nanc
ial
anal
ysis
- B
alan
ce
of p
aym
ents
- M
adag
asca
r -
2007
296
KB
: tab
l.
75
GA
TO In
tern
atio
nal
Tour
ism
Org
aniz
atio
n A
G fo
r Dev
elop
men
t and
In
vest
men
t. M
unic
h
Tour
ism
mas
ter p
lan
for
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f To
uris
m
2004
09
.04.
05
GA
T
1. A
sses
smen
t of
the
situ
atio
n; 2
. D
evel
opm
ent
of
the
tour
ism
pr
oduc
t; 3.
Mar
ketin
g, I
nstit
utio
nal
fram
ewor
k,
Hum
an
reso
urce
s,
Inve
stm
ent i
n to
uris
m
Tour
ism
– T
ouris
m p
olic
y -
Inve
stm
ent
- In
frast
ruct
ure
- O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
- R
ecom
men
datio
n -
Mad
agas
car
8784
KB
: ta
bl.
76
YAG
ER
Tho
mas
Th
e m
iner
al in
dust
ry o
f M
adag
asca
r [s
.l.]
[s.e
.] 20
02
08.1
3.01
YA
G
1.
Gov
ernm
ent
polic
ies
and
prog
ram
s; 2
. C
omm
odity
rev
iew
; 3.
In
frast
ruct
ure;
4. O
utlo
ok
Min
es -
Min
ing
- C
hrom
ium
-
Cob
alt
- N
icke
l -
Gol
d -
Tita
nium
-
Zirc
oniu
m
- C
emen
t -
Pre
ciou
s st
ones
-
Gra
phite
- M
ica
- P
etro
leum
-
Min
ing
polic
y - M
adag
asca
r
203
KB
: ta
bl.
15
77
GA
F A
G. M
unic
h M
adag
asca
r: an
ove
rall
pres
enta
tion
Ant
anan
ariv
o B
PG
RM
20
05
08.1
3.01
G
AF
1. T
he c
ount
ry; 2
. The
geo
logy
and
th
e m
inin
g se
ctor
. M
ine
– M
inin
g in
dust
ry
- G
eogr
aphy
-
Geo
logy
-
Infra
stru
ctur
e - M
adag
asca
r
2610
KB
78
YAG
ER
Tho
mas
R.
The
min
eral
indu
stry
of M
adag
asca
r: U
S G
eolo
gica
l S
urve
y M
iner
als
Year
book
200
3 20
03
08.1
3.01
YA
G
1.
Gov
ernm
ent
Pol
icie
s an
d P
rogr
ams;
2. C
omm
odity
Rev
iew
; 3.
Infra
stru
ctur
e; 4
. Out
look
.
Min
es -
Min
ing
- C
hrom
ium
-
Cob
alt
- N
icke
l -
Gol
d -
Pla
tinum
-
Tita
nium
-
Zirc
oniu
m
- C
emen
t -
Dia
mon
d -
Pre
ciou
s st
ones
-
Gra
phite
-
Mic
a -
Coa
l -
Pet
role
um -
Mad
agas
car
127
KB
: ta
bl.
79
Otto
Fre
i Con
seil.
Zo
llika
fen
Ene
rgy
and
envi
ronm
ent:
Dev
elop
men
t of
so
lar
ener
gy
in
Tolia
ra
(Mad
agas
car)
[s.l.
] W
orld
city
al
lianc
e ag
ains
t po
verty
(or
Alli
ance
m
ondi
ale
des
ville
s co
ntre
la
pau
vret
é)
2005
08
.11.
01
OTT
1.
The
tow
n of
To
liara
; 2.
R
enew
able
en
ergi
es
pote
ntia
l; 3.
A
DE
S
Ass
ocia
tion
pour
le
D
ével
oppe
men
t de
l'éne
rgie
sol
aire
.
Ene
rgy
– S
olar
en
ergy
–
Indu
stria
l po
tent
ial
- M
adag
asca
r - T
olia
ra
2077
KB
: ill
.
80
TEYS
SIE
R A
ndré
; R
AH
AR
ISO
N H
enri;
R
AV
ELO
MA
NA
NTS
OA
Zo
The
front
iers
of
the
land
is
sue:
Th
e la
nd
titlin
g re
form
in M
adag
asca
r or
ga
mbl
ing
on
loca
l co
mpe
tenc
e;
Mon
tpel
lier
PN
F 20
06
07.0
2.01
TE
Y
1. T
he i
mpa
sse
of «
dom
ania
lité
» [s
tate
-ow
ned
land
]; 2.
An
over
haul
of
the
land
titli
ng p
olic
y ba
sed
on a
co
ncep
tual
bre
ak;
3. G
ambl
ing
on
dece
ntra
lized
land
man
agem
ent.
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Lan
d ow
ners
hip
- Dec
entra
lizat
ion
- M
adag
asca
r
152
KB
81
TEYS
SIE
R A
ndré
; R
AH
AR
ISO
N H
enri;
R
AV
ELO
MA
NA
NTS
OA
Zo
Geo
grap
hica
l in
form
atio
n, th
e ke
ysto
ne
of
the
Mal
agas
y la
nd
refo
rm
Que
bec
PN
F 20
07
07.0
2.01
TE
Y
1. L
and
titlin
g in
Mad
agas
car
or th
e fa
ilure
of
th
e To
rrens
sy
stem
; 2.
D
ecen
traliz
ing
land
man
agem
ent:
a ne
cess
ity
in
conj
unct
ion
with
po
litic
al
will
; 3.
Th
e ch
alle
nge
of
trans
ferri
ng l
and
and
topo
grap
hica
l da
ta.
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Lan
d ow
ners
hip
– G
eogr
aphi
cal
info
rmat
ion
- D
ecen
traliz
atio
n - M
adag
asca
r
1,07
Mo
82
INS
TAT.
Ant
anan
ariv
o Th
e 22
regi
ons
of
Mad
agas
car:
the
figur
es
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
EFB
20
04
02.0
1.01
INS
1.
Pop
ulat
ion;
2.
Infra
stru
ctur
e; 3
. A
gric
ultu
re;
4. B
usin
ess
crea
tion
in
2003
; 5.
Tr
ansp
ort;
6.
Soc
ial
sect
ors;
7. E
nviro
nmen
t
Reg
ion
– S
tatis
tical
da
ta
– G
eogr
aphy
– D
emog
raph
y -
Infra
stru
ctur
e -
Env
ironm
ent -
M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: t
abl.
83
MA
EP
. Ant
anan
ariv
o In
form
atio
n sy
stem
on
rura
l mar
kets
(or
Sys
tèm
e d'
info
rmat
ion
sur l
es m
arch
és ru
raux
- S
.I.M
.R):
Bul
letin
n°1
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
2005
14
.04.
02
MA
E
1. R
ice;
2. F
ood
crop
s; 3
. Fis
hing
; 4.
Live
stoc
k A
grib
usin
ess
– C
omm
unic
atio
n sy
stem
-
Pric
es –
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
- R
ural
mar
ket
- R
ice
– Fo
od
crop
s –
Fish
ing
– Li
vest
ock
- M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: i
ll.
84
FAO
. Rom
e M
adag
asca
r –
Rur
al
Dev
elop
men
t S
uppo
rt P
roje
ct
(or
Pro
jet
de
sout
ien
au
déve
lopp
emen
t ru
ral
- P
SD
R):
adap
tatio
n of
the
rura
l inv
est m
etho
dolo
gy
Rom
e FA
O
2003
14
.04.
02
FAO
1. P
rese
ntat
ion
of r
ural
inv
est;
2.
Ana
lysi
s of
the
PS
DR
sub
-pro
ject
do
cum
ents
; 3.
Opp
ortu
nity
to
use
rura
l in
vest
in
th
e P
SD
R4.
; 4.
C
oncl
usio
ns a
nd r
ecom
men
datio
ns
of th
e m
issi
on.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
rura
l
- M
etho
dolo
gy
– P
lann
ing
met
hod
- R
ural
in
vest
–
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
– F
inan
cial
an
alys
is -
Rec
omm
enda
tions
- P
SD
R -
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: t
abl.
85
FAO
. Rom
e Th
e si
tuat
ion
of
2004
m
arke
ts
for
agric
ultu
ral
prod
ucts
Rom
e FA
O
2004
07
.01.
03
FAO
1. R
ecen
t de
velo
pmen
t an
d lo
ng-
term
tre
nds;
2.
Cos
t of
foo
d ite
ms
impo
rts;
3.
Exp
ort
reve
nues
of
ag
ricul
tura
l pro
duct
s; 4
. Evo
lutio
n of
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de
– R
egio
nal
inte
grat
ion
- O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
-
30 c
m: i
ll.
16
the
agric
ultu
ral t
rade
stru
ctur
e.
Rec
omm
enda
tion
86
INS
TAT.
Ant
anan
ariv
o B
anqu
e ce
ntra
le
de
Mad
agas
car:
Fore
ign
dire
ct
and
portf
olio
in
vest
men
ts
in
Mad
agas
car:
year
s 20
05-2
006
(Sur
vey)
Ant
anan
ariv
o IN
STA
T 20
07
11.0
3.03
INS
G
ener
al c
ompa
ny c
hara
cter
istic
s –
Fore
ign
inve
stm
ents
. Fo
reig
n in
vest
men
t –
Sta
tistic
al
data
–
Fore
ign
capi
tal –
Sta
tistic
al a
naly
sis
- M
adag
asca
r -
Can
ada
- Fr
ance
–
Mau
ritiu
s -
Luxe
mbo
urg
578
KB
: fig
.
87
INS
TAT.
Ant
anan
ariv
o 20
05
surv
ey
of
busi
ness
es
in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
EFB
; IN
STA
T;
US
AID
2005
12
.01.
01 IN
S
Bre
akdo
wn
of
com
pani
es
per
prov
ince
, pe
r si
ze,
per
inve
stm
ent
cost
, In
dica
tors
; B
reak
dow
n of
em
ploy
men
t acc
ordi
ng to
the
size
of
the
com
pany
.
Com
pany
- S
tatis
tical
dat
a –
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
- In
vest
men
t –
Em
ploy
men
t -
Sta
tistic
al
anal
ysis
-
Mad
agas
car
22 K
B:
grap
h.
88
CA
PE
. Ant
anan
ariv
o U
pdat
e of
th
e da
ta
on
inve
stm
ent
oppo
rtuni
ties
in M
adag
asca
r: V
olum
e I
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
AP
E
2004
11
.02.
06
CA
P
- P
rese
ntat
ion
Not
e– I
ntro
duct
ion
– M
adag
asca
r, a
sum
mar
y –
Mon
ogra
ph
- S
ynop
tic
map
s -
Pro
vinc
e of
Ant
anan
ariv
o - P
rovi
nce
of A
ntsi
rana
na.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
- E
nerg
y -
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
-
Tour
ism
- I
ndus
try -
Min
ing
– C
rafts
-
Inve
stm
ent
oppo
rtuni
ties
- S
tatis
tical
dat
a -
Mon
ogra
ph -
Ant
anan
ariv
o -
Ant
sira
nana
30 c
m: f
ig.
89
CA
PE
. Ant
anan
ariv
o U
pdat
e of
th
e da
ta
on
inve
stm
ent
oppo
rtuni
ties
in M
adag
asca
r: V
olum
e II
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
AP
E
2004
11
.02.
06
CA
P
Pro
vinc
e of
Fia
nara
ntso
a - P
rovi
nce
of M
ahaj
anga
. Te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n -
Ene
rgy
- A
grib
usin
ess
- A
gric
ultu
re -
To
uris
m -
Ind
ustry
- M
inin
g –
Cra
fts
- In
vest
men
t op
portu
nitie
s -
Sta
tistic
al d
ata
- M
onog
raph
- M
ahaj
anga
-
Fian
aran
tsoa
30 c
m: f
ig.
90
CA
PE
. Ant
anan
ariv
o;
Mad
agas
car
Dev
elop
men
t P
lace
men
t. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Upd
ate
of
the
data
on
in
vest
men
t op
portu
nitie
s in
Mad
agas
car:
Vol
ume
III
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
AP
E
2004
11
.02.
06
CA
P
Pro
vinc
e of
Toa
mas
ina
- P
rovi
nce
of T
olia
ry.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
- E
nerg
y -
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
-
Tour
ism
- I
ndus
try -
Min
ing
– C
rafts
-
Inve
stm
ent
oppo
rtuni
ties
- S
tatis
tical
dat
a -
Mon
ogra
ph -
Toa
mas
ina
- To
liary
30 c
m: f
ig.
91
INS
TAT.
Ant
anan
ariv
o B
anqu
e ce
ntra
le
de
Mad
agas
car:
Fore
ign
dire
ct
and
portf
olio
in
vest
men
ts
in
Mad
agas
car:
year
s 20
04-2
005
Ant
anan
ariv
o IN
STA
T 20
06
11.0
3.03
INS
G
ener
al c
ompa
ny c
hara
cter
istic
s –
Fore
ign
inve
stm
ents
. E
cono
my
– Fo
reig
n in
vest
men
ts -
Sta
tistic
al d
ata
– Fo
reig
n ca
pita
ls –
For
eign
co
mpa
ny -
Sta
tistic
al a
naly
sis
- Mad
agas
car
997
KB
: fig
.
92
SA
LIN
GE
R L
ynn
Mad
agas
car
AG
OA
Ju
mps
tart
Pro
ject
: C
ompe
titiv
enes
s au
dit
of
Mad
agas
car's
co
tton,
te
xtile
s an
d ga
rmen
ts
sect
or
Virg
inia
N
atha
n M
SI
Gro
up;
US
AID
M
adag
asca
r
2003
08
.08.
01 S
AL
- Int
rodu
ctio
n - B
rief r
ecap
of A
GO
A
bene
fits
for
text
iles
– ga
rmen
ts -
C
ompe
titiv
enes
s au
dit
appr
oach
-
Com
petit
iven
ess
of
Mad
agas
car's
co
tton
- te
xtile
s -
garm
ents
val
ue-
chai
n -
Con
clus
ions
an
d re
com
men
datio
ns.
Text
ile
indu
stry
-
Cot
ton
indu
stry
- C
loth
ing
indu
stry
-
Text
ile
fibre
s -
Com
petit
iven
ess
- Fr
ee
econ
omic
zo
nes
- N
onta
riff
barri
ers
- M
adag
asca
r -
Uni
ted
stat
es
1290
KB
: fig
.
93
BA
FD. A
bidj
an
Mad
agas
car:
Eco
nom
ic
pros
pect
s in
A
frica
20
04/2
005
Par
is
OE
CD
20
05
03.0
2.03
B
AF
Rec
ent
econ
omic
de
velo
pmen
t –
Mar
co-e
cono
mic
pol
icy
– S
truct
ural
is
sues
– P
oliti
cal a
nd s
ocia
l con
text
.
Eco
nom
y -
Mac
roec
onom
y –
Eco
nom
ic g
row
th –
Eco
nom
ic
polic
y –
Eco
nom
ic p
rosp
ects
- S
tatis
tical
an
alys
is
–
776
KB
: fig
.
17
Mad
agas
car
94
Min
istry
of F
orei
gn
Affa
irs. P
aris
G
uidi
plo:
Mad
agas
car
Par
is
Les
publ
icat
ions
di
plom
atiq
ues
2005
03
.02.
01 G
UI
- M
adag
asca
r -
Fran
ce –
Eco
nom
y –
Tour
ism
– C
ultu
re
Eco
nom
y -
Tour
ism
–
Inte
rnat
iona
l re
latio
ns
- Fr
ance
- M
adag
asca
r
25 c
m: f
ig.
95
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ents
in 2
004
and
the
Fren
ch p
rese
nce
in
Mad
agas
car:
Febr
uary
20
06 u
pdat
e
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
INE
FI-
DG
TPE
20
06
11.0
3.03
A
MB
Fore
ign
dire
ct i
nves
tmen
ts –
The
FD
I sto
ck –
The
Fre
nch
pres
ence
. S
tatis
tical
da
ta
– M
alag
asy
econ
omy
– Fo
reig
n in
vest
men
ts
– E
xpor
t pr
oces
sing
zon
es -
Fra
nce
– M
adag
asca
r
210
KB
: fig
.
96
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ents
(F
DI)
in
Mad
agas
car
in
2005
: N
ovem
ber 2
006
upda
te
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
INE
FI-
DG
TPE
20
06
11.0
3.03
A
MB
Low
lev
el o
f FD
Is b
ut a
rev
ival
of
larg
e pr
ojec
ts
– M
adag
asca
r’s
posi
tion
as a
hos
t co
untry
– T
he
posi
tion
of F
ranc
e.
Mal
agas
y ec
onom
y –
Fore
ign
inve
stm
ents
–
Exp
ort
proc
essi
ng z
ones
- S
tatis
tical
da
ta -
Fran
ce -
Mad
agas
car
209
KB
: fig
.
97
GS
B M
adag
asca
r. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Det
aile
d su
mm
arie
s of
th
e in
vest
men
t pro
ject
s A
ntan
anar
ivo
GS
B M
adag
asca
r 11
.02.
06
GS
B
Six
pr
ojec
ts
are
run
by
GS
B
Mad
agas
car.
They
co
ncer
n ru
ral
elec
trific
atio
n, t
he i
mpr
ovem
ent
of
hydr
ocar
bon
trans
port,
the
finan
cing
of
m
icro
- an
d sm
all-s
ized
bu
sine
sses
, th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of a
w
ind
ener
gy i
ndus
trial
cen
ter
and
the
set-u
p of
fra
nchi
sed
"hot
ely
gasy
" in
tou
rist
site
s an
d on
the
ro
ads
goin
g th
ere.
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n –
Dev
elop
men
t pro
ject
s –
Win
d en
ergy
– R
ural
ele
ctrif
icat
ion
– R
oad
safe
ty -
Tra
nspo
rt -
Hyd
roca
rbon
s –
Bus
ines
s fin
anci
ng –
Sm
all b
usin
esse
s –
Cat
erin
g –
Hot
el i
ndus
try -
M
adag
asca
r
40 K
B:
tab.
98
Gro
upem
ent d
es
entre
pris
es d
e M
adag
asca
r. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Inve
stm
ent
clim
ate
and
busi
ness
co
mpe
titiv
enes
s
Ant
anan
ariv
o G
EM
20
06
11.0
2.06
G
EM
Wha
t is
bl
ocki
ng
inve
stm
ent?
–
Goi
ng
beyo
nd
tech
niqu
e –
Ass
essm
ent
– To
su
ccee
d –
Inve
stm
ent
Cod
e an
d in
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
agen
cy –
Spe
cific
cas
e of
po
litic
al i
nter
fere
nce
in b
usin
ess
– Th
e ca
se o
f the
lega
l sys
tem
.
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
- O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
– C
ompe
titiv
enes
s -
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n -
Reg
ulat
ion
- R
ecom
men
datio
ns
- M
adag
asca
r.
76 K
B
99
Wor
ld B
ank.
Was
hing
ton
Ass
essm
ent
of
the
inve
stm
ent
clim
ate
in
Mad
agas
car:
A s
umm
ary
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k 20
05
11.0
2.06
B
AN
Wha
t is
the
inve
stm
ent
clim
ate
and
why
is
it
impo
rtant
? –
Mai
n co
nstra
ints
bu
rden
ing
the
inve
stm
ent c
limat
e in
Mad
agas
car.
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
- In
vest
men
t -
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n -
Obs
tacl
e to
de
velo
pmen
t - M
adag
asca
r
60 K
B:
fig.
100
SH
AH
Man
ju K
edia
h;
HA
BYA
RIM
AN
A J
ames
; C
OTT
ON
Lin
da
Priv
ate
sect
or
grou
p –
Afri
ca
regi
on
- M
adag
asca
r: E
valu
atio
n of
the
inve
stm
ent c
limat
e
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank
2005
11
.02.
06
SH
A
Per
form
ance
of
M
alag
asy
com
pani
es –
Bus
ines
s en
viro
nmen
t - F
acto
r mar
ket:
the
finan
cial
mar
ket
and
the
job
mar
ket.
Bus
ines
s en
viro
nmen
t -
Inve
stm
ent
- P
rodu
ctiv
ity
– Fi
nanc
ial
mar
ket
– La
bor
mar
ket -
Mad
agas
car
764
KB
: fig
.
101
Min
istry
of
Indu
stria
lizat
ion,
Tra
de
and
Priv
ate
Sec
tor
Dev
elop
men
t. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Nat
iona
l pr
ogra
m
for
priv
ate
sect
or
supp
ort:
Logi
cal f
ram
ewor
k
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
ND
P
Mad
agas
car
2005
03
.03.
05 M
IC
The
priv
ate
sect
or’s
vi
sion
of
de
velo
pmen
t in
M
adag
asca
r –
Gov
erni
ng p
rinci
ples
of t
he P
NSP
II
upda
te –
Mai
n P
NS
P I
I el
emen
ts –
Lo
gica
l fra
mew
ork
of t
he P
NS
P I
I su
b-pr
ogra
ms.
Priv
ate
sect
or
- E
cono
mic
de
velo
pmen
t –
Dev
elop
men
t pr
ojec
t –
Dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gy
- In
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
- P
NS
P
- M
adag
asca
r
209
KB
: fig
.
102
RA
MIL
ISO
N E
ric
Nor
bert
Bus
ines
s an
d no
n-st
ate
acto
rs
perc
eptio
n of
re
gion
al
inte
grat
ion:
R
esea
rch
brie
f an
d ec
onom
ic
anal
ysis
-
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
RE
AM
20
04
01.0
2.01
R
AM
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of
the
revi
ewed
co
mpa
nies
and
non
-sta
te a
ctor
s -
Per
cept
ion
of t
he in
tegr
atio
n to
the
S
AD
C –
Deb
ate
on t
he i
nteg
ratio
n to
the
SA
DC
.
Reg
iona
l in
tegr
atio
n –
Soc
iolo
gica
l an
alys
is –
Fre
e tra
de
area
–
SA
DC
–
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
872
KB
: ta
b.
18
Sep
t. 20
07
Mad
agas
car
103
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Mad
agas
car’s
ec
onom
ic
and
finan
cial
situ
atio
n in
20
05
and
2006
: N
ovem
ber 2
006
upda
te
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
INE
FI-
DG
TPE
20
06
03.0
2.01
A
MB
Low
lev
el o
f FD
Is b
ut a
rev
ival
of
larg
e pr
ojec
ts –
Gro
wth
and
infla
tion
slow
dow
n -
Agg
rava
tion
of c
urre
nt
defic
it on
a
back
grou
nd
of
decr
easi
ng e
xpor
ts –
Bud
get
defic
it un
der c
ontro
l non
ethe
less
.
Eco
nom
y –
Eco
nom
ic g
row
th
– Fo
reig
n in
vest
men
ts
– S
tatis
tical
da
ta
- E
cono
mic
in
flatio
n –
Bal
ance
of
pa
ymen
ts –
Bud
get
defic
it –
Mad
agas
car
175
KB
104
PIC
. Ant
anan
ariv
o P
roje
ct
docu
men
t: Fi
shin
g va
lue
chai
n in
th
e Fo
rt D
auph
in p
ole
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f E
cono
my
Fi
nanc
e an
d B
udge
t
2007
07
.10.
01 P
IC
Con
text
– D
escr
iptio
n of
the
fis
hing
va
lue
chai
n in
Fo
rt D
auph
in
– Ta
rget
s –
Inst
itutio
nal
fram
ewor
k -
Ove
rall
obje
ctiv
e of
sup
ports
to
the
Fish
ing
valu
e ch
ain
in F
ort D
auph
in
– Li
st o
f pa
rtner
s id
entif
ied
for
the
fishi
ng v
alue
cha
in in
For
t Dau
phin
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Fish
ing
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ect
– G
row
th
pole
–
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Fort-
Dau
phin
206
KB
: fig
.
105
FAO
UZI
Bou
jedr
a Ta
king
the
cou
ntry
ris
k in
to
acco
unt
in
the
settl
emen
t ch
oice
of
FD
Is
in
deve
lopi
ng
coun
tries
Orle
ans
LEO
20
03
18.1
0.01
FA
O
Theo
retic
al fr
amew
ork
and
liter
atur
e –
Mea
surin
g th
e co
untry
ris
k –
Met
hodo
logi
cal
diffe
renc
es
– In
tern
atio
nal
coun
try
risk
guid
e –
Evo
lutio
n of
fo
reig
n di
rect
in
vest
men
t in
flow
s in
de
velo
ping
co
untri
es
– E
mpi
rical
an
alys
is
betw
een
the
coun
try ri
sk
Fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ents
- C
ount
ry r
isk
– S
tatis
tical
dat
a –
Bus
ines
s de
velo
pmen
t –
Dev
elop
ing
coun
try –
Sur
vey
1300
KB
: fig
.
106
Red
Isla
nd G
roup
P
ract
ical
inve
stor
’s g
uide
in
Tam
atav
e Ta
mat
ave
CC
IAA
Ta
mat
ave
2005
11
.02.
06
RE
D
The
diffe
rent
m
ost
com
mon
co
mpa
nies
in M
adag
asca
r - N
otio
ns
of
expo
rt pr
oces
sing
zo
ne
– D
ocum
ents
ne
eded
to
cr
eate
a
com
pany
– W
orki
ng a
utho
rizat
ions
fo
r for
eign
resi
dent
s –
Bus
ines
s an
d tra
nsit
visa
s.
Inve
stm
ent
– B
usin
ess
deve
lopm
ent
– La
bor
Law
s –
Taxa
tion
– E
cono
mic
exp
ort
proc
essi
ng
zone
–
Em
ploy
men
t –
Tour
ism
–
Toam
asin
a
801
KB
: fig
.
107
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try,
Trad
e an
d P
rivat
e S
ecto
r Dev
elop
men
t. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Inve
stm
ent
envi
ronm
ent
in
Mad
agas
car:
Info
rmat
ion
on
the
buoy
ant s
ecto
rs
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
06
11.0
2.06
MIC
Th
e in
vest
men
t en
viro
nmen
t in
M
adag
asca
r –
Info
rmat
ion
on t
he
buoy
ant s
ecto
rs.
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Sta
tistic
al
data
– A
gric
ultu
re –
Fis
hing
-M
inin
g –
Com
pute
rs
– B
usin
ess
– Ta
xatio
n –
Mad
agas
car
437
KB
: fig
.
108
RA
ZAN
AK
OTO
Om
éga
Ass
ista
nce
to
the
coor
dina
tion
of t
he P
IC
pre-
asse
ssm
ent
mis
sion
in
the
fra
mew
ork
of t
he
join
t M
SM
E
prog
ram
in
itiat
ive:
Fi
nal
mis
sion
re
port
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
IC
2005
07
.01.
01
RA
Z
Inte
rvie
w
note
s –
Tech
nica
l sp
ecifi
catio
ns o
f the
val
ue c
hain
s.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Agr
icul
ture
–
Agr
icul
tura
l pro
duct
– G
row
th
pole
– M
adag
asca
r
536
KB
: fig
.
109
HA
LLA
M D
avid
20
03-2
004
Rep
ort o
n th
e pr
oduc
t mar
kets
R
ome
FAO
20
04
07.0
1.03
H
AL
Dec
reas
e of
ba
sic
prod
ucts
an
d re
actio
ns
of
the
sect
or
– Im
port
cost
s of
fo
od
item
s –
Mar
ket
inte
grat
ion
and
pric
e tra
nsm
issi
on –
Im
pact
of
the
DO
HA
dev
elop
men
t cy
cle
– P
rogr
essi
vene
ss o
f cus
tom
s du
ties.
Inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de
– B
asic
co
mm
odity
pric
es –
Sta
tistic
al
anal
ysis
–
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
t –
Food
ite
m –
Eco
nom
ic a
naly
sis
– R
egio
nal
inte
grat
ion
– N
on-
cust
oms
barri
er -
30 c
m: f
ig.
19
110
Agr
ifood
Con
sulti
ng
Inte
rnat
iona
l. B
ethe
sda
Stu
dy o
n in
vest
men
t and
m
arke
t op
portu
nitie
s in
M
CA
-Mad
agas
car
zone
s:
Iden
tific
atio
n of
m
arke
t op
portu
nitie
s -
Rep
ort
R3:
M
ain
text
: To
me
I
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
-M
adag
asca
r 20
07
11.0
2.06
AC
I Id
entif
icat
ion
of m
arke
t opp
ortu
nitie
s in
V
akin
anka
ratra
, in
A
mor
on'Im
ania
, in
M
enab
e,
in
Ats
inan
ana,
in
Boe
ny,
in D
iana
-
Ove
rall
synt
hesi
s of
opp
ortu
nitie
s,
prio
ritie
s an
d cr
oss-
cutti
ng
cont
rain
ts -
Pro
gres
s du
ring
phas
e 3
- Pla
n of
pha
se 4
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Mar
ket
rese
arch
-
Agr
icul
tura
l in
vest
men
t -
App
les
- P
otat
oes
- M
ilk
- O
nion
s -
Ger
aniu
m o
il -
Mai
ze -
Citr
us
- Silk
- H
oney
- A
rabi
ca c
offe
e -
Ric
e -
Bea
ns -
Lim
a B
eans
-
Cra
bs -
Litc
his
- B
anan
as -
S
ugar
cane
- F
ish
farm
ing
- E
ssen
tial O
ils -
Mar
itim
e an
d In
land
Fis
h -
Fibb
ers
- C
ocoa
-
Sea
Cuc
umbe
r -
She
ep -
G
oats
- E
coto
uris
m -
Gro
wth
po
tent
ial
- V
akin
anka
ratra
-
Am
oron
'Iman
ia
- M
enab
e -
Ats
inan
ana
- Boe
ny -
Dia
na –
M
adag
asca
r
3290
0 K
B:
fig.
111
Agr
ifood
Con
sulti
ng
Inte
rnat
iona
l. B
ethe
sda
Stu
dy o
n in
vest
men
t and
m
arke
t op
portu
nitie
s in
M
CA
-Mad
agas
car
zone
s:
Iden
tific
atio
n of
m
arke
t op
portu
nitie
s -
Rep
ort
R3:
A
ppen
dix
- To
me
II
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
-M
adag
asca
r 20
07
11.0
2.06
AC
I P
resc
reen
ing
for
mar
ket
oppo
rtuni
ties
iden
tific
atio
n -
Focu
s gr
oup
disc
ussi
on -
Cas
e st
udie
s;-
Wor
ksho
p su
mm
arie
s -
Cap
acity
bu
ildin
g ac
tiviti
es
sum
mar
y -
Agr
icul
tura
l m
arke
ting
in
Mad
agas
car
- A
groe
colo
gica
l zon
es
in th
e 6
MC
A -
Mad
agas
car
regi
ons
V
alue
s.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Mar
ket
oppo
rtuni
ties
- A
gric
ultu
ral
mar
ketin
g -
Agr
oeco
logi
cal
zone
s -
Mar
ket
stud
y -
Vak
inan
kara
tra
- A
mor
on'Im
ania
-
Men
abe
- A
tsin
anan
a -
Boe
ny -
Dia
na -
M
adag
asca
r
6360
KB
: fig
.
112
FAO
. Rom
e R
ural
in
vest
: A
parti
cipa
tory
w
ay
of
form
ulat
ing
and
mon
itorin
g sm
all
rura
l in
vest
men
t pr
ojec
ts:
Pre
para
tion
and
anal
ysis
of
th
e in
vest
men
t pi
lot
stud
ies
Rom
e FA
O
2004
11
.02.
06
FAO
Rol
e of
the
inve
stm
ent
pilo
t st
udie
s –
Mai
n as
pect
s to
con
side
r w
hen
prep
arin
g a
pilo
t st
udy
– P
repa
ratio
n an
d in
terp
reta
tion
of a
pi
lot s
tudy
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
– M
etho
dolo
gy
– P
lann
ing
met
hod
– R
ural
in
vest
–
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Dev
elop
men
t pr
ojec
t –
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
30 c
m: f
ig.
113
ME
FB. A
ntan
anar
ivo
2005
A
nnua
l re
port:
P
roje
ct
mon
itorin
g an
d ev
alua
tion
of
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
na
tiona
l pro
gram
s n°
11
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
EFB
20
06
03.0
2.03
M
EF
Cre
atin
g an
d pr
omot
ing
econ
omic
gr
owth
with
a v
ery
wid
e so
cial
bas
e.
Act
ivity
re
ports
–
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Tran
spor
t in
frast
ruct
ure
– E
nerg
y –
Min
ing
– Te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n –
Tour
ism
–
Pro
ject
as
sess
men
t – M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: f
ig.
114
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try,
Trad
e an
d E
cono
my.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Indu
stria
l po
licy
mem
oran
dum
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Min
istry
of
Indu
stry
, C
omm
erce
an
d E
cono
my
2007
08
.01.
02 M
IN
Con
text
an
d ju
stifi
catio
n –
Impl
emen
tatio
n pl
an
for
the
indu
stria
l se
ctor
of
whi
ch t
he m
ain
prob
lem
s an
d im
plem
enta
tion
obje
ctiv
es a
nd s
trate
gies
Indu
stry
– I
ndus
trial
pol
icy
– In
dust
rial
pote
ntia
l –
Dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gy
– O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
– M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: t
ab.
115
Min
istry
of E
nerg
y an
d M
inin
g. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Min
ing
sect
oral
pol
icy
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Min
istry
of
Ene
rgy
and
Min
ing
2007
08
.13.
01 M
IN
Con
text
an
d ju
stifi
catio
n –
Impl
emen
tatio
n pl
an f
or t
he m
inin
g se
ctor
of
whi
ch t
he m
ain
prob
lem
s an
d im
plem
enta
tion
obje
ctiv
es a
nd
stra
tegi
es
Min
ing
– M
inin
g po
licy
– M
iner
al
min
ing
– D
evel
opm
ent
plan
–
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: t
ab.
20
116
Min
istry
of I
ndus
try,
Trad
e an
d E
cono
my.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Mem
oran
dum
on
th
e na
tiona
l po
licy
for
craf
ts
prom
otio
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f In
dust
ry,
Trad
e an
d E
cono
my
2007
08
.02.
02 M
IN
Con
text
an
d ju
stifi
catio
n –
Impl
emen
tatio
n pl
an f
or t
he c
rafts
se
ctor
of
whi
ch t
he m
ain
prob
lem
s an
d im
plem
enta
tion
obje
ctiv
es a
nd
stra
tegi
es
Cra
fts
– C
rafts
po
licy
– D
evel
opm
ent
stra
tegy
–
Obs
tacl
e to
de
velo
pmen
t –
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: t
ab.
117
Min
istry
of E
nerg
y an
d M
inin
g. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Sec
tora
l po
licy
mem
oran
dum
: Ene
rgy
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Min
istry
of
Ene
rgy
and
Min
ing
2007
08
.11.
01 M
IN
Con
text
an
d ju
stifi
catio
n –
Impl
emen
tatio
n pl
an f
or t
he e
nerg
y se
ctor
of
whi
ch t
he m
ain
prob
lem
s an
d im
plem
enta
tion
obje
ctiv
es a
nd
stra
tegi
es
Ene
rgy
– E
nerg
y po
licy
– JI
RA
MA
–
Inve
stm
ent
– M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: t
ab.
118
Min
istry
of E
nviro
nmen
t, W
ater
, For
ests
and
To
uris
m. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Sec
tora
l po
licy
mem
oran
dum
: To
uris
m
sect
or
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f E
nviro
nmen
t, W
ater
, Fo
rest
s an
d To
uris
m
2007
09
.04.
05 M
IN
Con
text
an
d ju
stifi
catio
n –
Impl
emen
tatio
n pl
an fo
r th
e to
uris
m
sect
or o
f w
hich
the
mai
n pr
oble
ms
and
impl
emen
tatio
n ob
ject
ives
and
st
rate
gies
Tour
ism
– T
ouris
m p
olic
y –
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n –
Sta
tistic
al d
ata
– In
vest
men
t –
Mad
agas
car
30 c
m: t
ab.
119
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Par
tner
ship
ch
arte
r of
th
e N
atio
nal L
and
Titli
ng
Pro
gram
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2006
07
.02.
01 M
IN
The
land
re
form
pr
oces
s –
Dis
tribu
tion
of
com
pete
nce
– O
bjec
tive
of
the
fram
ewor
k ag
reem
ent
– C
oord
inat
ion
tool
s of
th
e pa
rtner
s. 2
006
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Lan
d ow
ners
hip
– M
adag
asca
r
1 M
B:
fig.
120
TES
SIE
R A
ndré
C
ontri
butio
n to
th
e el
abor
atio
n of
a
publ
ic
polic
y fo
r th
e se
curin
g of
la
nd ri
ghts
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2004
07
.02.
01
TEY
Upd
ated
di
agno
sis
of
the
stat
e-ow
ned
land
cris
is –
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
of l
and
man
agem
ent.
Laun
chin
g of
th
e pr
oces
s to
re
vam
p th
e la
nd
titlin
g po
licy
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Lan
d ow
ners
hip
– La
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n - M
adag
asca
r
2 M
B:
ill.
121
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
[PN
F]
Ste
erin
g an
d m
onito
ring
com
mitt
ee o
f O
ctob
er 2
6, 2
007:
Mid
-te
rm re
port
2007
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2007
07
.02.
01 M
IN
The
natio
nal
land
titl
ing
prog
ram
: M
oder
nizi
ng
land
tit
ling
data
–
rest
ruct
urin
g la
nd t
itlin
g se
rvic
es –
de
cent
raliz
ing
land
man
agem
ent
– R
enov
atin
g la
nd t
itlin
g an
d st
ate-
owne
d la
nd re
gula
tions
.
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Lan
d ow
ners
hip
– G
uich
et fo
ncie
r –
Mad
agas
car
1 M
B:
fig.
122
RA
KO
TOV
ELO
N
irina
risoa
E
stab
lishm
ent
a se
lect
ion
of c
hain
s w
ith a
hi
gh
loca
l de
velo
pmen
t po
tent
ial
in
Am
bohi
mah
asoa
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
AG
U/D
EV
EC
O; C
ITE
20
04
07.0
5.01
R
AK
Stu
dies
on
th
e op
portu
nitie
s –
Prio
ritiz
atio
n of
th
e ch
ains
by
de
velo
pmen
t ac
tors
–
Api
cultu
re
chai
n -
A
rbor
icul
ture
ch
ain
– P
oultr
y fa
rmin
g ch
ain
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– A
grib
usin
ess
– P
oultr
y fa
rmin
g –
Arb
oric
ultu
re
–A
picu
lture
–
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
– A
mbo
him
ahas
oa
30 c
m: f
ig.
123
CIT
E. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Stu
dy
of
the
apic
ultu
re
chai
n w
ith
a vi
ew
to
expo
rt de
velo
pmen
t: A
nnex
es
Ant
anan
ariv
o S
AH
A-
FSP
/GD
RN
20
04
07.0
9.02
CIT
B
iblio
grap
hy -
Ann
ex –
Reg
ulat
ory
prov
isio
ns.
Mar
ket
rese
arch
–
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Pou
ltry
farm
ing
– A
rbor
icul
ture
–
Api
cultu
re
– B
iblio
grap
hy
– M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m
124
LAG
AR
DE
Kar
ine;
R
AK
OTO
VE
LO
Niri
naris
oa
Stu
dy
of
the
apic
ultu
re
chai
n w
ith
a vi
ew
to
expo
rt de
velo
pmen
t: A
mbo
sitra
–
Fian
aran
tsoa
Reg
ions
Ant
anan
ariv
o S
AH
A-
FSP
/GD
RN
20
04
07.0
9.02
LA
G
Mai
n pr
oduc
tion
char
acte
ristic
s –
Func
tioni
ng o
f the
mar
ketin
g sy
stem
–
Taxa
tion
– C
onst
rain
ts a
nd a
sset
s of
the
Bet
sile
o re
gion
– P
rosp
ects
Mar
ket
rese
arch
– A
picu
lture
–
Hon
ey –
Exp
ort –
Obs
tacl
e to
de
velo
pmen
t –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Fian
aran
tsoa
– A
mbo
sitra
30 c
m: f
ig.
125
LAG
AR
DE
Kar
ine;
R
AK
OTO
VE
LO
Niri
naris
oa
Stu
dy
of
the
apic
ultu
re
chai
n w
ith
a vi
ew
to
expo
rt de
velo
pmen
t:
Ant
anan
ariv
o S
AH
A-
FSP
/GD
RN
20
04
07.0
9.02
LA
G
The
diffe
rent
ap
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
ts
supp
lied
– Q
uant
ifica
tion
of
the
supp
ly a
nd r
egio
ns o
f or
igin
– T
he
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Api
cultu
re
– A
picu
ltura
l pro
duct
– H
oney
–
Mar
ket a
naly
sis
– O
bsta
cle
to
30 c
m: f
ig.
21
Mar
ketin
g –
the
case
of
the
Ant
anan
ariv
o m
arke
t di
ffere
nt m
arke
ting
play
ers
– Th
e se
lling
pric
e –
Use
s of
api
cultu
ral
prod
ucts
–
Rel
atio
nshi
ps
and
conf
licts
bet
wee
n th
e pl
ayer
s.
deve
lopm
ent
– R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– A
ntan
anar
ivo
126
CIT
E. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Stu
dy o
f th
e sh
ort-c
ycle
br
eedi
ng
chai
n in
th
e A
nkaz
obe
dist
rict
Ant
anan
ariv
o S
AH
A -
Coo
rdin
atio
n Im
erin
a
2006
07
.09.
01 C
IT
Ass
essm
ent
of
the
situ
atio
n –
Agr
icul
tura
l fa
rmin
g sy
stem
–
Ana
lyse
s –
Sug
gest
ions
an
d pr
opos
als
for a
ctio
n.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Bre
edin
g –
Pou
ltry
farm
ing
- P
oultr
y –
Mar
ket
anal
ysis
–
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Ank
azob
e
30 c
m: f
ig.
127
RA
ZAN
AK
OTO
O
njah
erila
nto
RA
KO
TOV
AO
Cre
atio
n of
an
ag
ricul
tura
l pr
oduc
tion
unit
base
d on
th
e m
arke
ting
of
butte
rnut
sq
uash
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
06
07.0
5.05
R
AZ
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Stu
dy
of
the
settl
emen
t are
a –
Tech
nica
l stu
dies
–
Fina
ncia
l m
onito
ring
and
eval
uatio
n
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
But
tern
ut
squa
sh
– M
arke
t st
udy
– In
vest
men
t- R
ural
de
velo
pmen
t – M
adag
asca
r
115
MB
: fig
.
128
RA
KO
TON
IRIN
A V
ero
Han
itrin
iony
C
ontri
butio
n to
th
e pr
omot
ion
of
Eug
enia
ja
mbo
lana
or
"R
otra
" fru
its
with
ju
ices
, w
ine
and
lique
ur
in
the
Tsiro
anom
andi
dy d
istri
ct
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
05
08.0
6.01
R
AK
Gen
eral
ities
on
the
java
plu
ms,
win
e an
d liq
ueur
– T
echn
olog
ical
stu
dies
on
the
jav
a pl
um j
uice
, w
ine
and
lique
ur m
anuf
actu
ring
– Te
chni
cal-
econ
omic
fea
sibi
lity
stud
y of
a u
nit
to p
roce
ss j
ava
plum
s in
to j
uice
, w
ine
and
lique
ur.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
ite
m –
Ja
va p
lum
– W
ine
– Li
queu
r –
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
- Ts
iroan
oman
didy
19 M
B:
ill.
129
RA
ZAFI
HA
RIM
AN
AN
A
Von
imal
alal
a Te
chni
cal-e
cono
mic
fe
asib
ility
st
udy
of
an
artis
anal
soa
p un
it
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
03
08.0
1.01
R
AZ
Gen
eral
ities
–
Tech
nica
l st
udy
of
the
prod
uctio
n –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Eco
nom
ic a
nd fi
nanc
ial f
easi
bilit
y.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–cr
aft
indu
stry
– S
oap-
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r
2 M
B:
ill.
130
FEN
OH
AN
ITR
A o
nja
Har
ifetra
Te
chni
cal-e
cono
mic
fe
asib
ility
st
udy
for
the
certi
fied
seed
an
d co
ntro
lled
pota
to
(sol
anum
tu
bero
sum
) se
ed
cond
ition
ing
and
prom
otio
n of
its
by
-pr
oduc
ts
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
06
07.0
5.01
FE
N
Gen
eral
ities
on
the
pota
to a
nd o
n th
e pr
ojec
t to
se
t-up
an
agro
-in
dust
rial
com
plex
pr
oduc
ing
certi
fied
pota
to s
eeds
– T
echn
ical
de
velo
pmen
t of t
he c
ondi
tioni
ng a
nd
of
the
by-p
rodu
ct
prom
otio
n of
po
tato
see
ds –
Tec
hnic
al-e
cono
mic
fe
asib
ility
stu
dy.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
tion
– P
otat
o-
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car
13 M
B:
ill.
131
RA
KO
TOM
ALA
LA
Tojo
hariv
elo
Mam
ihar
ilaza
Tech
nica
l-eco
nom
ic
feas
ibili
ty f
or t
he s
et-u
p of
cag
ed t
ilapi
a ni
lotic
a br
eedi
ng in
the
Kav
itaha
A
mpe
fy la
ke
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
03
07.1
0.03
R
AK
Gen
eral
co
nsid
erat
ions
an
d m
onog
raph
of
the
site
– T
echn
ical
an
d bi
olog
ical
st
udy
– E
cono
mic
an
d fin
anci
al s
tudy
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Fish
ing
– P
isci
cultu
re –
Fis
h –
Tila
pia
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r
15 M
B:
fig.
132
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Arc
hite
ctur
e an
d pr
ogre
ss o
f the
new
land
tit
ling
and
stat
e-ow
ned
land
regu
latio
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
rogr
amm
e N
atio
nal
Fonc
ier
2005
07
.02.
01 M
IN
Sta
te-o
wne
d la
nd –
Priv
atel
y-ow
ned
land
– L
and
with
spe
cific
sta
tus.
La
nd
titlin
g –
Land
tit
ling
polic
y –
Land
ref
orm
– L
and
titlin
g re
gula
tion
– La
nd
owne
rshi
p –
Mad
agas
car
153
KB
: fig
.
133
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Dra
ft la
w g
over
ning
land
ow
ned
by
the
Sta
te,
dece
ntra
lized
un
its
and
co
mm
on
law
le
gal
entit
ies
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f Agr
icul
ture
, Li
vest
ock
and
Fish
ing
07.0
2.01
MIN
P
rivat
e pr
oper
ty
– D
ecen
traliz
ed
unit
priv
ate
prop
erty
. La
nd
titlin
g –
Land
tit
ling
polic
y –
Land
titli
ng re
gula
tion
– La
nd
refo
rm
– La
nd
owne
rshi
p –
Mad
agas
car.
92 K
B
134
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Dra
ft la
w
setti
ng
the
lega
l re
gim
e of
pu
blic
la
nd
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01 M
IN
Def
initi
on –
con
sist
ency
and
leg
al
requ
irem
ent
of
publ
ic
land
–
Con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t of
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd ti
tling
regu
latio
n –
Land
re
form
–
Land
64 K
B
22
and
Fish
ing
publ
ic la
nd.
owne
rshi
p –
Mad
agas
car
135
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Dra
ft la
w
setti
ng
the
lega
l re
gim
e of
pu
blic
la
nd: c
omm
ent
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01 M
IN
Def
initi
on –
con
sist
ency
and
leg
al
requ
irem
ent
of
publ
ic
land
–
Con
serv
atio
n an
d m
anag
emen
t of
pu
blic
land
.
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd ti
tling
regu
latio
n –
Land
re
form
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
– M
adag
asca
r
202
KB
: fig
.
136
Offi
ce o
f the
Pre
side
nt o
f th
e R
epub
lic,
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Law
N
° 20
05-0
19
of
Oct
ober
17
, 20
05,
setti
ng th
e pr
inci
ples
that
go
vern
the
stat
us o
f lan
d
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
epob
likan
'i M
adag
asik
ara
2005
07
.02.
01
PR
E
Sta
te la
nd –
Sta
te-o
wne
d la
nd.
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd ti
tling
regu
latio
n –
Land
re
form
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
– S
tate
-ow
ned
land
– M
adag
asca
r
107
KB
137
Offi
ce o
f the
Pre
side
nt o
f th
e R
epub
lic,
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Law
n°
20
06-0
31
of
Nov
embe
r 24
, 20
06,
setti
ng t
he l
egal
reg
ime
of
land
with
out a
title
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
epob
likan
'i M
adag
asik
ara
2005
07
.02.
01
PR
E
Adm
inis
trativ
e m
anag
emen
t of
pr
ivat
e la
nd
with
out
a tit
le
– R
ecog
nitio
n of
pr
oper
ty
right
s on
la
nd w
ithou
t a ti
tle –
Man
agem
ent o
f la
nd w
ithou
t a ti
tle.
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd ti
tling
regu
latio
n –
Land
re
form
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
– Ti
tle
deed
–
Mad
agas
car
88 K
B
138
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Dec
ree
N°
on
the
crea
tion
and
the
inst
itutio
naliz
atio
n of
the
N
atio
nal
Land
Ti
tling
P
rogr
am (
or P
rogr
amm
e na
tiona
l fon
cier
- P
NF)
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01 M
IN
Obj
ectiv
e of
the
PN
F -
Mis
sion
of
the
PN
F –S
truct
ure
of th
e P
NF
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd ti
tling
regu
latio
n –
Land
re
form
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
– P
NF
– M
adag
asca
r
59 K
B
139
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Org
aniz
atio
n ch
art o
f the
co
ordi
natio
n un
it of
the
P
rogr
amm
e na
tiona
l fo
ncie
r
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
epob
likan
'i M
adag
asik
ara
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01 M
IN
Mod
erni
zatio
n co
mpo
nent
–
Dec
entra
lized
la
nd
man
agem
ent
com
pone
nt –
Leg
al c
ompo
nent
–
Trai
ning
an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n co
mpo
nent
.
Land
re
form
–
Land
ad
min
istra
tion
– O
rgan
izat
ion
char
t –
Land
titl
ing
polic
y –
Land
ow
ners
hip
– M
adag
asca
r
114
KB
: fig
.
140
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Inst
itutio
nal
rela
tions
M
AE
P
/ D
DS
F /
PN
F:
Sta
rt-up
ph
ase
2005
-20
07
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
07
.02.
01 M
IN
Inst
itutio
nal r
elat
ions
– O
rgan
izat
ion
char
t. La
nd
titlin
g –
Land
tit
ling
polic
y –
Land
ref
orm
– L
and
adm
inis
tratio
n -
Land
ow
ners
hip
– In
stitu
tiona
l fra
mew
ork
– M
adag
asca
r.
133
KB
: fig
.
141
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
2007
A
nnua
l W
ork
Sch
edul
e
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF;
Rep
oblik
an'i
Mad
agas
ikar
a 07
.02.
01 M
IN
Mas
ter
plan
–
One
-sto
p-sh
op
– E
xcha
nge
of s
ervi
ce-g
uich
et fo
ncie
r da
ta
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
titlin
g po
licy
– La
nd a
dmin
istra
tion
– W
ork
sche
dule
– I
nstit
utio
nal
fram
ewor
k –
Mad
agas
car
3 M
B:
fig.
142
Col
lect
if Te
rrito
ires
and
Dév
elop
pem
ent
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Sup
port
to t
he M
alag
asy
Nat
iona
l Lan
d P
rogr
am –
Fo
r gu
iche
ts f
onci
ers
®
Sys
tèm
e D
: R
esea
rch
proj
ect
- dev
elop
men
t of
the
fine-
tuni
ng
of
guic
hets
fo
ncie
rs
acce
ssib
le t
o co
mm
unes
th
at d
o no
t be
nefit
fro
m
inte
rnat
iona
l fun
ding
[s.l.
] C
IRA
D
2007
07
.02.
01
CO
L
The
polit
ical
will
to
refo
rm w
ith a
fo
cus
on th
e de
cent
raliz
atio
n of
land
m
anag
emen
t –
The
pilla
rs
of
refo
rm:
priv
ate
prop
erty
with
out
a tit
le a
nd c
omm
unal
gui
chet
fonc
ier –
D
esig
n a
guic
het f
onci
er ®
sys
tèm
e D
: a
maj
or
stak
e,
a qu
estio
n of
re
sear
ch.
Land
titli
ng –
Lan
d ow
ners
hip
– La
nd
refo
rm
– G
uich
et
fonc
ier
– D
ecen
traliz
atio
n –
Mad
agas
car.
470
KB
: fig
.
143
Coo
rdin
atio
n un
it of
the
Nat
iona
l Lan
d P
rogr
am
Rep
ort P
NF
2006
A
ntan
anar
ivo
PN
F 20
06
07.0
2.01
C
EL
Par
tner
s’
finan
cial
su
mm
ary
– O
rgan
izat
ion
char
t of
th
e P
NF
coor
dina
tion
unit
– Li
st
of
fixed
as
sets
.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ect
– A
ctiv
ity
repo
rt –
PN
F –
Mad
agas
car.
145
KB
: fig
.
144
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Bud
get
SC
AC
20
07
– A
ntan
anar
ivo
CC
PN
F 20
07
07.0
2.In
vest
men
t –
Pay
roll
– O
ffice
La
nd t
itlin
g –
Land
ref
orm
–
31 K
B:
fig.
23
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o A
naly
sis
per i
tem
01
MIN
op
erat
ions
. D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ect
– P
roje
ct
finan
cing
-
Act
ivity
re
port
– P
NF
– M
adag
asca
r. 14
5 A
ND
RIA
MIT
AN
TSO
A
Mbo
latia
na H
aja
Set
-up
of
a ro
astin
g pr
oces
s fo
r so
ya
in
Tolia
ra a
nd t
rial
for
the
feed
ing
of
layi
ng
hens
an
d br
oile
r chi
cken
s
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
07
08.0
6.01
A
ND
Gen
eral
ities
– B
ackg
roun
d of
the
st
udy
and
expe
rimen
tatio
ns
– Fi
ndin
gs,
inte
rpre
tatio
ns
and
econ
omic
ana
lyse
s.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Live
stoc
k –
Pou
ltry
farm
ing
– Fo
od
item
–
Soy
a –
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
– T
olia
ra.
2 M
B:
ill.
146
RA
TIA
NJA
NA
HA
RY
Von
indr
iaka
Ste
lla
Pro
mot
ion
of p
rickl
y pe
ar
fruits
: R
evie
w
of
the
proc
essi
ng
tech
nolo
gies
ap
plie
d to
m
arm
alad
e sy
rup
and
past
e;
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
04
08.0
6.01
R
AT
Gen
eral
ities
on
pr
ickl
y pe
ars
– D
evel
opm
ent
of
pres
erva
tion
tech
nolo
gies
of
pric
kly
pear
fru
its
appl
ied
to
syru
p m
arm
alad
e an
d pa
ste
– E
ngin
eerin
g of
a p
roce
ssin
g un
it fo
r pric
kly
pear
frui
ts.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Food
-pr
oces
sing
ind
ustry
– P
rickl
y pe
ar –
Syr
up –
Mar
mal
ade
– P
aste
–
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car.
4 M
B:
fig.
147
VO
LOLO
NIA
INA
S
ylvi
ane
Mar
ie
Sam
uelin
e
Dev
elop
men
t of
so
ya
milk
in
da
iry:
case
of
"s
oych
eese
s "
mak
ing
in
the
Vak
inan
kara
tra
regi
on
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
05
08.0
6.01
V
OL
Gen
eral
ities
on
soya
, m
ilk a
nd t
he
Vak
inan
kara
tra r
egio
n –
Fine
-tuni
ng
the
"soy
chee
ses"
mak
ing
tech
niqu
e –
Tech
nica
l-eco
nom
ic
feas
ibili
ty
stud
y of
the
chee
se u
nit.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
-pr
oces
sing
indu
stry
– S
oya
– C
hees
e –
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
–
Vak
inan
kara
tra.
1 M
B:
ill.
148
SC
ET
Tuni
sie
Tuni
s D
evel
opm
ent
of
a bu
sine
ss
park
fo
r in
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logi
es
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
adag
asca
r: D
evel
opm
ent
sche
me
and
busi
ness
pla
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
IC
2007
08
.16.
03
SC
E
Obj
ectiv
e of
th
e P
ark
– P
ark
com
pone
nts
and
serv
ices
– P
ublic
-pr
ivat
e pa
rtner
ship
.
ICT
– C
ompu
ter
scie
nce
– C
omm
unic
atio
n –
Infra
stru
ctur
e –
Gro
wth
pol
e –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
ies
– A
ntan
anar
ivo.
1 M
B:
ill.
149
RA
ZAK
AN
DIS
A
Ano
uchk
a S
tudy
of
the
com
mer
cial
op
portu
nitie
s in
S
AD
C
coun
tries
: R
ectif
ied
final
re
port
Ant
anan
ariv
o H
arso
n D
evel
opm
ent
09.0
5.01
R
AZ
Gen
eral
ities
–
Sel
ectio
n of
pr
oduc
t/cou
ntry
pa
irs
– M
adag
asca
r’s p
ositi
on a
t th
e le
vel
of
trade
w
ith
the
SA
DC
–
Opp
ortu
nitie
s pe
r co
untry
–
Pro
cedu
res,
sta
ndar
ds a
nd g
ener
al
acce
ss c
ondi
tions
.
Reg
iona
l in
tegr
atio
n –
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
– D
evel
opm
ent p
oten
tial –
Fre
e tra
de a
rea
– M
adag
asca
r –
SA
DC
.
1241
KB
: fig
.
150
Her
mes
Con
seils
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Stu
dy o
f the
ana
lysi
s an
d pr
opos
al t
o up
grad
e th
e bu
sine
ss e
nviro
nmen
t in
M
adag
asca
r: id
entif
icat
ion
and
defin
ition
of
the
spec
ific
ince
ntiv
e in
stru
men
ts i
n th
e fra
mew
ork
of
the
Inte
grat
ed
Gro
wth
P
ole
(PIC
) pr
ojec
t: Fi
nal
Rep
ort
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
IC
2005
11
.02.
06
HE
R
Ana
lysi
s of
th
e bu
sine
ss
envi
ronm
ent
in
Mad
agas
car:
The
mai
n co
nstra
ints
to
in
vest
men
t –
Find
ings
of
the
opin
ion
poll
– M
ain
obst
acle
s to
the
im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
PIC
pro
ject
at
the
leve
l of
the
th
ree
grow
th p
oles
.
Gro
wth
po
le-
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n –
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– E
cono
mic
de
velo
pmen
t –
Mac
roec
onom
y –
Opi
nion
–
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Mad
agas
car.
30 c
m: f
ig.
151
SU
D C
ON
SE
ILS
&
Stra
tégi
es, A
ntan
anar
ivo
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
cra
fts
sect
or
in
Mad
agas
car:
Fina
l Rep
ort
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
05
08.0
2.02
S
UD
His
toric
al
evol
utio
n of
cr
afts
in
M
adag
asca
r –
Soc
ial
orga
niza
tion
and
artis
anal
pr
oduc
tion
– Le
gal
and
inst
itutio
nal
fram
ewor
k -
Ass
essm
ent o
f the
situ
atio
n of
cra
fts
Cra
fts
– M
arke
t an
alys
is
– R
egul
atio
n –
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– C
rafts
po
licy
– R
ecom
men
datio
ns
– M
adag
asca
r.
30 c
m: f
ig.
24
in 2
004
– Th
e m
ain
prob
lem
s of
cr
afts
in
M
adag
asca
r –
Opp
ortu
nitie
s
152
SA
HA
, Ant
anan
ariv
o P
rosp
ects
and
sta
kes
of
the
Mal
agas
y si
lk c
hain
: R
epor
t of t
he ro
und-
tabl
e
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P;
MIC
DS
P
2003
08
.08.
01
SA
H
The
wor
ld
mar
ket
for
silk
–
Pro
spec
ts
and
stak
es
for
the
deve
lopm
ent
of t
he M
alag
asy
silk
ch
ain
– C
oncl
usio
n –
Syn
thes
is o
f th
e co
mm
issi
ons’
pro
posa
ls.
Silk
– B
reed
ing
– Te
xtile
–
Mar
ket
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l – E
xpor
t – E
cono
mic
pr
ospe
ct –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Mad
agas
car.
30 c
m: t
ab.
153
RA
KO
TON
IND
RA
INY
Vol
atia
na
Con
tribu
tion
to
the
deve
lopm
ent
of
pine
appl
e fro
m
Ariv
onim
amo:
The
cas
e of
pi
neap
ple
jam
, ch
utne
y an
d pa
ste
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2004
08
.06.
01
RA
K
Pin
eapp
le –
Tec
hnol
ogic
al s
tudy
–
The
case
of p
inea
pple
jam
, chu
tney
an
d pa
ste
- Eco
nom
ic s
tudy
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
-pr
oces
sing
in
dust
ry
– P
inea
pple
– J
am –
Chu
tney
–
Pin
eapp
le
past
e –
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– A
rivon
imam
o
1030
0 K
B:
fig.
154
RA
ND
RIA
NA
RIS
ON
A
ndria
mih
aris
oa
Rob
erto
Chr
isto
phe
Con
tribu
tion
to
the
deve
lopm
ent
of
pine
appl
e fro
m
Ariv
onim
amo:
The
cas
e of
pi
neap
ple
win
e an
d liq
ueur
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2004
08
.06.
01
RA
N
Pin
eapp
le –
Tec
hnol
ogic
al s
tudy
–
The
case
of
pi
neap
ple
win
e an
d liq
ueur
- E
cono
mic
stu
dy.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
-pr
oces
sing
in
dust
ry
– P
inea
pple
–
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– W
ine
– Li
queu
r –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y -
Ariv
onim
amo
7240
KB
: fig
.
155
ZAFI
MA
HO
VA
Kem
ba
And
ré
Con
tribu
tion
to
the
deve
lopm
ent
of
ging
er
from
Bef
oron
a: T
he c
ase
of d
ryin
g
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2006
08
.06.
01 Z
AF
Pre
sent
atio
n of
th
e st
udy
– Te
chno
logi
cal
stud
y of
gi
nger
pr
oces
sing
– E
cono
mic
stu
dy.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
-pr
oces
sing
ind
ustry
– G
inge
r –
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– D
ryin
g –
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
–
Bef
oron
a
2270
KB
: fig
.
156
AN
DR
IAN
OM
AN
AN
A
Sol
onai
vo
Con
tribu
tion
to
upgr
adin
g of
the
qua
lity
of M
alag
asy
vani
lla
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2005
07
.07.
09
AN
D
Mem
ory
prob
lem
atic
– W
orki
ng
met
hodo
logy
– D
escr
iptio
n of
the
va
nilla
pla
nt –
Gen
eral
org
aniz
atio
n of
the
cha
in –
The
orig
ins
of t
he
poor
qua
lity
of M
alag
asy
vani
lla –
Th
e co
ncei
vabl
e so
lutio
ns.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
-
Van
illa
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Coo
pera
tive
– M
arke
t –
Upg
radi
ng
the
plan
ts
5260
0 K
B:
fig.
157
RA
JAO
NA
RIS
ON
A
ndrin
andr
iani
na
Mia
rihaj
a
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y of
La
ntan
a ca
mar
a es
sent
ial o
il ex
tract
ion
in
the
Am
para
fara
vola
re
gion
: Th
e ca
se o
f th
e co
mpa
ny R
anom
anitr
a
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2005
08
.12.
05 R
AJ
Gen
eral
ities
on
the
Lant
ana
cam
ara
from
M
adag
asca
r –
Cha
ract
eriz
atio
n of
the
ess
entia
l oil
extra
ctio
n fro
m th
e La
ntan
a ca
mar
a of
Am
para
fara
vola
– S
tudy
on
the
retu
rn
of
radr
iaka
es
sent
ial
oil
extra
ctio
n by
th
e co
mpa
ny
Ran
oman
itra.
Agr
icul
ture
- A
grib
usin
ess
– E
ssen
tial
oil
– La
ntan
a ca
mar
a –
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– Fe
asib
ility
stu
dy -
A
mpa
rafa
ravo
la
1770
0 K
B:
fig.
158
RA
ZAM
AM
PIO
NO
NA
H
anta
nirin
a Te
chni
cal-e
cono
mic
fe
asib
ility
st
udy
of
cann
ed
chan
tere
lle
man
ufac
turin
g in
th
e A
nala
man
ga re
gion
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2007
08
.06.
01
RA
Z
Gen
eral
ities
on
th
e ch
ante
relle
ch
ain
– Fi
ne-tu
ning
of
th
e m
anuf
actu
ring
tech
niqu
e of
ch
ante
relle
ca
nnin
g –
Tech
nica
l-ec
onom
ic
feas
ibili
ty
stud
y of
a
chan
tere
lle c
anni
ng u
nit.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
pr
oces
sing
in
dust
ry
– C
hant
erel
le
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l -
Can
– F
easi
bilit
y st
udy
– A
nala
man
ga
3480
KB
: fig
.
159
AN
TSA
SO
A R
ivot
iana
Te
chni
cal-e
cono
mic
fe
asib
ility
st
udy
of
a qu
ality
ca
ssav
a flo
ur
prod
uctio
n pi
lot
unit
in
the
Am
bato
man
oina
-
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2004
08
.06.
01
AN
T
Gen
eral
ities
on
cass
ava
– Te
chni
cal
stud
ies
– E
cono
mic
stu
dies
. A
grib
usin
ess
– Fo
od
proc
essi
ng
indu
stry
–
cass
ava
flour
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l – F
easi
bilit
y st
udy
– A
njoz
orob
e
2030
KB
: fig
.
25
Anj
ozor
obe
regi
on
160
RA
BE
MA
NO
LON
TSO
A
Har
ifara
Fen
ohas
ina
Form
ulat
ion
and
busi
ness
pla
n of
a d
ry
dog
food
man
ufac
turin
g un
it in
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2005
08
.06.
01
RA
B
Gen
eral
ities
-
Form
ulat
ion
- B
usin
ess
plan
for
a d
ry d
og f
ood
man
ufac
turin
g un
it in
Ant
anan
ariv
o.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
pr
oces
sing
indu
stry
– D
ry d
og
food
– D
evel
opm
ent p
oten
tial
– Fe
asib
ility
stu
dy –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Ant
anan
ariv
o
7080
KB
: fig
.
161
RA
KO
TON
IAIN
A E
ric
Wor
ld
mar
ket
for
esse
ntia
l oi
ls
and
deve
lopm
ent
of
the
Mal
agas
y po
tent
ial
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2004
08
.12.
05
RA
K
Met
hodo
logi
es
- A
naly
sis
of
the
expl
oita
ble
agro
nom
ic
pote
ntia
l of
ex
istin
g op
portu
nitie
s an
d of
th
e w
orld
m
arke
t fo
r es
sent
ial
oils
-
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Esse
ntia
l oil
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Wor
ld m
arke
t –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car
1050
0 K
B:
fig.
162
SC
ET
Tuni
sie
Tuni
s D
evel
opm
ent
of
a bu
sine
ss
park
fo
r in
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logi
es
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
adag
asca
r: A
sses
smen
t of
th
e si
tuat
ion
and
diag
nosi
s
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
IC
2007
19
.01.
02
SC
E
1.
Bac
kgro
und
of
the
feas
ibili
ty
stud
y; 2
. D
evel
opm
ent
cont
ext;
3.
Def
initi
on o
f the
sup
ply.
Info
rmat
ion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gy –
G
row
th
pole
–
Pot
entia
l –
Dev
elop
men
t pl
an
– M
adag
asca
r
3845
KB
: ill
.
163
MIG
A, W
ashi
ngto
n S
naps
hot
Afri
ca
benc
hmar
king
FD
I co
mpe
titiv
enes
s in
Sub
-S
ahar
an A
frica
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank
2005
11
.03.
03 M
IG
1. S
tudy
and
ana
lysi
s ov
ervi
ew;
2.
Cos
t an
d qu
ality
Com
paris
ons
by
indu
stry
sec
tor;
3. C
ount
ry a
naly
sis
Fore
ign
Dire
ct
Inve
stm
ent
- C
ompe
titiv
enes
s –
Com
para
tive
Ana
lysi
s –
Indu
stria
l Dev
elop
men
t – S
ub
Sah
aria
n A
frica
30 c
m: i
ll.
164
MIG
A, W
ashi
ngto
n S
naps
hot
Afri
ca
benc
hmar
king
FD
I co
mpe
titiv
enes
s in
Sub
-S
ahar
an A
frica
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank
2006
11
.03.
03 M
IG
1.
Sna
psho
t O
verv
iew
an
d M
etho
dolo
gy;
2.
Cou
ntry
S
naps
hots
; 3. S
ecto
r Sna
psho
ts.
Fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ent
- C
ompe
titiv
enes
s -
Com
para
tive
anal
ysis
-
Indu
stria
l de
velo
pmen
t -
Sub
S
ahar
ian
Afri
ca
30 c
m: i
ll.
165
BIT
; Gen
eva
Exp
ort
proc
essi
ng z
ones
in
M
adag
asca
r: P
roje
ct
to
impr
ove
prod
uctiv
ity
thro
ugh
the
prom
otio
n of
de
cent
jobs
Ant
anan
ariv
o B
IT
2004
08
.08.
01 B
IT
1.
Soc
io-e
cono
mic
co
ntex
t in
M
adag
asca
r; 2.
Ove
rall
situ
atio
n of
th
e E
PZ
sect
or;
3. E
PZ
lega
l an
d re
gula
tory
en
viro
nmen
t; 4.
M
ain
stak
e of
em
ploy
men
t in
the
EP
Z se
ctor
; 5.
Wor
kers
’ rig
hts,
wor
king
an
d jo
b co
nditi
ons
in t
he E
PZs
; 6.
Fr
om t
he o
vera
ll ty
polo
gy o
f jo
bs
and
labo
r in
E
PZs
to
pr
iorit
y in
terv
entio
n ar
eas;
7. A
ctio
n pl
an to
im
prov
e pr
oduc
tivity
in
th
e E
PZ
sect
or
thro
ugh
the
prom
otio
n of
de
cent
job
s; 8
. Im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
natio
nal p
lan.
Indu
stry
– E
xpor
t pr
oces
sing
zo
ne
– E
mpl
oym
ent
– Fo
reig
n D
irect
Inv
estm
ent
–M
adag
asca
r’s P
oten
tial
30 c
m
166
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Div
ersi
ty o
f the
ope
ratin
g m
odes
of
co
mm
unal
gu
iche
ts fo
ncie
rs
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2005
07
.02.
01
PN
F
1. O
utlin
e of
a l
and
titlin
g si
tuat
ion
typo
logy
; 2.
Div
ersi
ty o
f la
nd t
itlin
g pr
oble
ms
and
dive
rsity
of
th
eir
treat
men
t; 3.
Ada
ptin
g th
e gu
iche
ts
fonc
iers
’ op
erat
ion
to
loca
l ec
onom
ic c
apac
ities
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
D
ecen
traliz
atio
n –
Met
hodo
logy
–
Com
mun
al
guic
het f
onci
er –
Mad
agas
car
305
KB
26
167
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Eva
luat
ion
of
GFD
fin
ance
s N
ov 2
006
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2006
07
.02.
01
PN
F
Exc
el ta
ble
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
D
evel
opm
ent
aid
– A
ctiv
ity
repo
rt –
Fina
ncia
l re
port
– M
adag
asca
r
48 K
B:
tabl
.
168
RA
HA
RIS
ON
Hen
ri,
RO
CH
EG
UD
E A
lain
D
esig
n of
an
upda
te p
lan
for t
itled
priv
ate
prop
erty
A
ntan
anar
ivo
PN
F 20
07
07.0
2.01
P
NF
1. R
ule
of la
w a
nd r
ealit
ies
of t
itled
pr
oper
ty
in
2007
; 2.
C
once
ivab
le
solu
tions
; 3.
The
spe
cific
cas
e of
D
iego
II;
4.
G
ener
al
reco
mm
enda
tions
on
the
posi
tion
of
title
d pr
oper
ty in
the
land
refo
rm.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
La
nd
Law
s –
Title
de
ed
– La
nd
titlin
g ar
chiv
e –
Mad
agas
car.
434
KB
169
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Cer
tific
atio
n pr
oced
ure
sche
me
A
ntan
anar
ivo
PN
F
07.0
2.01
P
NF
1.
Inve
stig
atin
g th
e re
ques
t; 2.
P
ublic
pro
ceed
ings
; 3. R
ecor
ding
; 4.
Issu
ance
.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
P
rivat
e pr
oper
ty
– La
nd
certi
ficat
e –A
dmin
istra
tive
proc
edur
e
49,5
KB
170
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Title
dee
d /
Land
titl
ing
certi
ficat
e:
Com
para
tive
anal
ysis
–
Sum
mar
y ta
ble
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
07
.02.
01
PN
F
1.
Lega
l re
gim
e an
d sc
ope
of
impl
emen
tatio
n;
2.
Con
cern
ed
serv
ices
an
d ad
min
istra
tive
man
agem
ent;
3.
Gua
rant
eein
g pr
oper
ty
right
s;
4.
Gra
ntin
g pr
oced
ure;
5.
Le
gal
valu
e;
6.
Usa
ges
of th
e de
ed; 7
. Dis
pute
and
co
nten
tion
settl
emen
t.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
P
rivat
e pr
oper
ty
– La
nd
certi
ficat
e –
Title
de
ed
– C
ompa
rativ
e an
alys
is
– A
dmin
istra
tive
proc
edur
e –
Mad
agas
car
239
KB
171
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Pro
gram
min
g th
e P
NF
star
t-up
phas
e
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2005
07
.02.
01
PN
F
1.
The
stag
es
of
the
land
tit
ling
refo
rm;
2. T
he P
NF
prog
ram
min
g pr
oces
s; 3
. A
xis
n°1:
Mod
erni
zing
la
nd
titlin
g se
rvic
es;
4.
Axi
s n°
2:
Dec
entra
lizin
g la
nd m
anag
emen
t; 5.
A
xis
n°3:
Ren
ovat
ing
land
titli
ng a
nd
stat
e-ow
ned
land
re
gula
tions
; 6.
A
xis
n°4:
Tr
aini
ng
for
land
tit
ling
prof
essi
ons;
7.
S
trate
gy
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Pro
gram
me
natio
nal f
onci
er.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
La
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n –
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
– P
NF
– M
adag
asca
r
978
KB
172
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
2007
an
nual
w
orki
ng
sche
dule
A
ntan
anar
ivo
PN
F 20
07
07.0
2.01
P
NF
1.
Mai
n 20
07
prog
ram
min
g or
ient
atio
ns;
2.
Com
pone
nt
N.1
: M
oder
nizi
ng a
nd r
estru
ctur
ing
land
tit
ling
serv
ices
; 3.
Com
pone
nt N
.2:
Dec
entra
lizin
g la
nd m
anag
emen
t; 4.
C
ompo
nent
N
.3:
Ren
ovat
ing
land
le
gisl
atio
n;
5.
Com
pone
nt
N.4
: Tr
aini
ng &
com
mun
icat
ion;
6.
Land
tit
ling
obse
rvat
ory;
7. A
dmin
istra
tive
man
agem
ent
of
the
PN
F co
ordi
natio
n un
it.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
La
nd a
dmin
istra
tion
– P
lan
of
oper
atio
n –
Mad
agas
car
2561
KB
173
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Reg
ions
tha
t ha
ve o
pted
fo
r la
nd s
ecur
ing
durin
g th
e M
AP
wor
ksho
ps
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01
PN
F
Tabl
e lis
t of t
he R
egio
ns
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
R
egio
n –
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
– G
uich
et
fonc
ier
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ect
– M
adag
asca
r
47,5
KB
27
174
RA
HA
RIJ
AO
NA
Liv
a A
lain
W
orks
hop
on
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de
agre
emen
ts:
How
ca
n th
e pr
ivat
e se
ctor
be
st
bene
fit?
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
/ P
IC
2006
09
.05.
02
RA
H
1. I
mpo
rtanc
e of
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de
agre
emen
ts fo
r the
priv
ate
sect
or; 2
. Th
e di
ffere
nt t
ypes
of
agre
emen
ts;
3. S
umm
ary
of t
he r
ules
gov
erni
ng
mul
tilat
eral
tra
de a
nd o
f th
e ru
les
gove
rnin
g A
CP
-UE
re
latio
ns;
4.
Late
st
info
rmat
ion
on
the
rule
s go
vern
ing
inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de
and
poss
ible
impa
cts
on tr
ade.
Trad
e ag
reem
ent
– Ta
riff
agre
emen
t – E
urop
ean
Uni
on
– A
frica
– C
arib
bean
– P
acifi
c –
Inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de
– D
evel
opm
ent p
oten
tial
30 c
m: [
n.p.
]é
ill.
175
SA
NC
HE
Z, J
acqu
es
Hen
ri In
tern
atio
nal
tech
nica
l as
sist
ance
to
th
e FN
DP
C
Tech
nica
l su
ppor
t un
it (o
r C
ellu
le
d'ap
pui
tech
niqu
e du
FN
DP
C -
Foru
m N
atio
nal
de D
ével
oppe
men
t et
de
Pol
itiqu
e C
omm
erci
ale)
–
Nat
iona
l Fo
rum
fo
r th
e Tr
ade
Dev
elop
men
t an
d
Pol
icy:
S
uppo
rt to
th
e S
tand
ardi
zatio
n an
d Q
ualit
y C
ontro
l P
rogr
am
of t
he E
xpor
t C
hain
s (o
r A
ppui
au
Pro
gram
me
de
norm
alis
atio
n &
con
trôle
qu
alité
de
s fil
ière
s d'
expo
rtatio
n)
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
/ B
NM
20
06
09.0
5.05
S
AN
1. S
umm
ary
of t
he d
ata
rela
ted
to
the
polit
ical
an
d op
erat
iona
l fra
mew
ork
of
futu
re
wor
k;
2.
Det
aile
d de
scrip
tion
of
the
mee
tings
; 3.
Pre
limin
ary
orie
ntat
ion
brie
f on
the
« P
rodu
ct c
ertif
icat
ion
» ap
proa
ch.
Aid
to
de
velo
pmen
t –
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n –
Sta
ndar
diza
tion
– Q
ualit
y co
ntro
l –
Exp
ort
– FN
DP
C –
M
adag
asca
r.
30 c
m: 3
6 p.
ta
bl.
176
Min
ing
Jour
nal,
Lond
on
Mad
agas
car:
Min
ing
jour
nal
Lond
on
Min
ing
Com
mun
icat
ion
s Lt
d
2004
08
.13.
01 M
IN
The
geol
ogy
of
Mad
agas
car
- A
tra
ditio
n of
pre
ciou
s st
ones
- M
inin
g po
licy
- M
iner
al
reso
urce
s go
vern
ance
pr
ojec
t -
Maj
or
oper
ator
s -
New
m
inin
g in
vest
men
ts.
Min
e- O
re r
esso
urce
s -
Ore
ex
plor
atio
n -
Ore
l P
olic
y –
Mad
agas
car
2,21
MB
; fig
.
177
BR
GM
, Ant
anan
ariv
o M
aste
r pl
an
for
the
actio
ns
to
prom
ote
Mad
agas
car’s
la
nd
and
unde
rgro
und
reso
urce
s
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f In
dust
ry
Ene
rgy
and
Min
ing
1985
02
.01.
03
BR
G
Pro
posa
ls
for
rese
arch
th
at
have
re
ache
d th
e st
age
of d
epos
it an
d fe
asib
ility
st
udie
s –
Pro
gram
s to
im
plem
ent
in t
he f
ram
ewor
k of
the
m
ain
curre
nt m
inin
g –
Pro
posa
ls fo
r «
upst
ream
»
pros
pect
ing
– P
ropo
sals
for
res
earc
h in
the
are
a of
su
bsta
nces
–
Pro
posa
ls
for
vario
us s
tudi
es.
Min
e –
Min
ing
polic
y –
Geo
logi
cal
expl
orat
ion
– M
aste
r pl
an
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r.
574
KB
; fig
.
178
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Com
mun
es
to
endo
w
with
a g
uich
et fo
ncie
r A
ntan
anar
ivo
PN
F [s
.d.]
07.0
2.01
P
NF
Tabl
e lis
t of C
omm
unes
La
nd t
itlin
g –
Land
ref
orm
–
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
– R
egio
nal
agen
cy –
Com
mun
al g
uich
et
fonc
ier
– C
omm
une
– M
adag
asca
r
388
KB
179
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Req
uest
fo
r a
guic
het
fonc
ier i
n 20
06
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
[200
6]
07.0
2.01
P
NF
La
nd t
itlin
g –
Land
ref
orm
–
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
– R
egio
nal
agen
cy –
Com
mun
al g
uich
et
fonc
ier
– C
omm
une
–
311
KB
28
Mad
agas
car.
180
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Nat
iona
l La
nd
Fund
co
ncep
t A
ntan
anar
ivo
PN
F [s
.d.]
07.0
2.01
P
NF
La
nd t
itlin
g –
Land
ref
orm
–
Land
ad
min
istra
tion
– N
atio
nal
Land
Fu
nd
– M
adag
asca
r.
37 K
B
181
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Land
re
form
an
d re
stru
ctur
ing
of t
he l
and
titlin
g se
rvic
es:
Idea
s an
d pr
opos
als
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01
PN
F
Land
tit
ling
serv
ices
: cu
rrent
an
d fu
ture
fu
nctio
ns
– La
nd
titlin
g se
rvic
es:
func
tions
and
act
ions
and
fu
ture
stru
ctur
es –
Lon
g-te
rm l
and
refo
rm o
n th
e st
ruct
urin
g of
lan
d tit
ling
serv
ices
.
Land
tit
ling
– La
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n –
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
– R
egio
nal
agen
cy –
Mad
agas
car.
1,02
MB
; fig
.
182
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Mas
ter
sche
me
for
the
rest
ruct
urin
g an
d m
oder
nizi
ng
of
land
tit
ling
serv
ices
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
2007
07
.02.
01
PN
F
A
mas
ter
sche
me:
W
hat
for?
S
trate
gy
for
the
mod
erni
zing
an
d th
e re
stru
ctur
ing
of
land
tit
ling
serv
ices
– T
he a
ctio
ns to
impl
emen
t - I
mpl
emen
tatio
n.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m -
La
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n –
Dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gy
– M
aste
r sc
hem
e –
Mad
agas
car.
1,64
MB
; fig
.
183
FTH
M C
onse
ils.
Ant
anan
ariv
o D
esig
n of
th
e ou
tsou
rcin
g pl
an f
or t
he
surv
eyin
g an
d ca
dast
er
serv
ice
and
stud
y of
the
st
atus
of
tra
inin
g in
stitu
tions
: D
iagn
osis
re
port
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P; P
NF;
M
CA
20
07
07.0
2.01
FT
H
Ass
essm
ent
of
the
situ
atio
n of
pu
blic
su
rvey
ing
serv
ices
-
Ass
essm
ent
of t
he s
ituat
ion
of t
he
prof
essi
on
of
surv
eyor
-
Rec
omm
enda
tions
fo
r th
e ou
tsou
rcin
g of
pu
blic
su
rvey
ing
serv
ices
.
Land
titli
ng –
Res
earc
h re
port
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Sur
veyi
ng
serv
ice
– O
utso
urci
ng
– Tr
aini
ng –
Mad
agas
car.
4,95
MB
; fig
.
184
FIT
Con
seil
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
egio
nal
land
tit
ling
oper
atio
ns
in
the
Am
oron
'i M
ania
, th
e M
enab
e an
d V
akin
anka
ratra
regi
ons
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P; P
NF;
M
CA
20
07
07.0
2.01
FIT
Th
e on
goin
g la
nd
refo
rm
–M
etho
dolo
gica
l fra
mew
ork.
La
nd t
itlin
g –
Land
ref
orm
–
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
-R
egio
nal
agen
cy
- A
mor
on'i
Man
ia
- M
enab
e -
Vak
inan
kara
tra
– M
adag
asca
r
1,16
MB
; fig
.
185
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Sup
port
to
the
mod
erni
zing
of
the
Eas
t C
oast
la
nd
titlin
g se
rvic
es w
ith “
Sup
port
to
the
Coo
rdin
atio
n U
nit
of
the
Nat
iona
l La
nd
Pro
gram
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01
PN
F
Pro
gram
of
ac
tion
– E
stim
ated
bu
dget
– F
inan
cing
pla
n –
Tech
nica
l an
d ad
min
istra
tive
impl
emen
ting
mod
aliti
es.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
M
oder
nizi
ng
– R
egio
nal
agen
cy –
Ats
inan
ana
regi
on –
M
adag
asca
r
895
KB
; fig
.
186
PN
F A
ntan
anar
ivo
Term
s of
re
fere
nce:
M
oder
nizi
ng
and
dece
ntra
lizin
g la
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n:
Reg
iona
l La
nd
oper
atio
n (V
akin
anka
ratra
, A
mor
on'i
Man
ia,
Men
abe)
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
2006
07
.02.
01
PN
F
Con
text
–
Obj
ectiv
es
– Im
plem
enta
tion
stra
tegy
– T
asks
to
carr
y ou
t /
Des
crip
tion
of
the
activ
ities
–
Posi
tioni
ng
of
the
cons
ulta
nt
- E
xpec
ted
resu
lts
– Im
plem
enta
tion
sche
dule
– P
rofil
e of
sp
ecia
lty
– R
esou
rces
–
Con
fiden
tialit
y –
Con
trol
of
the
serv
ices
.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
S
trate
gy
– M
oder
nizi
ng
– D
ecen
traliz
atio
n -
Vak
inan
kara
tra
- A
mor
on'i
Man
ia
- M
enab
e –
Mad
agas
car.
2,48
MB
; fig
.
187
RA
VO
HIT
RIN
AN
IAIN
A
Her
ilant
o C
ontri
butio
n to
th
e pr
omot
ion
of
the
Mac
rocl
ada
from
M
adag
asca
r in
co
smet
ics:
th
e ca
se
of
hair
care
pro
duct
s
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
03
08.1
2.08
R
AV
Des
crip
tion
of t
he A
loe
Mac
rocl
ada
– P
roce
ssin
g th
e A
loe
Mac
rocl
ada
leaf
– C
osm
etic
s - U
tiliz
atio
n of
Alo
e M
acro
clad
a in
cos
met
ics
eval
uatio
n of
fin
ishe
d pr
oduc
ts a
nd e
cono
mic
st
udie
s.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Cos
met
ics
indu
stry
–
Ess
entia
l oi
l –
Toile
tries
– A
loe
mac
rocl
ada
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car.
30 c
m: 1
10
p.: f
ig.
29
188
RA
ND
RIA
NA
SO
LO
Han
itrin
iain
a Ta
ntel
y In
dust
rial
prod
uctio
n te
chni
que
of
the
bird
’s
eye
chili
in V
ietn
am a
nd
deve
lopm
ent p
ossi
bilit
ies
of
this
cr
op
in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
03
08.0
6.01
R
AN
Gen
eral
ities
on
ch
ili
– C
hili
in
Vie
tnam
–
Ana
lysi
s of
th
e ch
ili
chai
n.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
pr
oces
sing
ind
ustry
– A
gro-
indu
stry
– B
ird’s
eye
chi
li –
Pla
nt
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l – F
easi
bilit
y st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r.
30 c
m:
99+X
XV
p.:
fig.
189
FIN
DR
AM
A M
arin
java
Lu
c E
lson
S
uppo
rt to
fo
od-
proc
essi
ng
mic
ro-
ente
rpris
es
proc
essi
ng/d
istri
butin
g flo
ur-b
ased
pro
duct
s an
d te
chni
cal-e
cono
mic
st
udy
of th
e se
ttlem
ent o
f a
sem
i-ind
ustri
al
flour
pr
oduc
tion
unit:
the
case
of
the
tow
n of
Tol
iara
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
Agr
o 20
03
08.0
6.01
FIN
G
ener
al c
onte
xt o
f th
e st
udy
and
gene
ralit
ies
– M
etho
dolo
gy o
f th
e su
rvey
an
d ge
nera
litie
s on
th
e pr
oduc
tion
of
flour
an
d ge
nera
l th
eory
of
the
asse
ssm
ent
crite
ria –
S
uppo
rt to
m
icro
-ent
erpr
ises
th
at
proc
ess/
dist
ribut
e flo
ur-b
ased
foo
d ite
ms
in
the
tow
n of
To
liara
–
Tech
nica
l-eco
nom
ic
stud
y of
a
sem
i-ind
ustri
al fl
our p
rodu
ctio
n un
it.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
pr
oces
sing
– S
mal
l ent
erpr
ise
– S
mal
l in
dust
ry
– Fl
our
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
– T
olia
ra
30 c
m: 1
00p.
: fig
.
190
SA
DC
Gab
oron
e S
AD
C T
rade
Pro
toco
l G
abor
one
SA
DC
20
03
09.0
5.02
S
AD
Def
initi
ons
and
obje
ctiv
es –
Tra
de
of g
oods
– C
usto
ms
form
aliti
es –
Tr
ade
legi
slat
ions
– I
ssue
s re
latin
g to
tra
de-re
late
d in
vest
men
t –
Oth
er
issu
es
rela
ting
to
trade
–
Oth
er
subs
tant
ial
prov
isio
ns
– Tr
ade
rela
tions
be
twee
n m
embe
r st
ates
an
d th
ird
parti
es
– In
stitu
tiona
l m
echa
nism
s an
d di
sput
e se
ttlem
ent
proc
edur
es.
Inte
rnat
iona
l tra
de –
Reg
iona
l in
tegr
atio
n –
Cus
tom
s un
ion
– S
AD
C
– M
adag
asca
r –
Sou
ther
n A
frica
30 c
m: 7
4p.
191
HTS
PE
, Ham
pshi
re
Ada
ptat
ion
stra
tegy
fo
r th
e su
gar
sect
or
in
Mad
agas
car:
Pro
gres
s re
port
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
06
08.0
6.01
H
TS
Brie
f ov
ervi
ew
of
Mad
agas
car’s
su
gar
chai
n –
Obj
ectiv
es
– A
sses
sing
th
e na
tiona
l re
gion
al
cont
exts
– A
dapt
atio
n st
rate
gy.
Indu
stry
–
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Sug
ar
cane
–
Dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gy
– M
arke
t st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r.
30 c
m: 6
8 p.
: fig
.
192
ED
BM
Ant
anan
ariv
o S
heet
re
latin
g to
th
e au
thor
izat
ion
for
fore
igne
rs
to
purc
hase
la
nd
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
DB
M
07
.02.
01
EC
O
Ref
eren
ce T
exts
– D
ocum
ents
to
depo
sit
at t
he G
UID
E –
Max
imum
su
rface
are
a au
thor
ized
per
act
ivity
se
ctor
.
Land
titl
ing
– La
nd r
efor
m –
La
nd
regi
me
– Fo
reig
n in
vest
men
t –
Land
pur
chas
e –
Pub
lic p
rope
rty s
ervi
ce –
M
adag
asca
r.
16 K
B:
fig.
193
Min
istry
of E
cono
my,
Fi
nanc
e an
d B
udge
t M
adag
asca
r: G
row
th
rate
pe
r ac
tivity
se
ctor
20
03-2
007
Ant
anan
ariv
o D
GE
20
06
02.0
1.01
MIN
P
rimar
y se
ctor
– S
econ
dary
sec
tor
– Te
rtiar
y se
ctor
. E
cono
mic
gr
owth
–
Gro
wth
ra
te
– E
cono
mic
ac
tivity
–
Inve
stm
ent
– C
onsu
mpt
ion
– M
adag
asca
r
62 K
B:
fig.
194
Gov
ernm
ent
Mad
agas
car
The
glob
al
cont
ext
for
min
ing
and
hydr
ocar
bons
: U
nder
stan
ding
an
d at
tract
ing
fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ent (
FDI)
Ant
anan
ariv
o V
ice-
Pre
side
nt
Offi
ce
[s.d
.] 11
.02.
06
GO
U
Pro
blem
s an
d co
ntex
t – H
ow d
oes
a co
mpa
ny s
elec
t a
coun
try t
o in
vest
in
? –
Bes
t in
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
prac
tices
.
Min
ing
– O
il pr
oduc
t –
Hyd
roca
rbon
–
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n –
Fore
ign
inve
stm
ent
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l – M
adag
asca
r
71 K
B:
fig.
195
AG
OA
Jum
psta
rt A
ntan
anar
ivo
The
Am
eric
an m
arke
t for
cr
afts
pro
duct
s: a
gui
de
for M
alag
asy
expo
rters
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
SA
ID
2004
08
.02.
02
AG
O
Mar
ket
desc
riptio
n –
Buy
er t
ypes
–
Pro
duct
de
sign
–
Mar
ketin
g pr
oduc
ts a
nd t
rade
fai
rs –
Set
ting
pric
es,
paym
ent,
ship
men
t, pa
ckag
ing,
sa
mpl
es
– G
roup
s of
re
sour
ces
for c
rafts
.
Cra
fts –
Exp
ort
– A
mer
ican
m
arke
t –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Mar
ketin
g –
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
1 M
B:
fig.
30
196
AG
OA
Jum
psta
rt A
ntan
anar
ivo
The
Am
eric
an m
arke
t for
te
xtile
and
app
arel
A
ntan
anar
ivo
US
AID
20
04
08.0
8.01
A
GO
The
AG
OA
and
the
glo
bal
text
ile
mar
ket
– M
arke
t st
ruct
ure
and
buye
r ty
pes
- P
rodu
ct
desi
gn
– M
arke
ting
prod
ucts
and
trad
e fa
irs –
S
ettin
g pr
ices
, pa
ymen
t, sh
ipm
ent,
pack
agin
g –
Sam
ples
, qu
ality
tes
ts
and
spec
ial r
equi
rem
ents
.
Indu
stry
– T
extil
e –
Am
eric
an
mar
ket
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Mad
agas
car
– U
nite
d S
tate
s.
888
KB
: fig
.
197
MIG
A, W
ashi
ngto
n S
naps
hot
Afri
ca
- M
adag
asca
r: B
ench
mar
king
FD
I C
ompe
titiv
enes
s
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank
2007
11
.02.
06 M
IG
Text
ile –
App
arel
– H
ortic
ultu
re -
Food
and
Bev
erag
e P
roce
ssin
g -
Sha
red
Ser
vice
s –
Tour
ism
.
Fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ent
- C
ompe
titiv
enes
s -
Text
ile
indu
stry
-
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Ser
vice
ind
ustry
- T
ouris
m -
Fr
ee
econ
omic
zo
nes
- C
ompe
titiv
enes
s –
Mad
agas
car.
1 M
B:
ill.
198
Wor
ld B
ank.
Was
hing
ton
Doi
ng
busi
ness
20
08:
Sou
th
Afri
can
Dev
elop
men
t C
omm
unity
(SA
DC
).
Was
hing
ton
IFC
20
07
11.0
2.06
W
OR
Sta
rting
a b
usin
ess
- D
ealin
g w
ith
licen
ses
- E
mpl
oyin
g w
orke
rs
- R
egis
terin
g pr
oper
ty
- P
rote
ctin
g in
vest
ors
- P
ayin
g ta
xes
- Tr
adin
g ac
ross
bor
ders
- E
nfor
cing
con
tract
s -
Clo
sing
a
busi
ness
-
Get
ting
cred
it.
Eco
nom
y -
Inve
stm
ent
- B
usin
ess
crea
tion
- Jo
b -
Bus
ines
s fin
anci
ng -
Tax
atio
n - E
xpor
ts -
Sou
ther
n A
frica
.
326
KB
: ill
.
199
Wor
ld B
ank.
Was
hing
ton
Doi
ng
busi
ness
20
08:
Mad
agas
car
Was
hing
ton
IFC
20
07
11.0
2.06
W
OR
Sta
rting
a b
usin
ess
- D
ealin
g w
ith
licen
ses
- E
mpl
oyin
g w
orke
rs
- R
egis
terin
g pr
oper
ty
- P
rote
ctin
g in
vest
ors
- P
ayin
g ta
xes
- Tr
adin
g ac
ross
bor
ders
- E
nfor
cing
con
tract
s -
Clo
sing
a
busi
ness
. -
Get
ting
cred
it.
Eco
nom
y -
Inve
stm
ent
- B
usin
ess
crea
tion
- Jo
b -
Bus
ines
s fin
anci
ng -
Tax
atio
n -
Pro
tect
ing
inve
stm
ent
- M
adag
asca
r
326
KB
: ill
.
200
Wor
ld B
ank.
Was
hing
ton
Afri
ca
deve
lopm
ent
indi
cato
rs 2
006
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank
2006
11
.02.
06
WO
R
Mov
ing
from
the
Yea
r of
Afri
ca t
o th
e D
ecad
e of
A
frica
-
Bas
ic
indi
cato
rs
and
natio
nal
acco
unts
M
illen
nium
D
evel
opm
ent
Goa
ls
- D
evel
opm
ent
outc
omes
–
Hou
seho
ld W
elfa
re.
Eco
nom
ic
indi
cato
r -
Mac
roec
onom
y -
Eco
nom
ic
grow
th
- E
cono
mic
de
velo
pmen
t - A
frica
1 M
B:
fig.
201
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Nat
iona
l P
rogr
am
for
Priv
ate
Sec
tor
supp
ort
(or
Pro
gram
me
natio
nal
d'ap
pui
au s
ecte
ur p
rivé
– P
NS
P):
Logi
cal
fram
ewor
k
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NU
D
2005
02
.01.
03 M
IC
The
priv
ate
sect
or’s
vi
sion
of
de
velo
pmen
t in
Mad
agas
car
–Mai
n se
ctor
s of
the
PN
SP
upd
ate
– M
ain
elem
ents
of
the
PN
SP
II
– Lo
gica
l fra
mew
ork
of
the
PN
SP
II
sub-
prog
ram
s.
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
- in
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
– P
rivat
e se
ctor
–
Nat
iona
l po
licy
– D
evel
opm
ent
stra
tegy
– M
adag
asca
r
1,21
MB
: fig
.
202
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Impl
emen
tatio
n re
port:
Li
st o
f sub
-pro
gram
s
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NU
D
2004
02
.01.
03 M
IC
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n –
Der
egul
atin
g in
itiat
ives
– S
uppo
rt to
co
mpa
nies
.
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
- in
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
- P
rivat
e se
ctor
–
Nat
iona
l po
licy
– D
evel
opm
ent
stra
tegy
–
Act
ivity
re
port
- M
adag
asca
r
1,10
MB
: fig
.
203
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Nat
iona
l P
rogr
am
for
Priv
ate
Sec
tor
supp
ort
– P
NS
P
- U
pdat
e:
synt
hesi
s
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NU
D
2005
02
.01.
03 M
IC
Dia
gnos
is –
Stra
tegi
es.
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
- in
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
– P
rivat
e se
ctor
–
Nat
iona
l po
licy
– D
evel
opm
ent
stra
tegy
– M
adag
asca
r
808
KB
: fig
.
31
204
FTH
M C
onse
ils.
Ant
anan
ariv
o N
atio
nal
polic
y fo
r th
e pr
omot
ion
of
SM
E’s
: P
ropo
sed
polic
y vi
sion
an
d st
rate
gic
axes
: Fi
nal
repo
rt
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NU
D;
MIC
DS
P
2007
02
.01.
03
FTH
SM
Es
in M
adag
asca
r –
The
MA
P
and
the
maj
or
mac
roec
onom
ic
obje
ctiv
es
for
Mad
agas
car
– P
ropo
sals
for
a d
evel
opm
ent
visi
on
of S
ME
s in
Mad
agas
car
– P
olic
y st
atem
ent
– S
trate
gic
axes
for
the
pr
omot
ion
of S
ME
s
Indu
stria
l po
licy
– S
mal
l en
terp
rises
–
SM
E
– In
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent
stra
tegy
–
Act
ivity
repo
rt –
Mad
agas
car
1,27
MB
: fig
.
205
FTH
M C
onse
ils.
Ant
anan
ariv
o N
atio
nal
polic
y fo
r th
e pr
omot
ion
of
SM
E’s
: P
art 1
: Ana
lysi
s th
e w
hat
alre
ady
exis
ts:
Fina
l re
port
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NU
D;
MIC
DS
P
2007
02
.01.
03
FTH
Ana
lysi
s of
the
cur
rent
situ
atio
n of
S
ME
s in
Mad
agas
car
– D
iagn
osis
of
th
e pr
oble
ms
of
SM
Es
in
Mad
agas
car
– A
naly
sis
of e
xist
ing
supp
ort
in f
avor
of
SM
Es
– S
tudi
es
and
sect
oral
mod
elin
g –
Reg
iona
l an
alys
is
– M
arke
t an
alys
is
– C
ompa
rativ
e an
alys
is
Nat
iona
l po
licy
– S
ME
–
Obs
tacl
e fo
r de
velo
pmen
t –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gy –
Mad
agas
car
13,8
MB
: fig
.
206
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Pro
ject
for
a p
artn
ersh
ip
with
th
e In
dian
G
over
nmen
t
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
ICD
SP
20
06
01.0
2.01
MIC
P
roje
ct f
or t
he s
uppo
rt of
bus
ines
s de
velo
pmen
t In
tern
atio
nal
coop
erat
ion
– A
id
to
deve
lopm
ent
– In
vest
men
t pr
omot
ion
– O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
– M
adag
asca
r – In
dia
30 c
m: 4
0 p.
ta
bl.
207
PIC
. Ant
anan
ariv
o D
ebrie
fing
docu
men
t of
th
e st
udie
s on
“T
he
impa
ct o
f M
adag
asca
r’s
mem
bers
hip
to
the
SA
DC
Tr
ade
Pro
toco
l”:
"How
to
m
axim
ize
the
bene
fits
of M
adag
asca
r’s
SA
DC
mem
bers
hip
"
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
IC
2006
01
.02.
01 P
IC
1.
Impa
ct
of
Mad
agas
car’s
m
embe
rshi
p to
th
e S
AD
C
Trad
e P
roto
col;
2. H
ow t
o m
axim
ize
the
bene
fits
of
Mad
agas
car’s
S
AD
C
mem
bers
hip.
Eco
nom
ic
deve
lopm
ent
– R
egio
nal
inte
grat
ion
– C
usto
ms
unio
n –
Pot
entia
l –
Mad
agas
car
– S
outh
ern
Afri
ca
30 c
m: [
n.p.
]; ill
.
208
Pro
jet C
adre
inté
gré
Offi
cial
doc
umen
t of
the
«
Nat
iona
l con
fere
nce
on
sust
aina
ble
tour
ism
»
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CT
/ M
EN
RE
S /
MIC
DS
P
2006
09
.04.
05 P
CI
1.
Con
text
an
d ob
ject
ives
of
th
e na
tiona
l co
nfer
ence
on
sust
aina
ble
tour
ism
; 2.
P
ropo
sed
actio
n pl
an
valid
ated
by
the
parti
cipa
nts
durin
g th
e pl
enar
y m
eetin
g; 3
. Con
clus
ion.
Tour
ism
–
Eco
tour
ism
–
Dev
elop
men
t pr
ojec
t –
Pro
ject
pl
anni
ng
– M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: [
n.p.
]; ta
bl.
209
Mah
azoa
sy R
oger
To
uris
m
inve
stor
ha
ndbo
ok: M
adag
asca
r A
ntan
anar
ivo
Min
istry
of
tour
ism
20
03
09.0
4.05
M
AH
1.
Cou
ntry
fa
ctsh
eet;
2.
New
E
cono
mic
po
licy
cont
ext
in
Mad
agas
car;
3. T
ouris
m s
ecto
r; 4.
In
vest
men
t fra
mew
ork;
5.
In
form
atio
n fo
r th
e di
ffere
nt
cate
gorie
s of
inve
stor
s.
Tour
ism
–
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– B
usin
ess
deve
lopm
ent
– R
egul
atio
n –
Mad
agas
car.
30 c
m: 5
7p.;
ill.
210
Glo
bal D
evel
opm
ent
Inte
grat
ed
valu
e ch
ain
anal
ysis
of
st
rate
gic
indu
strie
s in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k /
PIC
20
07
08.0
1.01
G
DS
1.
Exe
cutiv
e su
mm
ary;
2.
O
bjec
tives
and
sco
pe o
f W
ork;
3.
Inte
grat
ed V
alue
Cha
in A
naly
sis.
Eco
nom
ic
anal
ysis
-
Val
ue
chai
n -
Indu
stry
- F
ishe
ry -
A
grib
usin
ess
- Te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n -
Tour
ism
-
Priv
ate
inve
stm
ent
- M
adag
asca
r
30 c
m: 1
94p.
ill
.
211
AG
OA
Jum
psta
rt A
ntan
anar
ivo
The
Am
eric
an m
arke
t for
na
tura
l pro
duct
s: A
gui
de
for M
alag
asy
expo
rters
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
SA
ID
Mad
agas
car
[s.d
.] 12
.08.
01
AG
O
1. Im
port
regu
latio
ns fo
r sp
ices
and
es
sent
ial
oils
in
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes;
2.
Com
mer
cial
izat
ion
and
mar
ketin
g of
nat
ural
pro
duct
s in
Mad
agas
car;
3. D
irect
ory
of s
elec
ted
Mal
agas
y na
tura
l pr
oduc
ts
buye
rs
and
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Exp
ort
– N
atur
al p
rodu
ct –
Am
eric
an
mar
ket
– M
arke
t st
udy
– R
egul
atio
n –
Mad
agas
car
– U
nite
d S
tate
s.
1314
KB
32
impo
rters
; 4.
Con
ditio
ns t
hat
mus
t be
m
et
to
impo
rt in
th
e U
ntie
d-S
tate
s.
212
AN
DR
IAM
BO
LOLO
NIA
IN
A N
irina
Fa
nom
ezan
tsoa
Pra
ctic
al
stud
y of
th
e cr
eatio
n of
a p
isci
cultu
ral
stat
ion
(in
the
rura
l co
mm
une
of A
nosi
ala
- di
stric
t of
A
mbo
hidr
atrim
o)
Ant
anan
ariv
o E
SS
A
2005
07
.10.
03
AN
D
Met
hodo
logy
–
Mar
ket
anal
ysis
, te
chni
cal
and
finan
cial
ana
lyse
s –
Ave
nue
for
cons
ider
atio
n of
th
e st
rate
gy,
orga
niza
tiona
l as
pect
-
Futu
re e
xpan
sion
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
-
Pis
cicu
lture
– M
arke
t st
udy
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Ano
sial
a –
Am
bohi
drat
rimo.
3060
KB
: fig
.
213
AR
IJA
ON
A V
oaha
ngy
Ger
man
ec
onom
ic
dele
gatio
n:
Inve
stm
ent
oppo
rtuni
ties
in
agric
ultu
ral s
ecto
r
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
2006
07
.01.
01 A
RI
Mad
agas
car’s
ge
ogra
phic
al
pote
ntia
l –
Inve
stm
ent
envi
ronm
ent
– E
xpor
t pos
sibi
litie
s.
Inve
stm
ent
prom
otio
n -
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
tura
l op
portu
nitie
s -
Fore
ign
inve
stm
ent
- R
egul
atio
ns
- S
tatis
tical
da
ta
– M
adag
asca
r.
4651
KB
: fig
.
214
Uni
on in
tern
atio
nale
des
té
léco
mm
unic
atio
ns.
Gen
eva
2002
R
epor
t on
th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns
thro
ugho
ut
the
wor
ld:
Rei
nven
ting
tele
com
mun
icat
ions
-
Sum
mar
y
Gen
ève
Offi
ce fo
r the
de
velo
pmen
t of
te
leco
mm
uni
catio
ns (o
r B
urea
u de
dé
velo
ppem
ent
des
té
léco
mm
uni
catio
ns)
2002
08
.16.
04 U
NI
Pre
sent
atio
n of
th
e ne
w
wor
d of
te
leco
mm
unic
atio
ns -
Impa
cts
of th
e ro
ll-ou
t of
ne
w
mea
ns
of
com
mun
icat
ion.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
– In
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logy
–
Mob
ile t
elep
hony
– S
ecto
ral
refo
rm.
900
KB
215
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Info
rmat
ion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
(IC
T)
in
Mad
agas
car:
Syn
thes
is
card
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2006
08
.16.
04 M
IS
Sta
tus
of
the
info
rmat
ion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gy s
ecto
r in
M
adag
asca
r –
Mad
agas
car’s
in
tegr
atio
n in
to
the
curre
nt
glob
aliz
atio
n pr
oces
s
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
– Fi
ber
optic
–
Info
rmat
ion
and
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gy –
G
loba
lizat
ion
– M
adag
asca
r
213
KB
: fig
.
216
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
The
tele
phon
y m
arke
t in
M
adag
asca
r: S
ynth
esis
ca
rd
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2007
08
.16.
04 M
IS
Info
rmat
ion
rela
ting
to th
e te
leph
ony
sect
or
in
Mad
agas
car
– G
ener
al
info
rmat
ion
on
the
vario
us
oper
ator
s’ o
ngoi
ng p
roje
cts.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
–Mob
ile
tele
phon
y –
Reg
ulat
ion
– TE
LMA
– M
adag
asca
r
332
KB
: fig
.
217
Min
istry
of
Tele
com
mun
icat
ions
, P
ost a
nd
Com
mun
icat
ion.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Nat
iona
l po
licy
brie
f fo
r th
e te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n an
d IC
T se
ctor
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
TPC
20
06
08.1
6.03
MIN
Th
e m
ain
obje
ctiv
es t
o gu
aran
tee
an
effic
ient
an
d af
ford
able
co
mm
unic
atio
n sy
stem
–
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
infra
stru
ctur
e de
velo
pmen
t: th
e na
tiona
l bac
kbon
e –
Pro
mot
ion
of t
he p
artn
ersh
ip w
ith
the
priv
ate
sect
or a
nd s
et-u
p of
new
in
frast
ruct
ures
at
na
tiona
l an
d at
in
tern
atio
nal l
evel
s.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent
plan
–
Reg
ulat
ion
– P
rivat
izat
ion
– S
ecto
ral
refo
rm
– M
adag
asca
r
233
KB
: fig
.
218
GA
RC
IA V
ITTO
RIA
La
ura
The
ICT
pene
tratio
n in
M
adag
asca
r [s
.l.]
[s.e
.] 20
06
08.1
6.03
G
AR
The
cont
ext
in
favo
r of
hi
gh
band
wid
th
in
Mad
agas
car
– Th
e se
t-up
of n
atio
nal f
iber
opt
ic in
a fe
w
regi
ons
of M
adag
asca
r by
TELM
A –
E
cono
mic
wea
knes
s of
regi
ons.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
– In
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logy
–
Fibe
r op
tic –
Hig
h ba
ndw
idth
–
Dev
elop
men
t pr
ojec
t –
Mad
agas
car.
27 K
B; f
ile
219
GR
ET
Mad
agas
car:
Ene
rgy
cont
ext
[s.l.
] G
RE
T 20
06
08.1
1.02
O
vera
ll en
ergy
con
text
– N
atio
nal
rura
l el
ectri
ficat
ion
stra
tegy
– T
he
Ene
rgy
– E
lect
ricity
– R
ural
el
ectri
ficat
ion
– S
ecto
ral
48 K
B; f
ile
33
GR
E
acto
rs o
f rur
al e
lect
rific
atio
n.
refo
rm –
Mad
agas
car.
220
RA
ND
RIA
MB
OLA
V
oahi
rana
P
over
ty
redu
ctio
n an
d pl
anni
ng t
he s
usta
inab
le
acce
ss t
o en
ergy
: R
ural
el
ectri
ficat
ion
thro
ugh
rene
wab
le
ener
gy:
Pro
vinc
es o
f To
liara
and
Fi
anar
ants
oa
Tolia
ra
ME
M -
Fond
atio
n E
nerg
ies
pour
le
Mon
de.
2005
08
.11.
01
RA
N
Pov
erty
red
uctio
n th
roug
h im
prov
ed
acce
ss
to
ener
gy
–Pla
nnin
g an
d de
sign
ing
rura
l el
ectri
ficat
ion
prog
ram
s ba
sed
on
rene
wab
le
ener
gies
–
Prin
cipl
es
of
the
appr
oach
to
pu
rsue
to
m
ake
the
impl
emen
ted
stra
tegy
effi
cien
t bo
th
at
the
tech
nica
l an
d th
e or
gani
zatio
nal l
evel
s.
Ene
rgy
– E
lect
ricity
– R
ural
el
ectri
ficat
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ect –
Ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y –
Tolia
ra –
Fia
nara
ntso
a.
1 M
B:
ill.
221
Ene
rgy
sect
or
man
agem
ent a
ssis
tanc
e pr
ogra
mm
e. W
ashi
ngto
n
Ene
rgy
and
pove
rty
redu
ctio
n –
Rep
ort
on
the
mul
tisec
tora
l an
d m
ulti-
bene
ficia
ry
wor
ksho
p:
How
do
m
oder
n en
ergy
ser
vice
s co
ntrib
ute
to
pove
rty
redu
ctio
n?
Was
hing
ton
Wor
ld B
ank;
P
NU
D
2004
08
.11.
01
ES
M
The
impo
rtanc
e of
the
ener
gy s
ecto
r to
fig
ht p
over
ty –
The
rol
e of
the
en
ergy
se
ctor
in
co
ntrib
utin
g to
ac
hiev
ing
prio
ritie
s in
oth
er s
ecto
rs
in
term
s of
ec
onom
ic
and
soci
al
deve
lopm
ent.
The
vario
us a
ctio
ns o
f th
e en
ergy
sec
tor v
is-à
-vis
the
othe
r se
ctor
s –
Futu
re p
rosp
ects
.
Ene
rgy
– E
nerg
y so
urce
–
Opt
imal
co
st
of
ener
gy
– Fi
ght
agai
nst
pove
rty
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ect
– P
rosp
ects
15 M
B:
fig.
222
Min
istry
of E
nerg
y an
d M
inin
g. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Pol
icy
of
the
ener
gy
sect
or in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
EM
[2
003]
08
.11.
01 M
IN
The
stat
us o
f th
e en
ergy
sec
tor
in
Mad
agas
car
– Th
e ac
tions
fo
r re
form
– T
he s
ituat
ion
of a
nd t
he
cons
train
ts o
n th
e en
ergy
sec
tor
in
Mad
agas
car –
Stra
tegi
es a
nd a
ctio
n pl
ans
to i
mpl
emen
t in
the
are
a of
en
ergy
sec
tor r
efor
m.
Ene
rgy
– S
ecto
ral
refo
rm –
R
egul
atio
n –
Dev
elop
men
t pr
ojec
t – R
enew
able
ene
rgy
– O
bsta
cle
to
deve
lopm
ent
– R
ecom
men
datio
n –
Mad
agas
car
82 K
B
223
Min
istry
of E
nerg
y an
d M
inin
g. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Dev
elop
men
t po
licy
for
rene
wab
le
ener
gies
in
M
adag
asca
r
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
EM
20
02
08.1
1.01
MIN
P
rese
ntat
ion
of th
e st
atus
and
of t
he
cons
train
ts o
n th
e en
ergy
sec
tor
– R
efor
m p
rogr
am –
Pre
sent
atio
n of
re
new
able
en
ergi
es
and
of
thei
r re
spec
tive
pote
ntia
l.
Ene
rgy
– R
enew
able
ene
rgy
– S
ecto
ral
refo
rm –
Ene
rgy
infra
stru
ctur
e –
Mad
agas
car
74 K
B
224
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Ele
ctric
ity
in
Mad
agas
car:
Sum
mar
y br
ief
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2007
08
.11.
02 M
IS
The
posi
tion
of e
lect
rific
atio
n vi
s-à-
vis
the
natio
nal p
riorit
y in
for
ce –
A
pres
enta
tion
with
fig
ures
of
th
e el
ectri
ficat
ion
rate
be
twee
n 20
01
and
2005
–
A
stra
tegy
pl
an
rega
rdin
g th
e de
velo
pmen
t of
the
en
ergy
sec
tor.
Ene
rgy
– E
lect
ricity
–
Nat
iona
l po
wer
con
sum
ptio
n –
Dev
elop
men
t st
rate
gy
– M
adag
asca
r
206
KB
: fig
.
225
Fren
ch E
mba
ssy.
E
cono
mic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Oil
sect
or:
Impo
rt an
d di
strib
utio
n A
ntan
anar
ivo
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y 20
06
08.1
1.06
MIS
S
tatu
s of
th
e oi
l se
ctor
in
M
adag
asca
r –
Acc
ess
cond
ition
s to
th
e se
ctor
act
iviti
es.
Ene
rgy
– O
il –
Hyd
roca
rbon
–
Reg
ulat
ion
– P
ower
sup
ply
– M
adag
asca
r
222
KB
: fig
.
226
WW
F. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Sus
tain
able
de
velo
pmen
t of
bio
fuel
s in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o B
AM
EX
20
07
08.1
1.06
B
AM
The
biof
uel s
ecto
r in
Mad
agas
car
– M
easu
res
to
cons
ider
de
velo
ping
su
stai
nabl
e bi
o fu
el i
nves
tmen
ts i
n M
adag
asca
r –
Wor
thy
mea
sure
s to
be
re
spec
ted
to
ensu
re
the
deve
lopm
ent
of a
pol
icy
and
of a
n in
cent
ive
fram
ewor
k fo
r th
e su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t of
bi
ofue
ls.
Ene
rgy
– B
iofu
el-
Jatro
pha
– Fo
reig
n in
vest
men
t –
Bio
dies
el
– Bi
oeth
anol
–
Mad
agas
car
33 K
B
227
Min
istry
of E
nerg
y an
d R
enew
able
en
ergi
es
in
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
EM
20
06
08.1
1.S
tatu
s of
an
d co
nstra
ints
on
th
e E
nerg
y –
Ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y 18
0 K
B:
fig.
34
Min
ing.
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
adag
asca
r 01
MIN
en
ergy
se
ctor
in
M
adag
asca
r –
Obj
ectiv
e of
the
ene
rgy
sect
or i
n M
adag
asca
r -
Pro
mot
ion
of
rene
wab
le e
nerg
ies.
– O
bsta
cle
to d
evel
opm
ent
– D
evel
opm
ent
pote
ntia
l –
Mad
agas
car
228
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Sys
tem
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Mad
agas
car:
Join
t as
sess
men
t of
C
CA
co
untri
es
Ant
anan
ariv
o U
nite
d N
atio
ns
2003
14
.04.
01
SN
U
Cou
ntry
pr
ofile
–
Ana
lysi
s of
th
e m
ain
deve
lopm
ent
prob
lem
s: F
ood
secu
rity
– E
duca
tion
– H
ealth
and
nu
tritio
n –
HIV
/AID
S –
Env
ironm
ent
– E
nerg
y –
Wat
er/S
anita
tion
– N
atur
al d
isas
ters
– G
over
nanc
e –
Eco
nom
ic
infra
stru
ctur
es
– C
oope
ratio
n fra
mew
ork.
Mad
agas
car –
Dem
ogra
phy
– Fo
od –
Edu
catio
n –
Hea
lth –
E
nviro
nmen
t –
Ene
rgy
– W
ater
sup
ply
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ects
1 M
B:
fig.
229
Tele
com
Mal
agas
y.
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
roje
ct
pres
enta
tion
shee
t: R
adio
lin
k be
twee
n Ta
olag
naro
and
To
liara
Tolia
ra
TELM
A
[s.d
.] 12
.06.
01 T
EL
Gen
eral
pre
sent
atio
n of
the
pro
ject
–
Tech
nica
l in
form
atio
n on
th
e re
port
– P
roje
ct
side
-effe
cts
–P
roje
ct p
repa
ratio
n by
TE
LMA
.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
– Te
leph
one
netw
ork
– N
atio
nal
back
bone
–
Fibe
r op
tic
– D
igita
l rad
io li
nk -
Tao
lagn
aro
- Tol
iara
- M
adag
asca
r
87 K
B
230
Ana
lam
anga
Reg
ion.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an:
Ana
lam
anga
R
egio
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o A
nala
man
ga
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– U
rban
izat
ion
– A
nala
man
ga –
M
adag
asca
r
11 M
B:
ill.
231
Am
oron
'i M
ania
Reg
ion.
A
mbo
sitra
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: A
mor
on'i
Man
ia
Reg
ion
Am
bosi
tra
Am
oron
'i M
ania
R
egio
n
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Dev
elop
men
t po
tent
ial
– A
gric
ultu
re
– C
rafts
–
Am
oron
’i M
ania
62 M
B:
ill.
232
And
roy
Reg
ion.
A
mbo
vom
be A
ndro
y R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: And
roy
Reg
ion
Am
bovo
mbe
A
ndro
y A
ndro
y R
egio
n 20
05
02.0
1.01
R
EG
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
– O
re m
inin
g -
A
ndro
y –
Mad
agas
car
58 M
B:
ill.
233
Ano
sy R
egio
n.
Taol
agna
ro
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an: A
nosy
Reg
ion
Taol
agna
ro
Ano
sy
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Ore
m
inin
g –
Fish
ing
reso
urce
s –
Ano
sy –
Ta
olag
naro
– M
adag
asca
r
13 M
B:
ill.
234
Ats
imo
andr
efan
a R
egio
n. T
olia
ra
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an:
Ats
imo
andr
efan
a R
egio
n
Tolia
ra
Ats
imo
andr
efan
a R
egio
n
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Ore
m
inin
g -
Fish
ing
reso
urce
–
Ats
imo
And
refa
na
– To
liara
–
Mad
agas
car
190
MB
: ill
.
235
Bon
gola
va R
egio
n.
Tsiro
anom
andi
dy
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an: B
ongo
lava
Reg
ion
Tsiro
anom
andi
dy
Bon
gola
va
Reg
ion
2004
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Cat
tle
–
9 M
B:
ill.
35
axes
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan.
E
nviro
nmen
t –
Bon
gola
va –
Ts
iroan
oman
didy
–
Mad
agas
car
236
DIA
NA
Reg
ion.
A
ntsi
rana
na
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an: D
iana
Reg
ion
Ant
sira
nana
D
iana
R
egio
n 20
05
02.0
1.01
R
EG
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Fore
st
reso
urce
s –
Env
ironm
ent
– D
IAN
A
– A
ntsi
rana
na
– A
mba
nja
– N
osib
e –
Am
bilo
be –
Mad
agas
car
30 M
B:
ill.
237
Hau
te M
atsi
atra
Reg
ion.
Fi
anar
ants
oa
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an:
Hau
te
Mat
siat
ra
Reg
ion
Fian
aran
tsoa
D
iana
R
egio
n;
SA
HA
; Pac
t M
adag
asca
r
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
– In
secu
rity
– O
re
min
ing
– M
adag
asca
r –
Hau
te
Mat
siat
ra
– Fi
anar
ants
oa
20 M
B:
ill.
238
Ihor
ombe
Reg
ion.
Ihos
y R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: Iho
rom
be R
egio
n Ih
osy
Ihor
ombe
R
egio
n 20
05
02.0
1.01
R
EG
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–S
elf-
suffi
cien
cy
agric
ultu
re
– In
secu
rity
– M
adag
asca
r –
Ihor
ombe
– Ih
osy
75 M
B:
ill.
239
Itasy
Reg
ion.
Mia
rinar
ivo
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an: I
tasy
Reg
ion
Mia
rinar
ivo
Itasy
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
– In
frast
ruct
ures
–
Mad
agas
car
– Ita
sy
– M
iarin
ariv
o
49 M
B:
ill.
240
SA
VA
Reg
ion.
Sam
bava
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: SA
VA
Reg
ion
Sam
bava
S
AV
A
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
– M
adag
asca
r –
Sam
bava
–
Ant
alah
a –
Voh
emar
– A
ndap
a
3 M
B:
ill.
241
Sof
ia R
egio
n. A
ntso
hihy
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: Sof
ia R
egio
n A
ntso
hihy
S
ofia
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
– M
adag
asca
r –
Sof
ia –
Ant
sohi
hy
38 M
B:
ill.
242
Vak
inan
kara
tra R
egio
n.
Ant
sira
be
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an:
Vak
inan
kara
tra
Reg
ion
Ant
sira
be
Vak
inan
kara
tra
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Indu
stry
–
Mad
agas
car
– A
nstir
abe
– V
akin
anka
ratra
120
MB
: ill
.
243
Vat
ovav
y Fi
tovi
nany
R
egio
n. M
anak
ara
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an:
Vat
ovav
y Fi
tovi
nany
Reg
ion
Man
akar
a V
atov
avy
Fito
vina
ny
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Indu
stry
–
599
KB
: ill
.
36
axes
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan.
M
adag
asca
r –
Vat
ovav
y Fi
tovi
nany
– M
anak
ara
24
4 A
nala
njiro
fo R
egio
n.
Fene
rive
Est
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: Ana
lanj
irofo
Reg
ion
Fene
rive
Est
A
nala
njiro
fo
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Cat
tle
– O
re
min
ing
– To
uris
m
– M
adag
asca
r –
Ana
lanj
irofo
–
Feno
ariv
o an
tsin
anan
a
7 M
B:
ill.
245
Ats
imo
Ats
inan
ana
Reg
ion.
Far
afan
gana
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: A
tsim
o A
tsin
anan
a R
egio
n
Fara
fang
ana
Ats
imo
Ats
inan
ana
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
– I
nfra
stru
ctur
e –
Mad
agas
car
– A
tsim
o A
ntsi
nana
na –
Far
afan
gana
19 M
B:
ill.
246
Ats
inan
ana
Reg
ion.
To
amas
ina
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an: A
tsin
anan
a R
egio
n To
amas
ina
Ats
inan
ana
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
– N
atur
al d
isas
ter
– In
frast
ruct
ure
– M
adag
asca
r – T
oam
asin
a
54 M
B:
ill.
247
Bet
sibo
ka R
egio
n.
Mae
vata
nana
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: Bet
sibo
ka R
egio
n M
aeva
tana
na
Bet
sibo
ka
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Ore
m
inin
g –
Fish
ing
– In
frast
ruct
ure
– M
adag
asca
r –
Bet
sibo
ka
– M
aeva
tana
na
129
MB
: ill
.
248
Boe
ny R
egio
n.
Mah
ajan
ga
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an: B
oeny
Reg
ion
Mah
ajan
ga
Boe
ny
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Agr
icul
ture
–
Fish
ing
– M
adag
asca
r –
Boe
ny
– M
ahaj
anga
11 M
B:
ill.
249
Mel
aky
Reg
ion.
M
aint
irano
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: Mel
aky
Reg
ion
Mai
ntira
no
Mel
aky
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–W
ind
ener
gy –
Liv
esto
ck –
Fis
hing
–
Eco
tour
ism
– M
adag
asca
r –
Mel
aky
– M
aint
irano
47 M
B:
ill.
250
Men
abe
Reg
ion.
M
oron
dava
R
egio
nal
deve
lopm
ent
plan
: Men
abe
Reg
ion
Mor
onda
va
Men
abe
Reg
ion
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–
Live
stoc
k –
Fish
ing
– To
uris
m
– M
adag
asca
r – M
oron
dava
–
Men
abe
93 M
B:
ill.
251
Ala
otra
Man
goro
R
egio
n.
Am
bato
ndra
zaka
Reg
iona
l de
velo
pmen
t pl
an:
Ala
otra
M
ango
ro
Reg
ion
Am
bato
ndra
zak
a A
laot
ra
Man
goro
R
egio
n
2005
02
.01.
01
RE
G
Dev
elop
men
t m
etho
dolo
gy
– P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
regi
on
– D
evel
opm
ent
cons
train
ts
and
pote
ntia
l –
Stra
tegi
c de
velo
pmen
t ax
es –
Dev
elop
men
t pla
n.
Reg
ion
– D
evel
opm
ent p
lan
– M
onog
raph
–
Sta
tistic
s –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
–R
ice
grow
ing
– N
atur
al r
esou
rces
–
Fish
ing
– M
adag
asca
r –
318
MB
: ill
.
37
Ala
otra
–
Man
goro
–
Am
bato
ndra
zaka
25
2 W
orld
Ban
k.
Ant
anan
ariv
o Im
plem
enta
tion
Com
plet
ion
Rep
ort
on a
cr
edit
in t
he a
mou
nt o
f U
S$4
6 M
illio
n to
th
e R
epub
lic o
f M
adag
asca
r fo
r an
en
ergy
se
ctor
de
velo
pmen
t pro
ject
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k 20
06
08.1
1.02
W
OR
Pro
ject
dat
a - P
rinci
pal p
erfo
rman
ce
ratin
gs -
Ach
ieve
men
t of
obj
ectiv
es
and
outp
uts
- Maj
or fa
ctor
s af
fect
ing
impl
emen
tatio
n an
d ou
tcom
e –
Sus
tain
abili
ty -
Ban
k an
d bo
rrow
er
perfo
rman
ce
- Le
sson
s le
arne
d -
Par
tner
com
men
ts.
Dev
elop
men
t pr
ojec
ts -
Rur
al
elec
trific
atio
n -
Ren
ewab
le
ener
gy -
Rur
al d
evel
opm
ent -
P
rogr
ess
repo
rts
– M
adag
asca
r.
251
KB
: fig
.
253
Hel
imax
éne
rgie
. M
ontre
al
Stra
tegi
c st
udy
of w
ind
ener
gy r
oll-o
ut i
n A
frica
: S
trate
gic
plan
for t
he ro
ll-ou
t of
w
ind
ener
gy
in
Afri
ca
[s.l.
] A
frica
n D
evel
opm
ent
Ban
k;
Can
adia
n In
tern
atio
nal
Dev
elop
men
t A
genc
y
2004
08
.11.
01
HE
L
Sou
rce
asse
ssm
ent
in
Afri
ca
– A
naly
sis
of c
ount
ries
with
goo
d w
ind
pote
ntia
l – S
trate
gic
plan
for t
he ro
ll-ou
t of w
ind
ener
gy in
Afri
ca.
Ene
rgy
– W
ind
– E
lect
ricity
–
Ren
ewab
le e
nerg
y –
Ene
rgy
pote
ntia
l – A
frica
833
KB
: ill
.
254
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y.
Eco
nom
ic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
The
min
ing
sect
or
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2007
08
.13.
01 M
IS
The
larg
e m
inin
g pr
ojec
ts –
Min
ing
prod
ucts
– L
egal
fram
ewor
k.
Min
e –
Min
eral
re
sour
ce
– M
inin
g in
vest
men
t –
Min
ing
code
–
Ore
m
inin
g –
Mad
agas
car
231
KB
: fig
.
255
Tech
nica
l and
eco
nom
ic
info
rmat
ion
cent
er.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y of
th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of
gold
tra
ding
pos
ts: S
umm
ary
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
C
oope
ratio
n
2005
08
.13.
01
CE
N
Gen
eral
fram
ewor
k of
the
stud
y an
d di
agno
sis
– R
ole
and
mis
sion
of t
he
gold
tra
ding
po
sts
– P
ropo
sed
syst
em.
Min
e –
Gem
olog
y –
Gol
d –
Min
ing
– M
inin
g pr
oduc
t –
Gol
d tra
ding
po
st
– M
adag
asca
r
555
KB
: fig
.
256
SIA
M. A
ndra
nond
ambo
E
nviro
nmen
tal
spec
ifica
tions
of
th
e A
ustra
lian
inve
stm
ent
com
pany
in M
adag
asca
r (S
.I.A
.M.)
sapp
hire
m
inin
g pr
ojec
t A
ndra
nond
ambo
ru
ral
com
mun
e of
M
arom
by
Ano
sy
regi
on
Tulé
ar
prov
ince
Tolia
ry
CC
E S
IAM
20
05
08.1
3.01
S
OC
Gen
eral
re
quire
men
ts
– E
nviro
nmen
tal
mon
itorin
g –
Soc
ial
inte
grat
ion.
Min
e –
Ore
min
ing
– M
inin
g ex
tract
ion
– W
aste
m
anag
emen
t –
Env
ironm
enta
l pr
otec
tion
– M
adag
asca
r –
Tolia
ry
– A
nosy
.
53 K
B:
fig.
257
SA
RR
AS
IN B
runo
E
cono
mic
s of
m
inin
g de
velo
pmen
t in
M
adag
asca
r: Q
MM
pr
ojec
t an
alys
is
in
Tola
gnar
o (F
ort
Dau
phin
)
[Qué
bec]
Fo
nds
québ
écoi
s de
la
rech
erch
e su
r la
soci
été
et la
cul
ture
2006
08
.13.
01
SA
R
Dev
elop
men
t ca
se
stud
y in
th
e S
outh
-Eas
t reg
ion
of M
adag
asca
r –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y of
a
high
-gra
de
ilmen
ite t
ar s
and
min
ing
proj
ect
– In
frast
ruct
ure
prog
ram
.
Min
e –
Dev
elop
men
t pro
ject
–
Indu
stria
l dev
elop
men
t –
Ore
m
inin
g –
Eco
nom
ics
– E
nviro
nmen
tal p
rote
ctio
n –
IT
Mad
agas
car
Min
eral
s –
Mad
agas
car –
Tol
agna
ro
399
KB
: fig
.
258
UIT
. Gen
ève
New
s of
th
e IT
U:
The
glob
al s
tatu
s of
ICTs
(G
enÈ
ve]
Inte
rnat
iona
l te
leco
mm
uni
catio
n U
nion
2003
08
.16.
03 U
IT
The
Dig
ital A
cces
s In
dex
– Fa
ctor
s th
at h
ave
an in
fluen
ce o
n ac
cess
to
ICTs
-
Infra
stru
ctur
e –
Eco
nom
ic
affo
rdab
ility
.
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
– In
form
atio
n an
d co
mm
unic
atio
n te
chno
logy
–
Dig
ital
Acc
ess
Inde
x –
Inte
rnet
– In
frast
ruct
ure.
2 M
B:
ill.
259
Wor
ld B
ank.
Was
hing
ton
Inte
grat
ed f
ram
ewor
k of
tra
de-r
elat
ed
tech
nica
l as
sist
ance
fo
r le
ast-
deve
lope
d co
untri
es:
Nat
iona
l wor
ksho
p re
port
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k;
PN
UD
20
03
01.0
1.01
B
AN
Exp
ecta
tions
of
th
e go
vern
men
t fro
m
the
inte
grat
ed
fram
ewor
k –
Inte
grat
ed
fram
ewor
k im
plem
enta
tion
stra
tegy
.
Fore
ign
dire
ct
inve
stm
ent
– D
evel
opm
ent
proj
ect
– In
frast
ruct
ure
– M
adag
asca
r.
55 K
B
38
260
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y.
Eco
nom
ic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Ric
e in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2006
07
.05.
05 M
IS
The
impo
rtanc
e of
ric
e an
d ric
e-gr
owin
g –
Cha
ract
eris
tics
of r
ice-
grow
ing
– C
ircum
stan
ces
and
pros
pect
s.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–R
ice-
grow
ing
– M
arke
t st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r.
167
KB
: fig
.
261
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y.
Eco
nom
ic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Sug
ar in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2006
07
.05.
05 M
IS
Ove
rall
situ
atio
n –
Priv
atiz
atio
n of
th
e S
IRA
MA
- S
ites
of th
e S
IRA
MA
- P
rodu
ctio
ns -
Pro
spec
ts.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
o-in
dust
ry
–Sug
ar –
SIR
AM
A –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car.
205
KB
: fig
.
262
RA
ND
RIA
NJO
HA
RY
Ala
in P
ierre
Th
e pa
rtner
ship
s be
twee
n ag
ro-in
dust
ry
and
prod
ucer
s: T
he c
ase
of M
adag
asca
r
Ant
anan
ariv
o W
orld
Ban
k 20
03
07.0
1.01
R
AN
Con
text
ual
anal
ysis
– D
iagn
osis
-
Sug
gest
ions
and
reco
mm
enda
tions
. A
grib
usin
ess
– E
cono
mic
s –
Agr
o-in
dust
ry –
Inv
estm
ent
– A
gric
ultu
ral
prof
essi
onal
as
soci
atio
n –
Par
tner
ship
–
Mad
agas
car
194
KB
: fig
.
263
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y.
Eco
nom
ic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
The
dairy
ch
ain
in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2007
07
.09.
05 M
IS
Pre
sent
atio
n of
the
dairy
pro
duct
ion
– P
roce
ssor
s in
the
dai
ry s
ecto
r –
Pro
spec
ts.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Cat
tle –
Milk
–
Agr
o-in
dust
ry –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car
170
KB
: fig
.
264
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y.
Eco
nom
ic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
The
fruits
an
d ve
geta
bles
ch
ain
in
Mad
agas
car
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fr
ench
E
mba
ssy
2006
07
.05.
01 M
IS
Ove
rall
fram
ewor
k –
Frui
t pr
oduc
tion
– Tr
uck
farm
ing
prod
uctio
n –
Con
stra
ints
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Frui
ts
and
vege
tabl
es
– M
arke
t stu
dy –
Mad
agas
car
184
KB
: fig
.
265
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y.
Eco
nom
ic
Mis
sion
s.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Ove
rvie
w
of
agric
ultu
re
in M
adag
asca
r A
ntan
anar
ivo
Fren
ch
Em
bass
y 20
06
07.0
1.01
MIS
P
rese
ntat
ion
of
the
agric
ultu
ral
sect
or –
Foo
d-pr
oduc
ing
agric
ultu
re
– Tr
uck
farm
ing
crop
s –
Agr
icul
tura
l eq
uipm
ents
–
Dyn
amic
s of
th
e ac
tors
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Truc
k fa
rmin
g –
Exp
ort c
rop
– A
gric
ultu
ral
equi
pmen
t –
Mad
agas
car
191
KB
: fig
.
266
Pro
jet
de
gouv
erna
nce
des
ress
ourc
es
min
éral
es. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y of
th
e se
ttlem
ent
of
an
indu
stria
l la
pida
ry i
n an
ex
port
proc
essi
ng z
one
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
inis
try o
f E
nerg
y an
d M
inin
g
2003
16
.02.
02 M
IN
Rev
iew
of
the
exis
ting
wor
kfor
ce –
S
uppl
y in
unc
ut s
tone
s - I
nves
tmen
t -
Sta
tus
of
fore
ign
inve
stor
s-w
orke
rs-b
uyer
s.
Min
e –
Min
ing
indu
stry
–
Gem
olog
y –
Mar
ket
stud
y –
Exp
ort
proc
essi
ng
zone
–
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car
1 M
B:
fig.
267
Min
istry
of
Ene
rgy
and
Min
ing.
Ant
anan
ariv
o Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
of
the
gem
tra
ding
pos
t: Fi
nal
repo
rt
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
EM
08.1
3.01
MIN
Lo
catio
n of
th
e tra
ding
po
st
– M
anag
emen
t of
the
tra
ding
pos
t –
Par
amet
er o
f the
lega
l fra
mew
ork
– D
efin
ition
of
the
oper
atio
naliz
ing
of
the
tradi
ng p
ost.
Min
e –
Ore
min
ing
– B
uyin
g po
st
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r.
2 M
B:
fig.
268
WE
TZE
NS
TEIN
W
olfg
ang
Lega
l an
d ec
onom
ic
requ
irem
ents
fo
r sm
all
dow
nstre
am
min
ing
com
pani
es
and
indu
strie
s in
Mad
agas
car
[s.l.
] IT
C; P
roje
ct
cons
ult
Gm
bH
2001
08
.13.
01
WE
T
Eco
nom
ic
and
soci
al
cont
ext
– M
acro
econ
omic
pol
icy
– P
rodu
ctio
n se
ctor
–
Taxa
tion
– In
vest
men
t cl
imat
e fo
r do
wns
tream
m
inin
g co
mpa
nies
an
d in
dust
ries
– M
otiv
atio
n fo
r a
bette
r in
vest
men
t cl
imat
e.
Min
e –
Ore
m
inin
g –
Pro
cess
ing
indu
stry
– M
inin
g co
de –
Gem
olog
y –
Min
ing
indu
stry
– F
easi
bilit
y st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r.
2 M
B:
fig.
269
PO
LTI D
omin
ique
; R
AH
AR
ISO
N H
enri;
R
OB
ER
T S
téph
ane
Inte
rreg
Pro
gram
"L
and
secu
ring
and
Dev
elop
men
t in
M
adag
asca
r":
Pro
gram
ev
alua
tion
for
the
2004
-20
06 p
erio
d
[s.l.
] C
IRA
D
2004
07
.02.
01
PO
L
The
cont
ext
of
land
se
curin
g in
M
adag
asca
r –
Qui
ck
rem
inde
r of
th
e ge
nesi
s of
the
prog
ram
.
Land
– L
and
deve
lopm
ent
– La
nd
owne
rshi
p –
Land
re
form
– M
adag
asca
r.
460
KB
: fig
.
270
Min
istry
of a
gric
ultu
re
lives
tock
and
fish
ing.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Land
pol
icy
stat
emen
t A
ntan
anar
ivo
MA
EP
20
05
07.0
2.01
MIN
In
vent
ory
of
land
re
gula
tion
– O
bjec
tives
of
th
e la
nd
polic
y –
Orie
ntat
ion
and
stra
tegi
c ax
es o
f the
la
nd p
olic
y –
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
Land
– L
and
deve
lopm
ent
– La
nd p
olic
y –
Land
ow
ners
hip
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Cad
aste
r –
Land
ad
min
istra
tion
–
258
KB
39
land
pol
icy.
M
adag
asca
r.
271
EIF
ER
T B
enn;
R
AM
AC
HA
ND
RA
Né
Vija
ya
Priv
ate
sect
or
com
petit
iven
ess
and
deve
lopm
ent
in A
frica
: A
W
orld
Ban
k co
mpa
rativ
e an
alys
is
of
inve
stm
ent
clim
ate
data
[s.l.
] W
orld
Ban
k G
roup
. Afri
ca
Reg
ion.
P
rivat
e se
ctor
uni
t
2004
11
.02.
06 E
IF
The
situ
atio
n of
the
man
ufac
turin
g in
dust
ry i
n A
frica
– T
he b
usin
ess
envi
ronm
ent
– S
ettin
g ov
eral
l be
nchm
arks
.
Inve
stm
ent
– C
ompe
titiv
enes
s –
Afri
can
econ
omy
– B
usin
ess
finan
cing
–
Inve
stm
ent
clim
ate
– A
frica
805
KB
: fig
.
272
Seh
atra
iom
bona
na
mom
ba n
y fa
nana
ntan
y.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Sum
mar
y re
port
on t
he
open
-hou
se
on
land
=
Man
kaiz
a ih
any
ity
fana
nant
any
ity
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
IRA
D;
Inte
rcoo
péra
tio
n; S
AH
A;
FIFA
TA
2004
07
.02.
01
SE
H
Pro
blem
s - S
ugge
stio
ns
Land
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
– La
nd
legi
slat
ion
– La
nd
refo
rm –
Mad
agas
car.
76 K
B:
fig.
273
Inve
stm
ent a
nd
busi
ness
dev
elop
men
t on
e-st
op-s
hop
(or
Gui
chet
uni
que
des
inve
stm
ents
et d
e dé
velo
ppem
ent d
es
entre
pris
es).
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Pro
cedu
re
man
ual
rela
ting
to
leas
es
and
land
pur
chas
e fo
r for
eign
in
vest
ors
Ant
anan
ariv
o G
UID
E
[s.d
.] 07
.02.
01 G
UI
She
et
rela
ting
to
long
le
ases
of
st
ate-
owne
d la
nd –
She
et re
latin
g to
th
e pu
rcha
se a
utho
rizat
ion
of l
and
by fo
reig
ners
.
Land
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
– Fo
reig
n in
vest
men
t –
Long
ea
se –
Pro
cedu
re m
anua
l –
Mad
agas
car.
129
KB
274
CIR
AD
. Ant
anan
ariv
o;
Land
Res
sour
ces.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
Des
ign
stud
y of
a l
and
obse
rvat
ory:
Fin
al re
port
A
ntan
anar
ivo
MC
A
2006
07
.02.
01 C
IR
Gen
eral
fra
mew
ork
for
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
the
obse
rvat
ory
– M
onito
ring
eval
uatio
n an
d im
pact
in
dica
tors
and
crit
eria
– In
stitu
tiona
l m
echa
nism
of t
he o
bser
vato
ry.
Land
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
– La
nd r
efor
m –
Nat
iona
l la
nd
prog
ram
– M
adag
asca
r.
724
KB
: fig
.
275
Min
istry
of a
gric
ultu
re
lives
tock
and
fish
ing.
A
ntan
anar
ivo
The
PN
F be
twee
n re
gion
al
MA
P
and
inst
itutio
nal
cons
train
ts
or
how
to
m
eet
the
dem
and
for
guic
hets
fo
ncie
rs
in
2007
?:
Stra
tegi
c or
ient
atio
n br
ief
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2007
07
.02.
01 M
IN
Sta
tus
of t
he d
eman
d fo
r gu
iche
t fo
ncie
r –
Res
pons
e ca
paci
ty
– D
elay
man
agem
ent.
Land
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
–La
nd
polic
y –
Reg
iona
l D
evel
opm
ent
Pla
n –
and
refo
rm
– G
uich
et
fonc
ier
– M
adag
asca
r.
121
KB
276
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
2006
PN
F A
ctiv
ity re
port
A
ntan
anar
ivo
PN
F 20
07
07.0
2.01
MIN
M
oder
nizi
ng a
nd r
estru
ctur
ing
land
se
rvic
es
– D
ecen
traliz
ing
land
m
anag
emen
t –
Ren
ovat
ing
land
an
d st
ate-
owne
d la
nd r
egul
atio
n –
Trai
ning
and
com
mun
icat
ion.
Land
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
–La
nd
refo
rm
– C
omm
unal
gu
iche
r fo
ncie
r –
Mad
agas
car.
2 M
B:
ill.
277
Min
istry
of A
gric
ultu
re,
Live
stoc
k an
d Fi
shin
g.
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Pra
ctic
al
guid
e fo
r de
cent
raliz
ed
land
m
anag
emen
t
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
NF
2007
07
.02.
01 M
IN
Dec
entra
lizin
g la
nd m
anag
emen
t –
Tran
sfer
ring
land
m
anag
emen
t to
co
mm
une
leve
l –
Cre
atin
g a
com
mun
al
guic
het
fonc
ier
– M
anag
ing
land
an
d to
pogr
aphi
cal
info
rmat
ion.
Land
–
Land
ow
ners
hip
–La
nd
refo
rm
– C
omm
unal
gu
iche
r fo
ncie
r –
Dec
entra
lizat
ion
- M
adag
asca
r.
5 M
o
278
Cab
inet
GE
RC
O.
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
epor
t on
th
e pr
ojec
ts
pref
easi
bilit
y st
udie
s:
Am
bato
-Boe
ny D
istri
ct –
B
oeny
Reg
ion
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
20
07
01.0
1.06
C
AB
Ana
lysi
s pe
r ch
ain
– S
et-u
p of
an
inte
rcom
mun
al
mar
ket
for
smal
l ru
min
ants
–
Dev
elop
men
t of
a
graz
ing
area
for
sm
all
rum
inan
ts –
S
et-u
p of
a d
ryin
g an
d pr
oces
sing
un
it fo
r m
ango
es –
Reh
abili
tatio
n of
th
e A
ntan
anda
va tr
ack.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Rum
inan
ts
– P
isci
cultu
re –
Man
go –
Hyd
ro-
agric
ultu
ral
infra
stru
ctur
e –
Food
pre
serv
e –
Ref
riger
atio
n –
Am
bato
-boe
ny
– M
adag
asca
r.
2é46
MB
: fig
.
40
279
Con
sorti
um G
CD
/X2Z
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Rep
ort
on
the
proj
ects
pr
efea
sibi
lity
stud
ies:
M
ahab
o D
istri
ct
– M
enab
e R
egio
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
20
06
01.0
1.06
C
ON
Not
e on
the
pro
cess
of
the
revi
ew
mis
sion
– S
umm
ary
of t
he D
abar
a P
roje
ct
- A
ctio
ns
to
cond
uct
imm
edia
tely
in
th
e D
abar
a pe
rimet
er
– A
ctio
ns
to
cond
uct
imm
edia
tely
in
th
e en
tire
area
(M
ahab
o D
istri
ct
and
Dab
ara
perim
eter
).
Agr
ibus
ines
s –D
emog
raph
y –
Hyd
ro-a
gric
ultu
ral
infra
stru
ctur
e –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Ric
e-gr
owin
g –
Dry
le
gum
es
– S
ugar
-can
e –
Rec
omm
enda
tions
– D
abar
a –
Men
abe
– M
ahab
o –
Mad
agas
car.
306
KB
: fig
.
280
Cab
inet
GE
RC
O.
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
epor
t on
th
e pr
ojec
ts
pref
easi
bilit
y st
udie
s:
Vat
oman
dry
Dis
trict
-
Ats
inan
ana
Reg
ion
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
20
07
01.0
1.06
C
AB
Pro
ject
n.1
: In
stal
latio
n of
a s
eed
mul
tiply
ing
cent
er i
n A
mbo
dita
volo
m
ainl
y fo
r maz
e an
d ric
e se
eds
- P
roje
ct n
.2: C
reat
ion
of a
col
d st
ore
unit
in
Vat
oman
dry
- P
roje
ct
3:
Cre
atio
n of
a c
age
man
ufac
turin
g un
it fo
r thi
s.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
–
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
–Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
- In
frast
ruct
ure
– S
eeds
–
Maz
e –
Ric
e-gr
owin
g –
Food
pr
eser
ve
– R
efrig
erat
ion
– P
isci
cultu
re
– A
gric
ultu
ral
equi
pmen
ts –
Sug
ar-c
ane
– E
than
ol –
Ant
sina
nana
reg
ion
– V
atom
andr
y –
Mad
agas
car.
2é23
MB
: fig
.
281
Cab
inet
MD
P.
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
epor
t on
th
e pr
ojec
ts
pref
easi
bilit
y st
udie
s:
Ant
sira
be
II D
istri
ct
- V
akin
anka
ratra
Reg
ion
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
20
06
01.0
1.06
C
AB
PR
OJE
CT
1: F
ruit
and
vege
tabl
e pa
ckag
ing
and
stor
ing
pilo
t uni
t. P
RO
JEC
T 2:
Reh
abili
tatio
n of
the
A
ndra
noto
baka
dam
- P
RO
JEC
T 3:
E
lect
rific
atio
n of
th
e R
ural
C
omm
une
of
Am
bato
men
a -
PR
OJE
CT
4: P
rodu
ctio
n un
it of
frui
t se
edlin
gs.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Frui
ts
and
vege
tabl
es –
Sla
ught
erho
use
– A
gric
ultu
ral
infra
stru
ctur
e –
Rur
al e
lect
rific
atio
n –
See
d –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
- V
akin
anka
ratra
- A
ntsi
rabe
–
Mad
agas
car.
2é89
MB
: fig
.
282
Ass
ocia
tion
AC
CA
DE
MIS
. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Rep
ort
on
the
proj
ects
pr
efea
sibi
lity
stud
ies:
A
mba
tofin
andr
ahan
a D
istri
ct –
Am
oron
'i M
ania
R
egio
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
20
06
01.0
1.06
A
SS
Pro
ject
1:
S
ite
deve
lopm
ent
and
build
ing
site
dev
elop
men
t an
d se
t-up
of s
quad
with
veh
icle
s. P
roje
ct 2
: S
eed
prod
uctio
n ce
nter
- P
roje
ct 3
: R
ehab
ilita
tion
of
the
hydr
o-ag
ricul
tura
l ne
twor
k an
d ex
tens
ion
of
the
Mah
avan
ona
perim
eter
-
Pro
ject
4: C
onst
ruct
ion.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
icul
ture
-
Infra
stru
ctur
e –
Maz
e –
Ric
e-gr
owin
g –
See
d pr
oduc
tion
– A
gric
ultu
ral
infra
stru
ctur
e –
Cra
fts
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– M
arke
t st
udy
- A
mor
on'i
Man
ia -
Am
bato
finan
drah
ana
- M
adag
asca
r.
1é42
MB
: fig
.
283
Cab
inet
GE
RC
O.
Ant
anan
ariv
o R
epor
t on
th
e pr
ojec
ts
pref
easi
bilit
y st
udie
s:
Am
banj
a D
istri
ct
- D
IAN
A R
egio
n
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
CA
20
07
01.0
1.06
C
AB
Pro
ject
1:
H
ydro
elec
trica
l de
velo
pmen
t of
the
Hau
te R
amen
a si
te -
Pro
ject
2: R
ehab
ilita
tion
of th
e ro
ad
to
the
Hau
te
Sam
bira
no
- P
roje
ct
3:
Reh
abili
tatio
n of
th
e A
mba
nja-
Ant
sats
aka
road
- P
roje
ct
4: H
ydro
agric
ultu
ral d
evel
opm
ent o
f th
e B
eman
evik
y pe
rimet
er
– P
roje
ct.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Rur
al
deve
lopm
ent
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– A
gric
ultu
re
– In
frast
ruct
ure
– M
adag
asca
r –
DIA
NA
– A
mba
nja.
3é38
MB
: fig
.
284
RA
KO
TOV
ELO
N
irian
aris
oa;
RA
ND
RE
NA
LIJA
ON
A
Fanj
a;
AN
DR
IAM
AN
ALI
NA
é Fe
no
Stu
dy o
n th
e du
ck c
hain
in
M
adag
asca
r: S
umm
ary
Ant
anan
ariv
o P
rogr
amm
e S
AH
A
Inte
rcoo
péra
tio
n
2002
07
.09.
02
RA
K
- Obj
ectiv
es -
Met
hodo
logy
– S
tatu
s of
th
e su
pply
–
Sta
tus
of
the
dem
and
- O
rgan
izat
ion
of th
e ch
ain
- Im
pact
s of
th
e cr
isis
–
Mai
n co
nstra
ints
on
th
e ch
ain
– D
evel
opm
ent
pros
pect
s -
Rec
omm
enda
tions
.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Live
stoc
k –
Trad
e –
Duc
k –
Foie
gra
s –
Mar
ket
stud
ies
– M
adag
asca
r.
379
KB
: fig
.
41
285
LAG
AR
DE
é K
arin
e;
RA
KO
TOV
ELO
N
irina
risoa
Stu
dy o
n th
e ap
icul
ture
ch
ain
in v
iew
of
expo
rt de
velo
pmen
t: S
umm
ary
and
reco
mm
enda
tion
– Fi
nal r
epor
t
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
ITE
20
04
07.0
9.02
LA
G
- C
onte
xt o
f th
e ap
icul
ture
cha
in –
S
umm
ary
anal
ysis
el
emen
ts
- R
ecom
men
datio
ns.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Live
stoc
k –
Api
cultu
re -
Tra
de –
Exp
ort –
Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– M
adag
asca
r.
309
KB
: fig
.
286
BA
ME
X. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Dev
elop
men
t of
a
busi
ness
pl
an
for
the
settl
emen
t of
a
pota
to
post
-har
vest
pr
oces
sing
un
it in
th
e V
akin
anka
ratra
regi
on
Ant
anan
ariv
o B
AM
EX
20
05
07.0
5.05
B
AM
Con
text
s an
d ob
ject
ives
-
Des
crip
tion
of t
he p
roje
ct –
Pot
ato
grad
ing
proc
ess
– R
equi
red
infra
stru
ctur
es
and
equi
pmen
ts
– R
equi
red
staf
f –
Fina
ncia
l re
quire
men
ts –
Fin
anci
al fo
reca
sts.
Agr
ibus
ines
s -
Agr
o-in
dust
ry
– S
mal
l in
dust
ry –
Pot
ato
– Fe
asib
ility
st
udy
– V
akin
anka
ratra
–
Mad
agas
car
313
KB
287
BA
ME
X. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Feas
ibili
ty s
tudy
of a
col
d st
ore
for
fruits
an
d ve
geta
bles
in
th
e V
akin
anka
ratra
reg
ion
– Th
e ca
se
of
a 16
0m3
stor
e
Ant
anan
ariv
o B
AM
EX
20
05
07.0
5.05
B
AM
Con
text
s an
d ob
ject
ives
– R
evie
w
of
the
supp
ly
and
dem
and
– Te
chni
cal a
spec
ts o
f th
e co
ld s
tore
–
Hum
an r
esou
rce
plan
– F
inan
cial
fo
reca
st.
Agr
ibus
ines
s –
Food
pr
eser
vatio
n –
Ref
riger
atio
n –
Frui
ts
– V
eget
able
s –
Feas
ibili
ty
stud
y –
Mad
agas
car
– V
akin
anka
ratra
.
488
KB
; fig
.
288
MIC
DS
P. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Impl
emen
tatio
n re
port:
N
atio
nal
prog
ram
fo
r pr
ivat
e se
ctor
sup
port
– V
olum
e 2:
A
naly
sis
of
the
sub-
prog
ram
impa
cts
Ant
anan
ariv
o C
EP
-PN
UD
20
04
02.0
1.03
MIC
A
- Q
ualit
ativ
e as
sess
men
t of
th
e im
pact
s of
th
e di
ffere
nt
sub-
prog
ram
s -
Bus
ines
s en
viro
nmen
t –
Acc
ess
to
finan
cing
–
Hum
an
reso
urce
cap
acity
bui
ldin
g –
Mar
ket
acce
ss
– S
treng
then
ing
of
the
supp
ort
serv
ices
-
Evo
lutio
n of
the
co
nstra
ints
. B
- Q
uant
itativ
e as
sess
men
t of
the
re
sult
indi
cato
rs –
Det
erm
inan
ts o
f th
e in
vest
men
ts.
Acc
ess
of
busi
ness
es to
fina
ncin
g –
Mea
sure
s ta
ken
in t
erm
s of
tax
and
cus
tom
s pr
ovis
ions
–
Mea
sure
s ta
ken
in
term
s of
mar
ket
acce
ss –
Sec
tora
l in
itiat
ives
.
Bus
ines
s de
velo
pmen
t –
Eco
nom
ic
assi
stan
ce
– In
vest
men
ts –
Eco
nom
ics
– C
usto
ms
polic
y –
Zero
-rat
ing
– Le
asin
g –
Mic
rofin
ance
–
Ass
ista
nce
in
educ
atio
n –
Sta
ndar
diza
tion
– In
frast
ruct
ure
– Te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n –
Soc
iolo
gica
l an
alys
is
– M
adag
asca
r.
590
KB
289
Nat
iona
l Lan
d Te
nure
P
rogr
am. A
ntan
anar
ivo
Term
s of
re
fere
nce
- M
oder
nizi
ng
and
dece
ntra
lizin
g la
nd
adm
inis
tratio
n:
Reg
iona
l La
nd
Ope
ratio
n -
Reg
ions
of
A
tsin
anan
a B
oeny
an
d D
iana
an
d th
e La
nd
juris
dict
ion
of
Ant
anan
ariv
o
Ant
anan
ariv
o M
AE
P
2007
07
.02.
01
NA
T
Bac
kgro
und
- G
ener
al o
bjec
tive
of
land
te
nure
re
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ANNEX 3: EXPORT POTENTIAL OF MALAGASY PRODUCTS
Table 1: Largest sources of export growth by country between 2003 and 2006
By country By product By country/product
Intensive margin α 80% of α accounted by:
EU US China India Thailand Hong Kong Mauritius
40% of α accounted by:
Petroleum oils Stamps & paper Precious and semi-precious stones Women’s trousers Cotton pullovers Coffee Men’s cotton shirts
34% of α accounted by:
EU petroleum oils EU stamps paper EU cotton jerseys EU men’s cotton shirts US women’s trousers China wood Thailand (semi-) precious stones
β (decline) 98% of β accounted by:
US EU Mauritius Singapore Switzerland Japan Canada South Africa
86% of β accounted by:
Vanilla Petroleum oils Cloves Pullovers of man-made fibers Men’s trousers Frozen shrimp Cotton pullovers Men’s singlets
79% of β accounted by:
US vanilla EU vanilla Mauritius petroleum oils Singapore cloves US pullovers of man-made fibers US pullovers of cotton Switzerland vanilla EU men’s trousers
χ (decline) 94% of χ accounted by:
EU South Africa US Morocco Thailand Hong Kong China Mauritius
86% of χ accounted by:
Aircraft Women’s trousers Cotton Turbo jets Vanilla Frozen shrimp Sugar Men’s trousers
82% of χ accounted by:
EU aircraft South Africa women’s trousers Morocco turbo jets Hong Kong vanilla EU cotton Thailand frozen shrimp Panama sugar Mauritius cotton
Extensive margin
δ 70% of δ accounted by:
Switzerland EU US China Morocco Thailand South Africa Mauritius
47% of δ accounted by:
Chromium ores Petroleum oils Turbo propellers Men’s cotton shirts Plain cotton weave Frozen shrimp Garments of man-made fibers Aerials
42% of δ accounted by:
Switzerland chromium ores Thailand petroleum oils Morocco turbo propellers EU plain cotton weave EU men’s cotton shirts EU garments of man-made fibers China wood EU fresh fish
ε 93% of ε accounted by:
EU South Africa US Mauritius Hong Kong China Comoros Japan
55% of ε accounted by:
Aircraft Men’s garments of man-made fibers Helicopters Polypropylene Scrap precious metal Men’s pyjamas Prepared shrimp
48% of ε accounted by:
South Africa aircraft South Africa helicopters EU polypropylene US garments of man-made fibers EU scrap precious metals EU garments of man-made fibers US men’s pyjamas Mauritius plain cotton weave
φ 100% of φ accounted by:
Jordan Mayotte Rwanda Angola Cayman Islands Burkina Faso Mali Libya
94% of φ accounted by:
Denim Printing machinery Telephonic switching equipment Prepared foods Tanks and vats Tubes, pipes and hoses Rice Electrical capacitors
94% of φ accounted by:
Jordan denim Mayotte printing machinery Rwanda telephonic equipment Mayotte prepared foods Mayotte tanks and vats Mayotte tubes, pipes and hoses Angola rice Cayman islands electrical capacitors
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Table 2: Export market penetration at HS-6 digit level All products
No. of products exported in 2006
Actual no. of export relationships in 2006
Potential no. of export relationships in 2006
Export market penetration (%)
1 2 3 4 Madagascar 1,945 5,686 188,364 3.0% Botswana 2,721 5,508 258,092 2.1% Chile 3,410 22,206 319,588 6.9% Indonesia 4,271 55,150 379,993 14.5% Korea, Rep. 4,353 84,915 387,352 21.9% Malawi 1,210 3,037 119,433 2.5% Mauritius 2,580 7,970 248,996 3.2% Mozambique 1,616 3,315 157,070 2.1% Namibia 3,393 9,264 313,540 3.0% Senegal 1,799 5,785 173,863 3.3% Seychelles 286 464 28,615 1.6% Singapore 4,440 87,330 397,910 21.9% South Africa 4,681 88,770 410,860 21.6% Tanzania 1,621 4,254 151,771 2.8% Uganda 1,494 3,436 144,413 2.4% Zambia 1,731 3,377 165,437 2.0% Source: UNCOMTRADE.
Table 3: Madagascar export market penetration at HS-6 digit level by destination market
Destination market
Export value US$ millions 2006 (% of total)
No. of products exported to destination in 2006
Potential no. of export products by importing market in 2006
Export market penetration in destination (%)
Regional market
Main export destinations EU 517 (62%) 1,389 1,945 71.4% European US 147 (18%) 334 1,943 17.2% N. American China 22 (3%) 111 1,933 5.7% Asian India 12 (1%) 68 1,885 3.6% Asian Japan 14 (2%) 234 1,938 12.1% Asian Singapore 20 (2%) 44 1,926 2.3% Asian Thailand 16 (2%) 57 1,933 2.9% Asian Switzerland 11 (1%) 135 1,941 7.0% European Hong Kong 10 (1%) 69 1,892 3.6% Asian Canada 10 (1%) 116 1,945 6.0% N. American
Regional markets South Africa 10 (1%) 329 1,929 17.1% SADC Botswana 0.0 2 1,905 0.1% SADC Malawi 0.0 2 1,691 0.1% SADC/COMESA Mozambique 0.1 9 1,784 0.5% SADC Namibia 0.0 1 1,901 0.1% SADC Tanzania 0.2 59 1,828 3.2% SADC Zambia 0.0 29 1,803 1.6% SADC/COMESA Egypt 0.7 13 1,748 0.7% COMESA Ethiopia 0.0 2 1,776 0.1% COMESA Mauritius 14 (2%) 450 1,868 24.1% SADC/COMESA Seychelles 2.4 42 1,646 2.6% COMESA Sudan 0.4 6 1,616 0.4% COMESA Uganda 0.0 5 1,794 0.3% COMESA Source: UNCOMTRADE.
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Table 4: Madagascar export market penetration at HS-6 digit level by major product
Product code HS6-digit
Product description Export value US$ millions 2006 (% of total)
No. of country markets exported to in 2006
Potential no. of importing country markets in 2006
Export market penetration by product (%)
030613 Frozen shrimp 118 (14%) 11 100 11.0% 620462 Women’s trousers 49 (6%) 16 104 15.4% 090500 Vanilla 47 (6%) 18 94 19.1% 160414 Tuna 44 (5%) 1 104 0.8% 271000 Petroleum 42 (5%) 35 106 33.0% 620342 Men’s trousers 31 (4%) 14 106 13.2% 490700 Stamps & paper 29 (3%) 1 95 1.1% 090700 Cloves 27 (3%) 31 102 30.4% 710310 (Semi-) precious stones 21 (3%) 24 68 35.3% 610910 T-shirts 18 (2%) 26 106 24.5% 611020 Cotton pullovers 16 (2%) 17 98 17.3% 180100 Cocoa beans 13 (2%) 5 77 6.5% 261000 Chromium ores 13 (2%) 6 56 10.7% 090111 Coffee 13 (2%) 7 101 6.9% 620520 Cotton shirts 13 (2%) 16 105 15.2% 081290 Preserved fruit 12 (1%) 6 86 7.0% 611420 Knitted cotton garments 11 (1%) 14 98 14.3% 621410 Shawls 11 (1%) 12 100 12.0% 330129 Essential oils 10 (1%) 15 103 14.6% 440710 Coniferous wood 8 (1%) 9 103 8.7%
Source: UNCOMTRADE.
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ANNEX 4: AN OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL MARKETS NORMS AND STANDARDS
At the global level, the SPS agreement determines the requirements according to which WTO member states can adopt and implement sanitary or phytosanitary measures having an incidence on international trade. A sanitary and phytosanitary measure is defined as a measure used to:
• Protect, on the Member’s territory, animal health and life or to preserve plants from risks following from the entry, the establishment or the dissemination of pests, diseases, disease-carrying organisms or pathogenic organisms;
• Protect, on the Member’s territory, human and animal health and life from the risks from additives, contaminants, toxins or pathogenic organisms present in food items, beverages or animal feed;
• Protect, on the Member’s territory, human health and life from risks following diseases carried by animals, plants or products thereof, or the entry, establishment or dissemination of pests;
• Stop or limit, on the Member’s territory, other damages ensuing from the entry, establishment or dissemination of pests. 1
Any regulation adopted for other purposes, even if they concern the preservation of plants and the protection of human and animal life, are considered as coming under the agreement on technical barriers to trade (TBT). Concluded in Marrakech in 1994, the agreement on the implementation of sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures contains the rules of procedure governing the formulation and the implementation of sanitary (animal health, food sanitary safety) and phytosanitary (plant protection) measures in international trade. The main objective of the SPS agreement being to limit sanitary and phytosanitary hindrance to international trade, it strictly delimits the conditions for action, so that the measures taken do not constitute disguised trade restriction measures. WTO members are entitled to take any SPS measure as long as they comply with the following obligations (article 2):
• Necessity test: to apply the necessary measure to protect health or preserve plants • Scientific justification: the measure must be based on a scientific risk assessment. • Non-discrimination: Members must not establish discrimination between countries where
identical or similar conditions exist. • Lesser trade restriction: when several measures offering the same level of sanitary
protection, exist, the one which hinders trade the least is to be preferred. • Transparency in the notification of measures: Members are obliged to notify all the draft
SPS measures of which the implementation can have an impact on international trade. Furthermore, a reasonable delay must be respected before the measure is implemented, to allow other Members to address their remarks and, if need be, state the difficulties the measure gives rise to. All the countries identify a “focal point”, the office authorized to answer any request for information on national SPS measures, including decisions based on the above-mentioned « risk assessment ».
The precaution principle is featured in the SPA agreement (article 5.7): « In cases when relevant scientific evidence is insufficient, a Member can temporarily adopt sanitary or phytosanitary measures based on the available relevant data, including those emanating from the competent international organizations as well as those ensuing from sanitary or phytosanitary measures
1 SPS Agreement, available at www.wto.org.
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applied by other Members. In such circumstances, the Members will strive to obtain the necessary additional information to conduct a more objective risk assessment and will examine the sanitary or phytosanitary measure accordingly within a reasonable timeframe ». The agreement aims, in the long term, at the harmonization of sanitary and phytosanitary measures at the international level. Special treatment is recognized for DCs. These will benefit from a longer delay or, possibly, from specified exceptions that are limited over time (article 10). They can receive technical assistance (article 9). The SPS agreement specifically refers to three bodies: the Codex alimentarius, the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the International Plant Protection Convention (CIPV). The norms defined by these bodies are not mandatory. However, the Codex standards are used by the WTO to settle disputes. Furthermore, the standards of these three bodies are used by DCs to establish their own legislation. First the Codex Alimentarius Commission, an organization created in 1963 under the dual supervision of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization – FAO – and the World Health Organization – WHO -. It develops standards, guidelines, utilization codes and recommendations namely on the innocuousness of food items. It coordinates the work on food standards by governments and non-governmental organizations. It sets the good practice codes. Secondly, the World Organisation for Animal Health2, created in 1924, elaborates standards, guidelines and recommendations concerning animal diseases, including those that are communicable to man (zoonoses). The OIE plays a major role of epidemiological information in the animal field, in relation with the WHO when the stakes pertain to human health, which is the case for numerous zoonoses such as the avian flu. The OIE promulgates lists of countries or regions that are infected by the diseases. These lists can then serve countries to ban imports from the infected areas or countries. Finally, the International Plant Protection Convention, adopted in 1951, develops international norms relating to plant health, in order to prevent the propagation and the introduction of organisms harmful to plant and plant products. The Convention provides a framework for international cooperation, harmonization and technical exchange between contracting parties through the National and Regional Organizations for Plant Protection. In addition to public standards, we are witnessing the development of private standards (Henson 2005 and 2006). An increasing number of industrialized country suppliers now require the adoption of international management systems like the ISO 9000 standards (see box 1) for quality management or the ISO 22000 and HACCP system for food sanitary safety, ISO 14000 for environmental management, or SA 8000 (ISO 26000) relating to social management. Private standards are not subject to a WTO notification under the SPS agreement.
2 Formerly the Office International des Epizooties, renamed in May 2003, it has kept the acronym OIE.1
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Among the quality control systems, we can mention the three key systems: The private Good Practice guides. These give the details of the manufacturing conditions and processes that, with experience, have proven to be the best in terms of production safety and quality. One of the best known and most commonly used ones is the EUREP Good Agricultural Practices and packaging good practices for fruits and vegetables code3 (see box 2). The hazard analysis critical control points (HACCP). Created in the 60s, the HACCP system has gradually imposed itself as an essential tool used by public and private sector professionals. The UE has adopted the HACCP principles for processing operations carried out off-farm, for meat-based products in 1992 and for all processed food items in 19934. The last revision of the community legislation on hygiene in 2002 gave a new impetus to the HACCP system, which has today become a favored management tool for public and private organizations SPS policy (see box 3). The quality-insurance standards. Joining the standards established by the International Standards Organisation (ISO 9000, see box 1) and the European Standard (ES 29000) ensures that the groups and industries linked to the food chain comply with well-documented and well–established processes.
3 In addition to GlobalGAP, there are also other private standards to a distributor -Tesco Nature’s Choice, Marks and Spencer Field to fork, Carrefour Filière Qualité, Auchan Filière Agriculture Raisonnée - or to a group of distributors (British Retail Consortium, BRC, Safe Quality Food 2000 in the United States). 4 Relate to the preparation, processing, manufacturing, packaging, storage, transport, distribution, handling and sale stages (93/43/CEE)
Box 1. The ISO standards The objective of the International Standardization Organization or ISO, created in 1947, is to produce international standards in the industrial and commercial fields, called ISO standards. These standards are useful to industrial and economic organizations, regulatory authorities, compliance assessment professionals, suppliers and buyers of goods and services. In the food-processing industries framework, the important ISO standards first include the series of ISO 9000 standards dealing with quality management systems and include: ISO 9000: Main principles and terminology. ISO 9001: Requirements applicable to processes (working method and way of responding to client requirements) that have an influence on product and service quality. ISO 9004: Guidelines to upgrade performances. The series of ISO 14000 standards indicates the set of standards related to environmental management. ISO 14001 is applicable to processes having an influence on the environmental performance of a company. The ISO/CEI 17025 standards concern the competence of standardization and testing laboratories. Finally, the ISO 22000 standard covers food safety. This new international standard contains the seven principles that are called « HACCP » (see box) plus the ISO 9001 standard. Source: www.iso.org
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These quality control systems used in the food industry, private group standards, are not mandatory – they do not have a force of law – but, in practice, importers who are anxious to minimize risks, only source from exporters who meet the terms and conditions and have a compliance certificate with the recommendations of these codes. On the exporter side, these private standards are the necessary conditions to have access to high-end markets like Northern-European markets requiring the GlobalGAP standard. And these high-return markets can be crucial for countries with high production and transport costs.
Box 2. The EUREPGAP1/GlobalGAP Code The « Global Partnership for Safe and Sustainable Agriculture » initiative was launched in 1997 by a group of experts from leading European distribution brand names (EUREP). Its objective is to promote the harmonization of environmental and food health standards for fruits and vegetables before they are marketed. The current version of the Eurep code has been approved by the partners intervening in all the fruit and vegetable food chain. Today, 25 countries (120 firms and organizations) worldwide host local offices for good agricultural practice certification organizations, temporarily approved by the Eurep. The certification bodies issue certificates to producers’ associations or individual producers that apply the recommended standards. The terms of reference of the GlobalGAP code consist in meeting the concerns of consumers regarding food safety, the health and well-being of animals, environmental protection and the well-being of employees by:
Favoring the adoption of commercially viable agricultural assistance programs which foster reducing agro-chemical inputs to the minimum both in Europe and worldwide;
Defining a global framework of good agricultural practices enabling to pinpoint the existing quality insurance methods and standards, notably traceability;
Providing the necessary guidelines to permanently improve production conditions, the development and understanding of best practices;
Establish a single and recognized independent control framework; Launching communication campaigns and open consultations with consumers and key partners,
including producers, exporters and importers. Source: CTA study, 2003 www.eurep.org. Notes: 1 Since September 2007, EUREPGAP is now called Global GAP.
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Box 3. The hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system Whereas traditional quality insurance programs focus on problems identified in the finished product, the HACCP - Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points - system consists in a systematic and preventive approach that targets the production system itself. The six targeted aspects by preliminary programs to an HACCP approach are:
Local: Exterior, Buildings, Sanitary facilities, Water, Steam and Ice quality program. Transport and Storage: Transport vehicles, Temperature control, storage of received materials,
non-food chemical products and finished products. Equipment: General equipment design, Equipment installation, Equipment maintenance and
calibration. Staff: Training, Hygiene and Health requirements. Sanitation and Pest control: Sanitation program, Pest control program. Withdrawals: Withdrawal program – Distribution statements.
The seven fundamental principles of the HACCP system. The HACCP system is a pro-active technique which rests on seven principles which aim at locating the hazards associated to food production, at controlling them at critical control points of the process. Analyzing the hazards and listing the preventive measures to control them.
Determining the critical control points. Setting the limits at each critical control point. Defining the corrective measures to take in case of a deviation. Instituting procedures to check that the systems are functioning properly. Establishing monitoring procedures at the critical control points. Setting up an efficient maintenance of files where all procedures and statements relating to
these principles and their implementation are featured. The HACCP certification allows:
The guarantee of food innocuousness Uniform quality Better cost control International recognition Better export and growth opportunities An improved management process An increased productivity
Source: http://www.quali-conseil.com/systeme-haccp.html
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ANNEX 5: ASSESSMENT OF THE LABOR LAWS Breach of work contract: (improper breach: ART 16 – 30; without legitimate grounds, e.g.: =/= Code, collective labor agreement, policies and procedures trade union membership, ===> damages left to the appreciation of the relevant jurisdiction (JC) Due to the employer, by dismissal Due to the worker, by resignation By common agreement of the parties In the case of a force majeure, left to the JC’s appreciation
Detailed and explicit, the Code does not make provisions for specific implementation texts.
Employers (particularly SMEs and micro-businesses) are always complaining of the complexity of the dismissal procedures. And the inconsistency of the different interpretations of some of the provisions of the Laws, of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and of the Labor Jurisdiction can sometimes cause problems. Note that up to this day, there does not seem to be any seriously organized archives on the jurisprudence of labor disputes within the MFPTLS. There certainly would be a book analyzing this jurisprudence these recently published by the Senior Magistrate of the Supreme Court of Madagascar, but it is only an external source of information.
Notice of contract cancellation for the Open-ended Contract (or Contrat à Durée Inderterminée – CDI): ART 18 - 19 Either of the parties can decide to stop the CDI. This cancellation is dependent on a notice given by the party that initiates the cancellation Except for a case of a gross misconduct provided for in the policies and procedures of the company, or failing that, left to the appreciation of the Jurisdiction, any open-ended contract (CDI) cancellation, without notice or if the deadline has not been fully observed prevails for the party liable to pay an « indemnity » to the other party.
Decree N° 2007 – 009 establishing the conditions and the length of the CDI cancellation advance notice The notice is an obligation for the worker or employer to inform the other party of its decision to end the CDI. The notice duration depends on the worker’s seniority in the company and on the professional category. During the trial period, neither the employer nor the worker is subject to the notice obligation. In accordance with Article 18 of the Labor
According to the agreement of the concerned parties, contracts, the collective agreements can increase, but can in no case reduce, the length of the notice as presented in the table below. In practice, the problems frequently arise from the implementation of the measures related to the cancellation notice which always lies notably in the appreciation of the legitimate nature of the motives that make up the dismissal of an employee. Workers thus dismissed bring
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Laws, the party that takes the initiative of cancelling the contract can free itself from the obligation to carry out the notice set in the current Decree with an immediate payment to the other party of an indemnity equal to the benefits of all kinds that the worker would have acquired during the statutory duration of the notice, except for the reimbursement of costs.
the case to the level of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and, if their request is rejected, appeal to the “Labor Court” (or Tribunal de travail) and they frequently requiring very high damages.
SPECIAL CONTRACT CATEGORIES Apprenticeship contract: ART 31 – 34 It is a contract through which a head of an industrial, commercial or agricultural institution, a craftsman, or a manufacturer or any professional, commits to providing or have provided a methodical and complete vocational training to another person, called the « apprentice » of the former, who must in return conform to the instructions that he/she receives and carry out the work entrusted to him/her in the framework of his/her apprenticeship.
The contract must be recorded in writing on penalty of nullity; (signed by the parents, tutor for a minor. Apprentices under eighteen years old are not allowed to work overtime. An employer can only hire an apprentice after the apprenticeship contract has been stamped by the Health and Safety Inspector responsible for the activity of the company. A Decree issued after advice from the CNT sets the granting and agreement withdrawal conditions; the substantive conditions, the form and the effects of the apprenticeship contract;
Decree not yet published: According to the explanation of the Head of the Vocational Training Promotion Service (or Chef de Service de la Promotion de la Formation Professionnelle) (recently named through Ministerial Order dated April 14th 2008), the Directorate of employment and vocational training at the MFPTLS recently became aware of this “legal gap” – following certain complaints from apprentices. We will notably note the lack of statistical data on apprentices (number, fields of activity, diplomas obtained at the end of the apprenticeship, etc.).
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On hiring on a trial basis (art 35 – 40): The contract related to trial periods cannot exceed 6 months. It is only renewable once. The training period when entering a vocational training cycle cannot be considered a trial period. The worker hired on a trial basis enjoys the same work and social protection conditions than of confirmed workers in the same position.
Decree N° 2007- 008 setting the forms, the duration and other provisions of the hiring on a trial basis The trial period cannot be presumed. It must be stipulated expressly in the Work Contract which must specify the duration and, possibly, the advanced notice the parties agree to respect in the case of a cancellation before expiry. If there is no written contract on trial basis, the worker is known as having been hired on a fixed-term contract or CDD. In any case, the trial period is renewable once only. If the agreed duration is exceeded and the worker continues to be employed without a written trial period contract, he/she is considered as having been hired on an open ended contract or CDI, from the day following the trial period’s expiration date. The work carried out during the trial period must be remunerated at the professional category’s rate in which the worker was hired.
This Decree does not cause any practical problem of implementation
Temporary worker: ART 44 Any worker hired to temporarily replace a job incumbent during the latter’s duration of absence not exceeding one (1) year. Past this one (1) year deadline, the temporary worker is confirmed in the position. Temporary work carried out by a satff member must not exceed six (6) months. Past this six (6) month deadline, the temporary worker is confirmed in the position.
The provisions of the laws do not anticipate specific implementation texts on the subject.
No major practical implementation problem.
Daily worker: Any worker hired sporadically to work on a daily basis
DITTO; The provisions of the laws do not anticipate specific implementation texts on the subject.
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Salary (determination, SME, …): ART 53 – 74: A minimum agricultural and non agricultural starting salary (SME) is instituted taking the workers’ bare necessities of life into consideration, ensuring them sufficient purchasing power. A55 The workers paid hourly or daily are appointed after at least six (6) months of continuous service in the same company.
Decree N° 2007 – 246 setting the index point value for the calculation of the minimum starting and seniority wages per professional category Starting from January 01st, 2007, the value of the index point for the calculation of the minimum starting and seniority wages per professional category is set at 0.3684 in the non agricultural sector and at 0.3238 in the agricultural sector. For the M1 category, the starting minimum wage is set at: Non agricultural sector: Ar 63,542.80 Agricultural sector: Ar 64,440.
The salary scales presented below in Table n° 3 are already provided for in this Decree.
Legal duration of work and overtime: ART 75 Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 below in all the establishments subject to the Labor Laws, including educational or charitable ones, the legal work duration of employees or workers of one gender or another, of any age, working according to time, piecework or unit work cannot exceed 173.33 hours per month. In fams, working hours are based on two thousand and two hundred (2200) hours per year. The hours worked beyond the legal work duration make up overtime which results in an surcharge of the remuneration
Within this limit, the work duration is set by a decree that also legally sets overtime and the provisions of their remuneration. Decrees following the approval of the CNT determine per branch of activity and by professional category, if the need arises, the implementation provisions of the work duration and the special dispensations, the nature and the maximum duration of the overtime that can be done with or without preliminary authorization as well as the surcharge rate of the overtime. In accordance with a transitional provision set out expressly by the article 265 of the Labor C0de according to which: « However, the regulatory texts for the implementation and the execution of these two laws remains in force in all their provisions that
The application Decree relating to these provisions of the Labor Laws has not been submitted to the Council of Ministers yet. It is still on the CNT’s table. However, information on this point is presented in Table n° 4 below, based on the former 1968 application Decree still in force. Special dispensations to the existing regulations which require a prior authorization request for the overtime from the concerned authority (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) are specified in the Law N° 2007 – 037 of January 14th 2008 on the Industrial Export Processing Zones and Companies in Madagascar (or Zones et Entreprises Franches à
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are not contrary to the present Labor Code. Are applicable, in the same conditions, the earlier regulatory to the Law n° 94- 029 of August 25th 1995, notably those taken based on the earlier Labor Code and this, until the publication of new legislative and regulatory texts», Decree N° 68 – 172 of April 18th 1968 on the regulation of the overtime work and setting the wage surcharges for night work, Sundays and holidays, modified and completed by Decree N° 72 – 226 of July 06th, still remains in force.
Madagascar): it is expressly stipulated in Article 5 paragraph 6 that: « within a 5 hour per week limit, EPZs can freely do overtime on the simple declaration deposited with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration»
Weekly days off: Art 80 Weekly days off are mandatory. It is a minimum of twenty four (24) consecutive hours per week. Normally it takes place on Sunday
A Decree taken following the approval of the National Labor Council (or Conseil National du Travail) determining the implementation provisions of the previous paragraph, notably the professions for which weekly days off could be exceptionally and for clearly specified motives, of more than twenty four (24) hours, either by rotation or collectively other days than Sunday, or suspended to offset ritual holidays, or spread out over a period longer than the week. Decree still in force: Decree N° 62 – 150 of March 28th 1962 on the implementation provisions of weekly days off, public and paid holidays.
Decree not yet published, but this provision nearly sets no problem of practical application. Always in accordance with this transitory provision stipulated expressly by article 265 of the Labor Laws, are applicable, in the same conditions, the regulatory measures prior to Law n° 94-029 of August 25th 1995, notably those taken based on the earlier Labor Code and this, until the publication of new legislative and regulatory texts. In case of a dispute, the Health and Safety Inspector or the Court still refers to this Decree.
Public Holidays: Art 81 - 82 Public holidays are paid. A Decree taken following the approval of the National Labor Council determines the implementation provisions of the previous paragraph. The restrictive yearly list of « ponts » [Note: extra days off] and holidays are subject to a decree passed at the beginning of the year, following the approval of the
The Decree n° 2008 – 098 (dated January 15th 2008) sets the list of public and paid holidays, for this year 2008.
The list of paid public holidays for 2008 is presented in the following Table.
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National Labor Council. Surcharge of Sunday and holiday rates: Art 82 A Decree taken following the approval of the National Labor Council determines per branch of activity and professional category, if need be, the surcharge on work done on Sunday and holidays
The Decree N° 68 – 172 of April 18th 1968 on the regulation relating to overtime and setting the wage surcharges on night, Sunday and holiday work, modified and completed by Decree N° 72 – 226 of July 06th, still remains in force.
Decree not yet published. Included in the draft Decree that should regulate the legal work duration, overtime, the draft decree meant to update this Decree still in force, is still pending at the CNT’s level
Night work: Art 83 Work done between eight (8) PM and five (5) AM is considered night work; the work hours done during this interval results in surcharges. The employer is obliged to ensure transport and security of the staff working at night. Women’s night work (Art 85) in industry must comply with the provisions provided for in the Labor Code; Women, without any age distinction, cannot be employed at night in any industrial or any sort of establishment, public or private, secular or religious, nor in any outbuilding of one of these establishments, even when these establishments are of a vocational learning or charitable nature, except
A decree passed after the approval of the National Labor Council should set the surcharges of the hourly work remunerations carried out during this interval. Decree n° 2007 – 007 setting the employer’s provisions to take on transport and social security for night workers. The drafting of the Draft Decree setting the conditions in which women’s night work is authorized in the export processing zones and companies, enforced in the new Law on export processing zones whose technical design has been completed at the MFPTLS. This project, nevertheless, meets the opposition of workers’ trade union representatives at the National Labor Council – who moreover point out that, contrary to the provisions contained within the Laws, the CNT was not consulted during the elaboration of Law n° 2007 – 037 of January 14th 2008 on the Industrial Export Processing Zones and Companies in Madagascar
The Law n° 2007 – 037 of January 14th 2008 on Industrial Export Processing Zones and Companies in Madagascar stipulates in its Article 5, paragraph 6 that this article 85 provision of the CT is not applicable to Export Processing Zones. This situation creates two problems: First of all: from the legal point of view, Madagascar, a full ILO-member has not yet ratified conventions N° 171 / 82 authorizing women’s night work but precisely matched with certain conditions.Secondly, as already highlighted, the CNT, a tripartite body for consultation, dialogue, meeting, negotiation between social partners and information on employment and vocational training, social welfare, job and salary, was not consulted – whereas this body, in principle and according to the Labor Laws, should play an important socio-political role in the social peace of businesses in Madagascar. Furthermore, the Decree n° 2007 – 007 already makes it
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incumbent upon the employer to ensure, in nature and without any compensation the transport of night workers of all and any gender.
Leave and transports: Art 86 and 87: Save for more favorable provisions defined in collective agreements or in individual work contract, the worker’s right to paid leave paid by the employer, two days and a half (02.5 days) per calendar month of effective service. The prescription duration of this right is of 3 years. It is up to the employer to provide for the workers’ leave at the beginning of the year to avoid the accumulation of remainders.
When implementation of the work contract leads to or led to the worker moving from his/her place of residence at the time of the appointment, the worker’s traveling fees, of his/her spouse and his/her under age children usually living with him/her, are paid by the employer in the cases and according to the provisions set in the Decree passed after approval from the CNT.
The Draft Decree has already received the favorable approval of the CNT, but is waiting for adoption by the Council of Ministers.
Women’s work: Art 93 – 94 - 95 A woman candidate for a job is not bound to declare her pregnancy. The pregnancy must not be taken into consideration to cancel a work contract during the trial period. No employer can terminate the work contract of a wage-earning woman when she is in a state of medically recorded pregnancy. Nevertheless, the contract can be terminated if the woman commits a professional misconduct not linked with her pregnancy. The provisions of the previous paragraphs do not hinder the expiration date of the fixed-term work contract. When giving birth and without this interruption of service being able to be interpreted as a case for a breach of contract, any woman has a right to suspend work for fourteen (14) consecutive weeks of which eight (08) weeks after the delivery. This suspension can be extended by three (03) weeks in case of a duly noted illness resulting from the birth or labor. The employer cannot dismiss her during this period. During this period, she is entitled to, payable by the CNAPS or, failing this, payable by the employer, to the reimbursement of the delivery fees and failing this, to medical care, within the CNAPS tariff limit, as well as to half (1/2) of the salary that that is not payable by the Social Reserve Fund (or Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale). In default of affiliation, the total payment of the salary is payable by the employer.
Practically, the duration of the maternity leave is of 14 consecutive weeks, 6 weeks before and 8 weeks after the delivery. The woman is 100 % remunerated with half (1/2) is payable by the employer and half (1/2) by the CNAPS. Decrees taken following the approval of the National Labor Council set the nature of work forbidden to women and pregnant women. The Decree N° 62-152 of March 28th 1962 setting the working conditions of children, and pregnant women is still currently in force.
We will find in the following Table the practical implementation provisions that do not contradict the new Labor Laws. These provisions are based on the former Decree of 1962 that still remains in force.
HYGIENE AND SOCIAL SECURITY Art 110 - Any employer is prescribed to supply all the equipment and clothing required to collectively and individually protect the life and health of workers against all the inherent risks to the job and in particular, against HIV/AIDS in the workplace. Workers must submit to all the hygiene and security
Implementation texts listed: Order N° 889 of May 20th 1960 setting the General Hygiene and Work Security Measures (or mesures Générales d’Hygiènes et
Based on these provisions, Health and Safety Inspectors carry out their unannounced missions, proceed with a formal notice, and, if necessary, enjoin the company in violation to
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measures required. Cleaning and general cleanliness Workplaces must be kept in a state of cleanliness and present the hygiene and salubrity conditions necessary for the staff’s health. Atmosphere, heating, lighting of the workplaces Atmosphere in the workplaces must be protected against dangerous and troublesome emanations, vapors, gases, dusts, steams, without this list being restrictive. The general atmosphere and the environment of workplaces must take into consideration the physical, mental and social comfort of the workers. Individual worker fitting outs Workers must have available drinking water, appropriate bathrooms and cloakrooms installations, as well as any other furniture necessary to their comfort during the work period.
de Sécurité du Travail - JORM of June 04th 1960, page 934
comply with regulations. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration can proceed to the closing in case of a non-compliance or recurrence. Discussions with the MFPTLS Director of Workers Social Security (or Directeur de Sécurité Sociale des Travailleurs - DSST) in fact show the absence of specific hygiene and work safety standards. We will furthermore note, that the DSST is carrying out its inspection work by using as a work tool Order N° 889 of May 20th, 1960, dating to colonial times and setting the General Work Hygiene and Security Measures (or mesures Générales d’Hygiènes et de Sécurité du Travail)
Canteen: Article 116.-118 The employer is responsible for setting up a canteen for the workers: for remote institutions more than five kilometers away from the town center and not served by regular public transport or when the location of the establishment or organization does not allow the workers to have something to eat normally; for establishments using the continuous working day system. The canteen must be kept in a perfect state of cleanliness. In the same way, it must offer adequate comfort and ventilation notably allowing workers to have something to eat in a sitting position. The food served to the workers must be in sufficient quantity and of good quality, offering the required hygiene and cleanliness conditions.
A decree adopted following the approval of the National Labor Council specifies the implementation provisions of the present section and notably the size of workforce from which the set up of a canteen is indicated, the standards of the food served to workers, as well as the employer’s right deduct from salary for catering.
Decree not yet published
PROTECTION AGAINST CERTAIN WORK-RELATED RISKS (Art 120 –123) To prevent the risks of accidents, the facilities, materials and equipments are submitted to mandatory security standards. They must be the subject of systematic control, maintenance and verification. It is forbidden to make the workers sleep in the workshops assigned for industrial use. Night
The code does not provide for any implementation texts in these two fields.
Fitting in the implementation field of the Order N° 889 of May 20th 1960, of colonial times and setting the General Work Hygiene and Security Measures, the DSST is carrying out
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watchmen must have an appropriate shelter available. The premises allotted for the workers to sleep in must have a correct air space and must be maintained in perfect cleanliness and ventilation state. Each company must take the necessary measures so that any beginning of fire can be quickly and effectively fought. The employer is bound to inform and train the workers on the security and health measures relating to the work position. ON THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT The employer must take into consideration the measures for the protection of the environment, whether physical or geographical. For this purpose, operating businesses must progressively adjust to the national environmental management guidelines and standards in accordance with the legislative and regulatory texts in force. According to their size and their capacity, it is desirable that these businesses fit out leisure areas. It is advised that the company undertake sanitation activities such as rat extermination, clearing, and treatment with insecticide. The employer is bound to maintain or have maintained a motivating working atmosphere.
its inspection work by also using this Order as a work tool, even though the presentation of the purpose of Law 2003-044 establishing the new Labor Laws specifies that « work hygiene, security and environmental regulations that have in fact been the subject of a Code separate from the Law n°94-027 are now merged with the Labor Code in order to facilitate implementation because it is more logical ».
ON OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH The mission of the occupational medical service is to prevent any alteration in the workers’ health resulting from their work, particularly to monitor their hygiene and security conditions in the workplace. Its role is first and foremost preventive. The occupational medical service is a business occupational medical service or an occupational medical service or inter-business or inter-institution occupational medical service, according to the provisions for in the implementation texts. Any special dispensation will be defined statutorily. Any natural person or legal entity practicing an activity of any nature and employing one or several workers is bound to ensure the medical-sanitary services as defined in the above article. Through voluntary contribution, independent workers and professionals can benefit from the services of the occupational medical service of their geographical area. CONSULTATIVE AND CONTROL BODIES (art 131-133) A Technical Consultative Committee (or Comité Technique Consultatif) is instituted with the Ministry in charge of Labor with, as missions: the technical study of the issues related to health
at work; the organizing of worker training against
The Decree N°2003 – 1162 still remains in force, organizes the Occupational Health and provides for some exceptions and/or special dispensations to the principles enumerated by the Labor Code provisions. All employers are obligated to adhere to a Inter-Business Medical Service (or Service Médical Inter-Enpreprises - SMIE), or eventually to its creation, when it is located beyond the 30 km radius of an existing SMIE… The creation is mandatory in the case of employment by the businesses of more than 1500 Workers in the action radius above.
Occupational Health is normally supplied by Occupational medical Services (or Services Médicaux de Travail - SMT) i.e. Inter-Business Medical Services, (SMIE) or exceptionally, by Autonomous Business Medical Services (or Services Médicaux Autonomes d’Entreprises), in the establishments located beyond the area of intervention of the SMIEs. Article 2 paragraph 2 of the said Decree stipulates that: « when the number of workers or geographical remoteness does not justify the creation or the normal operation of a SMT, services are delivered, at the expense of the
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professional risks; the control of recommendations made by the
National Orientation Council for Social Protection (or Conseil National d’Orientation de la Protection Sociale).
The Workers’ Council (or Comité d’Entreprise) provided for in article 159 of the current Law attends to the implementation of regulations relating to hygiene, security at work and the environment. The technical control of the implementation provisions of the present heading is a matter for the national and regional Occupational Inspector Doctor, who is entitled to refer a case to the competent Health and Safety Inspector to apply the formal notice if need be.
employers, by the State Medical Services, in the framework of the Care Conventions (or Conventions de Soins) ». In all of Madagascar, we made a census of 27 SMIEs which are distributed nearly proportionally in the 6 ex-provinces. As we have previously mentioned: « the DSST carries out inspections using as a work tool an Order N° 889 of May 20th 1960, of colonial times setting the General Work Hygiene and Security Measures
DIFFERENT PROVISIONS OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH: Article 134-Article 135. Any institution must meet all the hygiene, security and environment standards regulating the branch of activity before workers can be employed in it. An interministerial commission in charge of controlling the conditions of hygiene, security and the environment before the opening of the establishment is created and gives its opinion on the respect of the hygiene, security and environmental standards.
A Decree taken following the approval of the National Labor Council sets the organization and operation of this commission, as well as the departments to be represented in it. An Order of the Minister in charge of Labor appoints the members of the commission on the proposal of concerned departments.
Decree and Order yet unpublished (in other words, we can consider, that absence that « anyone could create any kind of business »…). .
PROFESSIONAL RELATIONSHIPS THE WORKERS’ UNIONS AND EMPLOYERS’ ORGANIZATIONS (art 136-151) Exercising trade union rights is recognized in the respect of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution. Workers and employers, without any distinction, are entitled without any prior authorization, to form organizations of their choice, as well as to join these organizations, at the sole condition that they comply with the statutes of the latter, or to not join them. They are represented, as social partners, in the dialogue structures, the social policy and social fund management bodies and in the agreement negotiations requiring the intervention of a regulatory action, by the most representative professional groups and union organizations. The representative nature is established by the elements brought by the concerned organizations and the labor administration.
Very detailed in its descriptions and explicit at least in its provisions, the code does not provide for any implementation text.
The question of representativeness is far from being solved.
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Federation and Confederations Workers’ unions and employers’ organizations have the right to form federations and confederations as well as to join them. Any organization, federation or confederation is entitled to joining international worker unions or employer organizations. Guaranteed respect of right and liberties The public authorities must refrain from any intervention that would limit this right or hinder its legal exercise. In the case of a violation of the previous paragraph, the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to hear the related dispute. Workers are protected against any act of discrimination infringing on the union freedom in terms of employment. It is forbidden to: subordinate a worker’s employment to his/her membership or to the cessation of his/her activities within a trade union; dismiss a worker or be detrimental to his/her interests by any other means, due to his/her trade union membership or to his/her participation trade union activities. It is forbidden for any employer to deduct union dues from the salary of one’s staff and to pay them on behalf of the latter. The company director or his/her representative must not use any means of pressure in favor or against any kind of union organization. Any measure taken by the employer, contrary to the provisions of the previous paragraphs is considered as null and void by right and results in damages to the benefit of the person wronged. Exercising trade union rights Workers’ trade unions have the right to exercise their activities to promote and defend interests within businesses. Trade Unions are legal entities. They have the right to go to court. They can acquire without authorization, free of charge or against payments movable goods and, subject to the legislation in force, immovable goods. They can, before all jurisdictions, including the Supreme Court, exercise all the rights reserved to the claimant relative to the facts that directly or indirectly prejudice the interest of workers, employers or the organization. Trade Union section Within the company, a trade union section can be created as soon as it contains seven (07) members. The trade unions have the right to appoint representatives to: attend statutory congresses and seminars of the trade union; participate in trainings organized by the International Labor Organization (or Bureau International du Travail); participate in the
A Decree determines the conditions in which the regional local districts make, according to their possibilities, premises available to the unions for them to hold their sessions.
To this day, by referring to the provisional provisions of the new Labor Laws, the Decree N° 71 – 222 of May 11th 1971 relating to making premises available to professional trade unions meant to be used for their meetings remains still in force.
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international meetings to which they are invited. Trade Union and inter trade union representative The trade union representative is appointed by the company’s trade union section. As soon as two (02) trade union sections coexist in a company, they can form a trade union platform and appoint one or several inter trade union representatives. Should the trade unions disagree on the appointment of inter trade union representatives, no inter trade union representative can be instituted within the institution or business. The appointment and the destitution of inter trade union representatives are under the authority of the unions. To accomplish their mission, the trade union and inter trade union representatives benefit from: an hourly credit of two (02) hours per week used
in agreement with the employer. the same protection than the elected staff
representatives in matters of dismissal. The functions of the trade union representative are incompatible with those of the staff representative. OF THE STAFF REPRESENTATIVES (Article 153. – 156) Mandatory elections of staff representatives Staff representatives are necessarily elected in establishments where more than eleven (11) wage-earning workers are employed. They have a two (02) year mandate, they can be reelected. The mandate of the outgoing staff representatives can be extended by two (02) months. Past this deadline:
if the employer does not organize elections, he is liable to penalties;
if workers do not present any candidates, the shortcoming is noted by the responsible Health and Safety Inspector and the employer is protected from the lack of staff representative for the twelve (12) months following the date provided for the holding of elections.
Dismissal of the staff representatives Any dismissal of a staff representative considered by an employer must be submitted to the decision of the responsible Health and Safety Inspector who must intervene within a forty five (45) days time limit of the submission of the case. Past this time limit, the Health and Safety Inspector’s silence is worth approval of the dismissal. The same procedure is applicable to the dismissal of former staff representatives for a six (06) month period starting from the expiration of their mandate, and to candidates
An Order of the Minister in charge of Labor sets : The number of staff
representatives according to the categories of establishments and the minimum number of workers;
the modalities of the election must take place by secret ballot and in the first round, on the lists established by the trade unions within each establishment, for each staff category;
the requirements for voters and eligible individuals;
the contesting relating to the electorate, to the eligibility of staff representatives and to the regularity of the election operations;
the duration considered and remunerated as working hours that the representatives have to carry out their functions and the means made available to them;
the conditions in which
Following the explanations given at the MFPTLS (DRT), the following texts which are not codified still remain in force for the effectiveness of the implementation of these provisions: Order N° 421 of January 21st 1968 setting the election method and the status of the staff representatives in businesses. Decree N°61- 225 of January 26th 1961; litigation procedure of the staff representatives’ elections. The Number of staff representative election minutes received by the Regional Directorate for Civil Service, Labor and Social Laws (or Direction Régionale de la Fonction Publique,
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to the functions of staff representatives from the registration of their candidacy and for a three (03) month period following the ballot. However, in the case of a serious offense, the employer can only suspend the work contract after having informed the responsible Health and Safety Inspector. The Staff representatives have a monthly credit of fifteen (15) hours to carry out their duties. This duration cannot be held concurrently, is remunerated and considered as working hours.
they are received by the employers or his/her representative;
the dismissal conditions of the representative by the workers’ college which elected him/her.
du Travail et des Lois Sociales), (covering in practice the provincial administrative district), goes up to 167 for 2007, against 23 elections represented by unions. This difference is hardly explainable as is.
WORKERS’ COUNCIL Article 159- 167 A Workers’ council is instituted, in all the businesses subject to the Labor Laws and employing fifty (50) permanent workers on, is a two-party consultative body, is a negotiation, dialogue and collaboration platform, intervening in the framework of the business. It is consulted and gives its opinion on all the questions pertaining to the life of the workers: working conditions, social and cultural affairs, hygiene, security, work health and environment, individual or collective redundancy for economic motives, work disagreement. Rights and obligations of the members: The members of the Workers’ council are entitled to: be informed on the functioning of the company; proceed to the submission of a case to the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration or to the labor court;
be protected against improper dismissal; appeal to an expert’s office.
The members of the Workers’ council are bound to secrecy. They must moreover: establish a periodical report intended for the workers by way of display and by the keeping minutes; participate in the different Committee activities. The Workers’ council is made up of: - elected worker and trade union and inter union representatives, on the one hand; - and by the employer or his/her representatives, on the other hand. Dismissal of a member Any dismissal of Workers’ council member envisaged by the employer must necessarily be submitted to the Health and Safety Inspector’s decision that must intervene within a time limit of forty five (45) days. The same procedure is applicable to the dismissal of former Workers’ council members for a six (06) month period starting from the expiry of their mandate and, of the candidates to the function of Workers’ councils from the registration of the candidacies on and for a three (03) month period following the ballot. However, in the case of a serious offense, the employer can only suspend the work contract of the concerned party after having informed the responsible Health and Safety Inspector.
A Decree passed following the approval of the National Labor Council should have set the numbers of worker and employer members within the Workers’ council (CE), the exercising of the functions of the latter as well as the provisions of election, dismissal and replacement. The Decree N° 2005 – 728 on the organization and operation of the workers’ council (CE) specifies amongst other things: - The CE’s attributions: formulation and examination at the employer’s request of any proposal susceptible to improve the work, employment and vocational training conditions. This exercises its missions without any prejudice to the missions passed on to staff and union representatives. The CE’s operation The composition, election, deliberation method of the CE and some miscellaneous provisions relating to sanctions and penalties in the case of a violation of some provisions of the current decree.
In the framework of the economic attribution of the CE, article 3 of the present Decree stipulates that: « the employer must supply the CE with all the information on the motives of layoffs provided for by the company ». Article 4 of the called Decree still expressly states that: « the CE is necessarily and in due time referred to about any collective redundancy project for economic motives as well as about the recovery package provided for by the employer. It issues its opinion within 20 days following this consultation and this opinion is transmitted by the employer to the Health and Safety Inspector responsible ». Let us note that this article seems to cause practical implementation problems if we refer to the claims of the strikers of the TELMA company which is considering a collective redundancy for economic motives but which recently still came up against the workers’ strike. In the administrative district of Antananarivo (ex-province) there are 27 establishments with a Workers’ council each. The regional Occupational Safety and Health Administration have carried out 18 awareness raising sessions within businesses.
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OF POLICIES AND PROCEDURES (art 168 – 172) Policies and procedures are written document through which, the employer sets the general and permanent rules relating to his/her technical organization of the establishment and to the general discipline, determining the nature and the degree of sanctions liable to be passed as well as the procedure provisions guaranteeing the rights to defense, the hygiene and security rules necessary to its smooth running. Any other clause that would come to feature in it, notably those relating to remuneration, are considered null and void by right. The drafting of policies and procedures is mandatory in all the companies usually employing at least eleven (11) workers. When a company includes distinct establishments, the policies and procedures of the company can include specific clauses for some establishments or another. The drafting of policies and procedures is of the employer’s authority. Draft policies and procedures must be communicated by the employer to the staff representatives for approval. Any other similar regulation elaborated by the employer and contrary to the present provisions, notably those contained in organizational rules as well as negotiable provisions in the field of the collective agreement is null and of null effect. The employer is prohibited from inflicting fines in any shape or form.
An Order of the Minister in charge of Labor sets: the minimum
content of the policies and procedures
the modes for the stamping, registration, public display of the policies and procedures
the policies and procedures template;
The applicable sanctions.
Following the explanations given by the DRT to the MFPTLS, the Order N° 1454/IGT of July 20th 1954 setting the communication, registration and public display modes of the policies and procedures, is still in force for the effective implementation of these provisions of the Laws: At the regional level (Antananarivo district), we made a list for 2007 of: 53 policies and procedures stamped at the IT level
OF INSTITUTION AGREEMENTS AND OF THE COLLECTIVE AGREEMENT: Art 173 – 183 Collective Agreement: The Collective Labor Agreement is a written contract relating to the working conditions concluded: 1- At the company level:
a) where less than fifty (50) workers are employed, it is concluded between: one or several employers or a group of employers, on the one hand; and the staff representatives, on the other hand. b) starting from fifty (50) workers, the worker entity is represented by the Workers’ council.
2- For a level beyond the company’s framework, the Collective Agreement is concluded between one or several employers or group of employers; and the representatives designated by the trade union platform of the unit considered or, if need be, the representatives of the most representative unions of the unit. The Collective Agreement must mention the provisions more favorable than those of laws and regulations in force. They cannot go against public order provisions.
Extension decree of the collective agreement The provisions of one can be made mandatory for the employers and the workers included in the professional implementation field of the convention.
This Decree does not exist and the Ministry does not plan to elaborate it yet « According to the relevance», according to DRT, the Directorate estimates that it is not a matter of priority and no draft Decree is under elaboration. It seems, still according to the DRT, that this provision of the Laws (the extension) is very much subject of disputes from the groups of employers.
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As soon as the business usually employs fifty (50) workers, the negotiation of a collective agreement is mandatory. Institution agreements Agreements concerning one or several specific establishments can be concluded between, on the one hand, an employer or a group of employers and, on the other hand, the staff representatives or trade union sections of the concerned establishment or establishments, designated in agreement between them and, eventually, assisted by a person of their choice. The purpose of an institution agreement is to adapt, to the specific conditions of the establishment(s) considered, the collective convention provisions. They can anticipate provisions more favorable to the workers. For lack of a collective agreement, the institution agreement relates to, at least on the professional classification, the setting of salaries and exceptional permissions. It is liable to an extension. When there is no national or regional collective agreement, the business or institutional conventions can establish working conditions as well as the social guarantees in the framework of the current chapter’s provisions. Otherwise, they can adapt the collective agreement provisions to the special conditions of the company or establishment. They can provide for provisions or clauses more favorable to the workers. A collective agreement whose area of application is regional or national is concluded, on the workers’ side by the most representative union organization representatives and, on the employers’ side by the union representatives or any other representative employer group. The representativeness of the employer and worker organizations is measured by the following criteria: - for the professional employer groups: multisectoral group legally formed and operational; number of formal businesses (paying a tax) directly or indirectly affiliated; size of workforce declared at the Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale; amount of dues payed yearly to the Caisse Nationale de Prévoyance Sociale; geographic set-up, - for the workers’ unions: multisectoral union; number of staff representatives elected in the name of the union or union group; geographic set-up; international affiliation.
A Decree, taken following the approval of the National Labor Council, can, for lack or pending the establishment of a collective agreement, regulate working conditions for a specific branch of activity. A Decree passed after the approval of the CNT set the negotiation, conclusion, membership, revision and denunciation conditions of the collective agreements and institution agreements.
According to the DRT, it is a question of a « Substitute Decree » - but a legal vacuum surrounds this provision. This Decree does not exist. It does not even appear in the list of « classification by order of priority of the regulatory texts », as it is established by the DRT which, furthermore, acts as the CNT’s secretariat. The Regional Directorate estimates based on its experience, a very explicit provision that is mandatory to force the institution of a collective agreement should be provided in the Labor Code , at least in one given branch of activity. But this declaration of intent has not materialized yet.
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OF THE NATIONAL LABOR COUNCIL: Article 184- Article 187. A National Labor Council (or Conseil National du Travail – CNT) is instituted with the Ministry in charge of Labor, a three-party consultation, dialogue and control body. It forms a meeting and negotiation framework between the social partners in terms of salary and working conditions and, an information framework in all matters included in its scope of activity. Three-party Regional Labor Councils are created at the level of each region. The National Labor Council contributes to determining the national policy in the field of labor and vocational training for the promotion of the workers working in the firms. Thus: it ensures the control of the implementation of the
policy thus defined; it is consulted in the design of the legislative and
regulatory texts coming into its domain; it determines the mechanism to set minimum
wage and set the minimum remuneration rate.
The National Labor Council is consulted by the National Technical and Vocational Training Council (or Conseil National de la Formation Technique et Professionnelle), an organization in charge of establishing the orientations and ensuring their implementation, in the matter of national policy relating to professional training in general and to vocational training in particular. The National Labor Council can form, if it seems necessary, internal specific technical committees responsible for examining and issuing proposals on any issue of a technical nature relating to work, employment and vocational training. It is notably relates to: the hygiene and security committee; the labor and professional training committee; the social protection committee; the purchasing power and wage committee; the labor committee.
The Organization and the operation of the National Labor Committee and Regional Three-Party Labor Councils are set by Decree as well as policies and procedures. Decree N° 2005-329 repealed decree n°97-1149 of September 18th 199, bearing on the creation of a National Labor Council.
In principle, the National Labor Council, created with the Ministry in charge of Labor, should be a three-party consultation, dialogue, meeting, negotiation organization between the social partners and of information relating to employment and vocational training, social protection, labor and wage. Yet the first article of the said Decree in its paragraph 2 sets out an exception limiting the CNT’s negotiation power. Indeed, this paragraph stipulates expressly that: « However, the negotiation provided for in paragraph 2 must not have for effect of infringing on the public order provisions provided for by the laws and regulations in force ».
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OF THE NATIONAL LABOR INSTITUTE: Article 188.- Article 190 A National Labor Institute is instituted with the Ministry in charge of Labor, an administrative institution which is a legal entity, endowed with financial autonomy and its own assets. Inter-Regional Delegations of the National Labor Institute are created in each Autonomous Province. The mission of the National Labor Institute is to ensure the permanent training of the workers with a view to allowing them to participate actively in the economic and social life of their company and country, and to fully ensure their union and related functions. Thus, it notably aims to: valorize human resources; build the capacities of the employer and worker
organizations on social dialogue promotion; offer leaders, union frameworks and workers, a
technical assistance and general training in the areas of labor, business management, economy and working conditions fields;
make services, documentations available to them and, notably to publish a liaison bulletin for the workers and employers;
carry out research on labor, notably in terms of hygiene and health at work, work environment;
to contribute to the creation of a labor statistics observatory and a Data Bank Center on Labor;
set up a bank of projects for superannuated or dismissed workers, with a view to their social reinsertion.
Moreover, the National Labor Institute: collaborates in the research works carried out by
the Technical Departments of labor, of employment and of worker social protection;
participates in the training of the Health and Safety Inspectors and Controllers.
The organization and operation modalities of the National Labor Institute are set by Decree (Order) of the Ministry in charge of Labor. Decree N°2003 – 857 of August 19th 2003 on the National Labor Institute (or Institut National de Travail - INTra): A public institute of an administrative and educational nature, under the technical and administrative supervision of the Minister in charge of labor, under the budgetary supervision of the Minister in charge of the budget and under the accounting supervision of the Minister in charge of Public Accounting. The bodies of the institute are: The Administrative Council: deliberative body - 04 State representatives of which 02 of the Minister in charge of Labor and 02 of the Minister in charge of Finance and of Budget. - 04 representatives designated by the Trade Unions, - 04 representatives from the employers Organizations. Management: executive body The Institute is managed by a Director. The Director is in charge of achieving the objectives of the institute in accordance with Administration Council directives. The INTra Director is assisted in his functions by 04 departments, 06
The INTra currently has 24 Agents of which 8 executives. In reality, according to collected information the departments provided for in the organizational chart defined in the framework of this decree do not exist. Actually, there are only 3 services: an Administrative and Financial Service, a Methodology and Educational Material Service, and a Documentation Service. No Regional structure is set up as of today. The activities of the INTra are modest. It is essentially a matter of training under the shape of service provisions, in answer to eventual requests from the businesses. For example, the training in matters of collective agreement elaboration in the QMM Company (QIT Madagascar Minerals in Fort Dauphin), sole large activity carried out by the INtra in 2007. The INtra does not carry out any training on the notion and trade union right in 2007. In the framework of its 2008 objectives are: the setting up of inter-regional structures the training on the setting up of the workers’ council for companies with more than 50 employees. Comment: these objectives are not quantified!
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inter-regional delegations and 02 services directly attached to Management: - Administrative and Financial Department, - Information and Documentation Department - Study and Training Department - Department to Support Entrepreneurial Initiatives - Public Relation Service - Legislation and Legal Department Service. The Inter-regional Delegations which are the devolved INTra structures take on the missions and attributions falling into the Institute’s field of activity in each administrative district (ex-province) to infuse the regional socio-economic development initiatives. Article 26: The National Labor Institute is surrogate to the rights and taxes of the National Labor Education Center (or Centre National d’Education Ouvrière - CNEO) created by Decree n°80 – 195 of August 11 1980.
OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING General dispositions: Article 191- Article 196. Vocational training is a right for the worker and a duty for the Nation. The object of vocational training is the workers’ adaptation to technical changes and working conditions and, promoting the workers’ social advancement and their access to the different levels of qualification. Vocational training of workers who are working include: the initial training under the form of learning provided for in articles 30 and following the current Law, or sandwich course; continuous vocational training. Any worker is entitled to an educational/training leave.
The State, local groups, public institutions, public and private learning institutions, associations, professional organizations as well as businesses, work towards ensuring vocational training in the conditions defined by regulatory texts,
The Directorate for Employment and Vocational Training (or Direction de l’Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle) (Vocational Training Promotion Service), prepared 3 regulatory texts, which, since April 2007, have been the subject of several
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The duration of the educational/training leave is limited to twelve (12) working days per calendar year, travel time not included and remunerated as work hours by the employer. The conditions to grant these permissions are determined by Order of the Minister in charge of Labor. The remuneration aimed at in the previous article paid during the educational/training leave is equal to the basic salary usually paid to the beneficiary. - Permissions non deductible from leaves of a total duration of twelve (12) working days, travel time not included, are granted per calendar year in one or two parts, at the request of the worker regularly commissioned by his/her trade union organization, to allow him/her to attend statutory congresses, workers’ union seminars and international meetings to which he/she is invited. These permissions are remunerated on an agreement of the parties or following the collective agreement provisions or according to the common practice of the establishment. The authorized absences to satisfy the above mentioned provisions cannot, in each establishment, reduce by more than ten (10) percent the size of each professional category of workers of the company. The requests, handed to the head of the establishment at least fifteen (15) days ahead of time, are kept in the order of their registration. The permissions obtained in the conditions defined in the articles above are assimilated to an actual service for the determination, of the rights to paid leave as well as any rights that the employee gets from his seniority in the firm.
notably those that set: the form and
modalities of the partnership;
the conditions of content, form and effects of the learning contract and of the employment/training contract;
the convention establishment and agreement granting modalities; the organization and operating of the continuous vocational training;
the rights and obligations of the State and social partners.
In accordance with the Law n° 91- 018 of August 05th 1991, the National Council for Technical and Vocational Training targeted in article 181 above is the executive body under the supervision of the Ministry in charge of employment, in charge of elaborating and implementing the aforementioned regulatory texts.
meetings within the « Employment and Vocational Training of the CNT » Commission. These 3 texts notably cover the standards applicable to continuous vocational training or formation professionnelle continue (FPC), the assent conditions and modalities to the FPC organizations and the organization and operations of the FPC. These draft regulatory text are currently being examined by the CNT Bureau with a view to their presentation to the CNT General Assembly – but no set date is really provided for their adoption and publication.
OF THE SANDWHICH COURSE: Article 197.- Article 198 Is considered a sandwich course, any training given within the company aiming to have the candidate to a determined work position acquire, the technical and gestural know how required by the position that he/she could occupy at the end of his/her training. The sandwich course presents itself under the form of an employment/training contract, a qualification contract, an adaptation contract or a beginner’s course to professional life contract. OF THE CONTINUOUS VOCATIONAL TRAINING The continuous vocational training has as an object the adaptation of the workers to technical and working conditions changes to favor social advancement as well as their access to different levels of qualification.
As a rule, Decree N° 2008 – 109 setting the attributions of the Minister of Civil Service, Labor and Social Laws as well as the general organization of his/her ministry determine in its Article 4 the mission of the Directorate of Employment and Vocational Training, direct supervision of the Vocational Training Promotion Service. Indeed, « under the authority of the Director General of Employment,
The considerable delay noted in the appointment confirmation of the Department Head of the Vocational Training promotion (Ministerial Order of Appointment April 14th 2008) but already in his/her job since May 2007 led to hesitations in the decisional process relating to the promotion of vocational training, in the Department. Besides this delay, material, human and
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Labor, Laws and Social Insertion, the Director ensures the role of managing the operations in terms of labor market access facilitation and the respective promotion of full-time decent, productive and sustainable employment, of vocational training and of professionalism according to the labor market’s needs » . Furthermore, « the Director designs, leads and ensures the coordination, control, and control of the activities programmed at the level of the services placed under its authority ».
financial capacity problems are also noted at the level of this service.
OF INDIVIDUAL LABOR DISPUTE Of the procedure before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Article 199.- art 204 Amicable agreement before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration Any worker or any employer can ask the Occupational Safety and Health Administration to settle amicably a dispute with his/her employer. However, the submission of a case to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is mandatory before the relevant jurisdiction can settle disputes opposing a worker still under contract with his/her employer. Likewise in the case of a flagrant violation of the legal provisions. The submission of the case is then carried out on denunciation of one of the parties. The submission of the case is, on the other hand, optional as soon as the work relations between the two parties are broken off. It is as such in a case of the employer’s refusal to pay the outstanding balance of any account. The administrative district not equipped with an Occupational Safety and Health Administration refers the case to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration that has jurisdiction. The Health and Safety Inspector, having previously been referred the case, is authorized to put an end to an infraction to the provisions of the present Labor Laws as soon as he/she has the positive proofs of its existence and to request the restoration of the situation. The conciliation procedure before the Occupational
The code does not provide for any implementation text Yet, Decree N° 61 – 226 of May 19th 1961 creating a framework of Health and Safety Inspectors and of the Social Laws and setting the particular status of framework, which still remains in force as long as the new status which received the approval of the Higher Civil Service Committee (or Comite Supérieur de la Fonction Publique - CSFOP) is not promulgated, stipulates in its article 2 that: « the Health and Safety and Social Law Inspectors take on the administrative tasks of design, management and control that are incumbent upon the Labor and Social Law
According to the information from the Provincial Service of Labor and Social Laws, following its 2007 annual activity report for all the cases submitted to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (i.e. around 4200), the individual disputes represent around 60% of the cases. In around 60% of the cases, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration has brought to a successful conclusion a conciliation procedure to which around 5% of « partial conciliation » must be added. A little more than 10% of the cases were closed without any follow up at the level of the Public Prosecutor.
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Safety and Health Administration is mandatory when the latter has the case officially submitted to it before any action in front of the relevant jurisdiction. The Health and Safety Inspector responsible automatically summons the other party to the dispute in order to hear its point of view and attempt to settle the dispute amicably. Parties are obligated to respond to the Health and Safety Inspector’s summons in the framework of the conciliation. The Health and Safety Inspector is obliged to draw up a statement and to deliver a copy to each party regardless of the conciliation procedure’s outcome: a conciliation statement, if it was agreed to by the
parties; a partial conciliation statement, if there is a
disagreement on some points; a non-conciliation statement in the case of a
complete failure of the conciliation and; an insolvency statement in case of a failure to
appear of one of the parties after a third summons.
Department and to its external services. … When they are in service at the Department, they are in charge, under the authority of the Labor and Social Law Director, of implementing the running of the social matters, the general directives of the Government, of preparing the law drafts, of regulations and decisions relating to labor and social laws » . Regulated by Decree N° 2008 – 109 setting the attribution of the Minister of Civil Service, Labor and Social Laws, the Regional Directorate of Civil Service, of Labor and Social Laws, through the intervention of its Regional Service, (covering in practice the provincial district), which has dependant Health and Safety Inspectors and Controllers, ensure the real implementation of the social laws.
On the other hand collective disputes only represent 3% of all the dossiers (i.e. 141 dossiers). Nearly 50% of them have been the subject of a conciliation procedure (total or partial) under the aegis of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 9 sick leaves were noted in companies coming under the EPZ Law.
Introduction of the action before the relevant jurisdiction In the case of a partial conciliation, of conciliation failure or of the other party’s insolvency, the Health and Safety Inspector reminds the plaintiff that he/she can institute his/her action before the relevant jurisdiction. Furthermore, if a party does not appear or does not send a valid proxy, the Health and Safety Inspector draws up a statement in the light of which the relevant jurisdiction pronounces the sentence provided for in article 473 of the Penal Code. In the case of one of the parties’ refusal to carry out the conciliation statement, the President of the Labor Court can, by ruling, decide at the request of one of the parties that the statement will be given an enforceable form by the Clerk of the Court. Any case having already been submitted to the relevant jurisdiction and having been the object of a decision is enforceable. It can no longer be brought before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration which
The fact a party does not answer the Health and Safety Inspector’s summons constitutes a hindrance to an officer in the exercise of his/her duties sanctioned by article 473 of the Penal Code. If necessary, s/he can appeal to the police for the execution of his/her mission. S/he is capacitated to directly refer to the relevant legal authorities.
Considering the relatively large number of cases subject closing without any follow up at the level of the Public Prosecutor, several heads of the MFPTLS at the regional level estimate that the real enforcement of this Article 239 of the Labor Code is deficient. Indeed, according to them, the employers often only send a simple representative before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, without worrying about the
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should declare it inadmissible. The same goes for a case settled once and for all at the level of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. In case of a dispute based on the violation of a provision of the texts in force, the Health and Safety Inspector can intervene by mail or telephone with the employer with a view to have him/her take such measure or another towards his/her employee to restore the situation and observe the legal provisions. The Health and Safety Inspector determines the rights of the plaintiff worker provided for in the texts and orders, consequently, restoring the aforementioned rights as well as the payment of amounts due to the employee wronged in virtue of the legal and regulatory provisions, in case of: non-issuance of a dismissal letter; non-payment of salary; non-payment of the compensatory allowance of
non-taken leave; non-payment of notice; non-payment of the dismissal allowance if the
need arise; non-issuance of provisional employment
certificate or work certificate. The failure to pay or to restore then leads to a direct action before the relevant legal authority.
sentences and fines provided for in Article 473 of the Penal Code. It follows that the Health and Safety Inspector draws up a statement and sends it to the Public Prosecutor who, frequently, closes the cases without any follow ups or sends them in turn to the relevant jurisdiction (or juridiction compétente - JT) with all the delays that result from this process. This situation, according to them, challenges the authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. It is the reason why the Health and Safety Inspectors plead for a reform of Article 239 of the Labor Code in a more restrictive direction.
Labor jurisdictions: Article 205.- 208 Labor jurisdictions, which know the individual disputes between the worker and his/her employer, are instituted with the Courts: disputes from the interpretation of the Law or of the collective agreement or for institution agreements; disputes during the work contract or apprenticeship contract; disputes not conciliated before the Occupational Safety and Health Administration regularly referred to. Any case already settled at the level of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration brought before the Labor Court must be declared inadmissible by the latter. The labor jurisdiction has as a double mission to conciliate and judge in the case of a failure to conciliate. The relevant court is the one of the workplace. However, the worker can also, following the breaking off of the work contract, refer to the court of his/her place of residence or that of the place of residence of the employer.
Of the negotiation: Article 211 – 216 The first step of the procedure which is mandatory is the negotiation. The negotiation is an attempt of the two parties to find grounds for agreement on the dissension points, without any involvement from a third party. The negotiation proceeds from the collective negotiation: at the business level, in the framework of the
Workers’ council or failing so, between the staff representatives and the employer or his/her representative;
The code does not provide for any implementation text
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at a level beyond the business framework
between one or several trade union organizations represented by the inter trade union delegates on the one hand and one or several employers’ business organizations on the other hand.
The procedure is launched by a letter of complaint addressed by the workers to the employer. The letter must be signed by the workers’ representatives, by the Workers’ council or, failing this by the staff representatives. A copy of this letter is addressed, for information, to the concerned Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The employer is obliged to organize a first negotiation meeting after a time limit of seventy two (72) hours starting from the notification of the letter of complaint. At the request of a party, negotiation meetings result either in: the final settlement of the conflict, the parties
then draw up a statement on the benefits of the negotiation;
the partial settlement of the conflict, the statement drawn by the parties distinguishes the point gained and the points on which no agreement was reached;
failure: in the cases where the employer has not organized the negotiation sessions in the time allotted;
in default of an agreement on all the points of the letter of complaint; for non-appearance of one or both parties to the negotiation session.
In all the cases provided for in the previous article, a copy of the statement is addressed by the most diligent party to the concerned Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The Health and Safety Inspector is bound, within a time limit of forty eight (48) hours of the case submission, to record the success or the failure of the negotiation. The right to strike or the lock-out is acquired from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s reception of the record of complete or partial success of the negotiation, subject to the observation of a forty eight (48) hour time limit of notice addressed by registered letter to the other party. A copy of this letter of notice is communicated to the Mediator.
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Of the mediation: Article 217.- 219 The second stage of the procedure is the mediation. It is mandatory and intermediary between the negotiation and the arbitration. The mediation calls for the intervention of the mediator appointed in agreement between the two parties in dispute. The Health and Safety Inspector responsible is appointed automatically as mediator. His/her mission is to reconcile the differing positions of the parties in conflict while helping them finding a honorable and mutually acceptable settlement. For this purpose, he/she has a time limit of forty eight (48) hours following the negotiation failure report to summons the parties in conflict. The duration of the mediation is set at three (03) days starting from its start. It can be extended by the mediator if he/she estimates a probable settlement within a reasonable time limit. In the districts which are remote and without a Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the head of the local administrative district substitutes him- or herself to the Health and Safety Inspector. The parties can be represented by people of their choice with a view to the mediation. If a party does not appear or is not validly represented, the mediator summons the parties again within forty eight (48) hours. Non-appearance constitutes a hindrance to the Health and Safety Inspectors in the exercise of their duties sanctioned article 473 of the Penal Code. The mediator has a real power of investigation in order to find out the particulars of the problem with a maximum of details, notably through investigations and assessments. The mediator can formulate a partial or global recommendation of dispute settlement. The latter is not enforced on the parties. At the end of the mediation, the mediator establishes, depending on the case, a statement recording the agreement, or the complete or partial disagreement of the parties as well as, failing so, the recommendation of the mediator. The parties countersign the statement and receive a certified copy. The points acquired by the mediator are immediately enforceable; the mediation statement must set its lead time.
The code does not provide for any implementation text
Of the arbitration: Article 220.- 227 In the case of a mediation failure, the collective dispute is submitted by the Ministry in charge of Labor and Social Laws: either to the contractual arbitration procedure enforced by a collective agreement binding the parties; or to an arbitration procedure of the competent Labor Court. The arbitration can only relate to points that have not resulted in an agreement during the mediation. Any new request not been submitted to mediation is inadmissible.The Conciliation board instituted in each jurisdiction is
The code does not provide for any implementation text.
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made up of: the President of the County Court (or Tribunal de
Première Instance), President of the Council; the competent President of the Labor Court (or
Tribunal du Travail) or failing which the one who carries out the functions of Health and Safety Inspector
an assessor employer appointed by the employer among the assessor employers in the annual list of the tribunal;
an assessor worker appointed by the workers among the assessor workers in the annual list of the tribunal.
If the mediator’s report contains a recommendation, the burden of proof before the conciliation board is the responsibility of the party which rejects it. The arbitration does not suspend the ongoing strike or lock-out. The arbitral sentence must be motivated and immediately notified to both parties. This decision is final and without appeal. It ends the dispute. Starting from the passing on of this decision to the parties, the strike or lock-out must end. The mediation agreement and arbitral sentences are immediately inserted in the Journal Officiel and displayed in the offices of the person in charge of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The original drafts of the agreements and arbitral sentences are registered Labor Court Clerk’s Office of the location of the dispute. The mediation and arbitration procedure is free. The strike: Article 228- 231 The right to strike, recognized and guaranteed by the Constitution, is practiced in the framework of the texts in force and after exhaustion of the collective dispute settlement procedures provided for by articles 203 and following of the present Laws. The strike is a complete, concerted and collective stop of work decided by the employees of a company or establishment to bring professional demands that have not been satisfied to a successful conclusion. The right to strike of the employees subject to the present Laws cannot be limited by requisitioning in the case of disturbance of the peace or in the case where the strike would endanger the life, the security or the health of any or part of the population. The strike suspends the work contract; the employee is exempted from providing his/her usual work service; he/she regains his/her employment at the end of the strike and cannot be sanctioned for his/her participation to the strike. The employer is exempted from paying the employee his/her usual wage. The agreements at the end of the strike control between the employer and the workers can nevertheless provide for the granting of an allowance compensating all or part of the salary loss due to the strike. They can also provide for resorting either to overtime, or to recuperation hours to compensate in full or in part the consequences of the strike.
The code does not provide for any implementation text
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The employees can ask for damages with the competent jurisdiction repairing the prejudice that they were subject to on account of the resort to the strike. The strike does not suspend the mandate of the trade union representatives nor that of the staff representatives. The strikers must, under their responsibility, ensure the essential security measures of goods and individuals and the respect the work tool. Even in strike period, it is forbidden to any person to oppose themselves, by force or under threat, to the free execution of their professional activity of the employees or employers. The lock-out: Article 232 – 233 The lock-out is the closing of all or part of a company or establishment by the employer due to a strike of his/her company’s employees. The lock-out is lawful when it is justified by a security imperative or when the strike is obviously irregular. In the case where the lock-out would be lawful, its duration ends as soon as the causes provoking it disappear. The lawful lock-out leads to the breaking off of the work contract and exempts the employer from paying the employee the usual wage due for the concerned period. When the lock-out is pronounced illegally, the employer must pay to each concerned worker the salaries and allowances it should have received if he could have provided his usual work service.
OF THE LABOR ADMINISTRATION CONTROL ORGANIZATIONS AND MEANS Of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration: Article 234 – 241 The Health and Safety Inspectors are in charge, under the authority of the Minister in charge of Labor: to ensure the enforcement of the legislative and
regulatory provisions relating to the working conditionss and to the protection of workers in the execution of their function, such as the provisions relating to the duration of work, salary, security, hygiene and well being, employment of children and teens as well as provisions resulting from a collective agreement or an institution agreement and to other related matters;
to supply information and technical advice to employers and workers on the most efficient means to observe the legal provisions in force;
to bring to the attention of the relevant authority, the deficiencies or abuses that are not specifically covered by the existing legislative and regulatory provisions.
The relevant authorities are obliged to take the necessary measures with a view to: supply the Inspectors with offices fitted out in an
manner appropriate to the needs of the services and accessible to the interested publics;
supply the Health and Safety Inspectors with transport facilities necessary for the execution of
The other modalities relating to the control authority of the Health and Safety Inspectors are set by Decree. The formal notice time following the visit and inspection of a Health and Safety Inspector (IT) to observe is practically of one week and not exceeding two weeks. The IT redoes a second inspection. During the first visit, the IT issues a recommendation with a copy to the staff representatives. And the IT sometimes carries out a cross-check with these staff representatives. Otherwise, The Inspector redoes a
The Analamanga General Directorate of Civil Services, Labor and Social Laws which covers the administrative district of Antananarivo (ex-province), has 15 Health and Safety Inspectors. The statistics found according to the work report of the directorate during 2007, show in terms of institutional control the following results: Establishments visited with monitoring: 86 First Inspection followed by a recommendation: 61 Second Inspection followed by a formal demand: 46 Statement of non execution: 09.
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their functions in the case where the appropriate public transport facilities do not exist;
reimburse the Health and Safety Inspectors for any transport fees and all ancillary expense necessary in the execution of their functions.
The implementation of these measures is taken in charge by the Government Budget. The Health and Safety Inspectors take an oath to fully and faithfully carry out their duty and to not reveal, even after having left their service, the manufacturing secrets and, in general, the operating processes which they may gain knowledge of in the execution of their function. This oath is given in writing before the responsible Court of Appeal or County Court. The Health and Safety Inspectors must keep the source of any complaint confidential.
second inspection.
On penalty of being null and void, the original copy of the statement must be addressed within six (06) days of the closing to the Public Prosecutor and a certified copy, addressed to the interested party or its representative. The Public Prosecutor is obliged to enroll, within a one (01) month time limit, the statement by means of direct summons. The Health and Safety Inspector are authorized to prescribe measures meant to eliminate the faultinesses noted in a set up, a fitting out or work methods that they can reasonably consider as a threat to the health or security of the workers. To this effect, the Inspectors are entitled to, subject to any legal or administrative appeal, order or have ordered: that be brought to the facilities, within a set time
limit, the modifications that are necessary to ensure the strict enforcement of the legal provisions concerning the health and security of the workers;
that immediately enforceable measures which can go up to the temporary closing of the incriminated establishment are taken in the case of imminent danger to the health and security of the workers, following the approval of the other concerned departments, within a twenty four (24) hour time limit.
The Health and Safety Inspectors execute their authority within the limit of their territorial district and in this limit only, save for a mission order issued by the hierarchical authorities.
The code does not provide for any implementation text.
Of the Health and Safety Controllers: Article 242. Health and Safety controllers assist the Health and Safety Inspectors. They are authorized to note the infraction to the provisions of the legislation and of the labor regulation in written reports, according to which, the Health and Safety Inspector will be able to decide to draw up a statement in the forms provided for in the previous article 239 paragraph 5. The controllers take an oath in the same way as the Health and Safety Inspectors. Of Substitutes to the Health and Safety Inspector: Article 243-246 In the administrative districts where there is neither
The code does not provide for any implementation text.
In practice, always at the level of the Analamanga Regional Directorate; we listed 15 Health and Safety Inspectors for 08 Labor Controllers. They work under the management of the Chief Health and Safety Inspector of the Regional Service of the Civil Service, Labor and Social Laws.
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Health and Safety Inspector, nor Health and Safety Controller, the head of the district addresses to the Health and Safety Inspector, the information according to which the latter will be able to draw up a statement, in the forms provided for in article 239 paragraph 5. In the case targeted in the paragraph above, the chief of the territorial district must make premises or an office planned for their visits permanently available to the Health and Safety Inspectors and Health and Safety Controllers, with a view to facilitate their councilor, conciliator and control mission. The occupational medical examination is organized by Decree. Joined to the central Health and Safety Administration, it is managed by a doctor of medicine, holder of an occupational medicine diploma. The organization and operation of the Health and Safety Administration are set by Decree in accordance with the administrative structures in place. In military establishments employing civil man labor, the attributions of the Health and Safety Inspectors for control and protection of workers are entrusted to civil servants or officers specially appointed to this effect. The latter are obliged to account for their actions to the competent Occupational Safety and Health Administration so that the worker can appeal if she/he considers it necessary with the Health and Safety Inspector. This appointment is carried out, on proposal of the Minister in charge of Defense, by decision of the head of the government. The provisions of article 236 above are applicable to them. Of employment and placement: Article 247 – 250 A National Labor Office (or Office National pour l’Emploi) is instituted, with the Ministry in charge of Labor, in charge of collecting, centralizing, coordinating and processing the data on the labor market and to ensure the placing activities. A Decree, passed following the approval of the National Labor Council, sets the forming, organization and operating of the Office National pour l’Emploi.
Decree n° 180 / 2004 on the creation and organization of the Malagasy Observatory for Labor, Continuous Vocational and Entrepreneurial Training (or Observatoire Malgache de l'Emploi, de la Formation professionnelle continue et entrepreneuriale - OMEF) Decree 2006 – 433 of June 27th 2006 on the creation of the Voy Asa Tsy Mialonjafy or « Malagasy Promotion Office for Employment for All » Decree N° 2005/366 setting the execution conditions and modalities of private employment agencies and the agreement
All these bodies and/or institutions directly involved in the labor and employment framework in Madagascar will be the object of an in-depth institutional analysis presented below.
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granting and withdrawal modalities.
EMPLOYMENT AGENCIES: Art 248 – 250 Private placement activities are authorized, subject to the fact that they be exercised by a specialized employment and placement service whose execution conditions and modalities are determined by Decree taken following the approval of the National Labor Council. The opening of an employment agency is subordinate to the assent of the Minister in charge of Employment. No fee or charge of any kind can be charged to the workers who present themselves to the employment agency. A Decree passed following the approval of the National Labor Council sets the cases and limits the deductions that the employment agencies can take from the employers as well as the grant and withdrawal approval modalities. The employment agency must supply periodically, to the Minister in charge of Employment, information on the offers received for the purpose of the labor market monitoring, according to modalities specified by the Order of the Minister in charge of Labor.
Decree n° 2005 – 396 setting the conditions and the execution modalities of private employment agencies and the approval granting and withdrawal modalities also specifies in the article 8: the nature and frequency of the activity report that the private employment agencies must supply: Article 1: ….the opening of an employment agency is subordinate to the approval of the Minister in charge of labor. The approval of the Private Employment Agencies is granted on request and on the examination of the dossiers by means of order of the Minister in charge of labor. Art 5: ...no charge can be demanded from the worker in compensation of being put in relation with his/her eventual employer under penalty of a sanction. Art 7: the service provision rate to be deducted from the client, the potential employer to be specific, cannot exceed 100% of the monthly salary agreed to between the latter (the private employment agency) and the worker. Article 8: …the private employment agencies must hand in a quarterly and yearly activity report on the offers, applications and placements carried out by branch of activity
Over all of Madagascar, if we refer to a list (still handwritten) established by the Directorate of Employment and Vocational Training of the MFPTLS, there are only 9 Registered Private Employment Agencies: (Cabinet Ressources, Red Island Group, Zatoasa, Madagascar Man Power Agency, Toroasa, GRW Consulting, Sté Equation Sarl, Vola SARLU, Business Support Center by PA) Other sources indicate the existence to this day of about fifty Private Employment Agencies that are set up without approval in Antananarivo.
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and by professional category to the Service of Employment and Vocational Training of its place of activity.
MEANS OF CONTROL: Article 251 – 254 Any person offering to open a company of any nature, must declare it to the responsible of Occupational Safety and Health Administration on a uniform form provided by the administration. The employer must constantly keep up to date, in each establishment, a register known as « the employer’s register » intended for collect all the mentions allowing the execution of the control of the labor services. An Order of the Minister in charge of Labor sets the template and the content of this register and the conditions in which it must be kept available to the Health and Safety Inspectors. The employer must also keep a register for each special category of worker defined in the current Code: daily workers, hired on a trial basis, in apprenticeship, transferred, temporary workers, part time and home workers, seasonal workers and workers under-eighteen (18) years old. The work giver and the incumbent contractor are bound to keep up to date, the respective home worker and subcontractor list with whom they have signed contracts. In return, the home workers and the subcontractors are obliged to display in the workshops, construction sites or in any other workplace, the names and addresses of their work giver or their incumbent contractor from whom they have gotten the works.
Interministerial Orders: determine the modalities of this statement; set the time limit within which the existing businesses must carry out this statement; prescribe the production of periodical information on the situation of the labour. Order N° 18 639 / 05 of December 01st 2005 determine the modalities of the institution statement in the case of an opening, closing or change of any kind and prescribing the production of periodical information on the employment.
The enforcement of this order poses no major problem in practice, at least at the level of the administrative district of Antananarivo. We will call to mind though that the Decree setting up the Interministerial Committee which should give its approval to the opening of a company in terms of the hygiene and security of the workers… is still not adopted as of yet (see above).
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ANNEX 6: METHODOLOGICAL NOTE ON THE LINK BETWEEN TRADE AND THE HOUSEHOLD REVENUE
The indirect utility function of household h is a function of the income yh and of a vector of prices of goods, p. That is
),y(vv hhh p= (1)
Totally differentiate (1):
h
h
hhh dy
dy
dvd
d
dvdv += p
p (2)
Dividing both sides by the marginal utility of income ( )hh dydv and using Roy’s identity, we
obtain:
hg
gg,hhh
hh
dydpcdwdvdydv
1 +−=≡ ∑ (3)
Where dwh is the monetary value of the change in indirect utility, ch,g is the consumption of good g by household and dpg is the change in price of good g. Income of household h is given by the sum of labor income, remittances (which are a function of wages), profits associated with own production of a particular good and income obtained through government transfers (partly tariff revenue):
{ ( )444 3444 21321
321l
transfersgovernment
gg
wgghh
profits
gg,h
cestanremit
h
income labor
hh mptGwRwy ∑∑ φ++π++= (4)
where w is the wage rate, hl is the (net) amount of labor sold in the market by household h; hR
are remittances received by household h, g,hπ are profits obtained from directly selling good g in
the market; Gh are government transfers to household h not associated with tariff revenue, hφ is
the share of tariff revenue redistributed to household h and the sum that follows is the tariff revenue collected over all goods g . Let us further assume that i) households choose optimally the amount of labor to sell in the labor market; ii) households choose optimally the amount to produce in their own business and ii) all remittances are associated with transfers from non-poor individuals who obtained their income in
the labor market, i.e., Rhh wR /= l where R
h/l is the (net) amount of labor that gets transferred to
household h as remittances. Then, differentiating (4) using Hotelling’s Lemma and the Envelope theorem, yields:
∑∑∑ φ+φ+++= /g
gwggh
gg
wggh
ggg,h
Rhhh dmptmpdtdpxdwdwdy ll (5)
Substitute equation (5) into (3), divide everywhere by income of household h assuming that income equals expenditure, and rearrange terms to obtain:
81
{ {( )
44 344 21
&&321&&&
43421
& l
revenue tariff
ggg
Tg,h
gprofits
gx
g,h
cestanremit
Rh
income labor
h
nconsumptio
gg
cg,h
h
h mtpwwpy
dw ∑∑∑ +θ+θ+θ+θ+θ−= / (6)
where a “dot” on top of the variable expresses percentage changes; hg,hgc
g,h ycp=θ is the share
of expenditure (or income) spent on good g by household h; hhh ywll =θ is the share of
income spent obtained in the labor market by household h; hRh
Rh yw // =θ l is the share of income
that household h obtains as remittances; hggx
g,h yxp=θ is the share of income of household h
obtained by selling good g in the market; hgwggh
Tg,h ymptφ=θ is the share of transfers from
the government to household h associated with tariff revenue in good g on total income of household h. Because we are interested on the impact of tariff reforms on the welfare of poor households, to apply equation (6) we need to find the relationship between changes in tariffs and changes in goods and factor prices as well as changes in imports. Assuming perfect transmission of tariff changes to domestic prices (more on this on the next subsection on price transmission across
regions), we have: ( ) gggg tt1tp && += . Then using the definition of the price elasticity of import
demand we have: ( )ggggggg tt1tpm &&& +ε=ε= , where gε is the price elasticity of import
demand. Finally assuming that our economy is Ricardo-Viner (medium run) and that the wage
elasticity of labor demand is identical across all sectors we have: ( ) gggggg tt1tpw &&& +λ=λ= .
Substituting all these percentage changes into (6) we have the change in welfare of household h in percentage of its income which is a function only of the exogenous change in tariff (expressed in percentage terms):
4444 34444 21
&&
43421
&
44 344 21
&
4434421
&&
44 344 21
l
revenue tariff
gg
g
g
ggT
g,h
g
profits
g
g
gxg,h
cestanremit
g
g
g
gRh
income labor
g
g
g
ghg
nconsumptio
g g
gcg,h
h
h
tt1
tt
tt1
tt
t1
tt
t1
tt
t1
t
y
dw
∑
∑∑
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛
+ε+θ+
++
θ++
λθ++
λθ++
θ−= /
(7)
In order to express the change in welfare in monetary units one simply needs to multiply the expression in (7) by household income. In order to obtain an estimate for the whole set of households below the poverty line one can then simply add up across all households below the poverty line. To express this change for the household in the bottom (or top) two quintiles in percentage terms, one can then simply divide by the sum of households’ income in the bottom (top) two quintiles.
82
ANNEX 7: A QUICK REVIEW OF THE NORMS AND STANDARDS ON THE INTERNATIONAL MARKETS
Table 1: Defend the market shares of the existing exports
Product description
Importing market
Average annual growth in imports from Madagascar (%)
Average annual growth in world imports from all sources (%)
Madagascar’s market share in importing market
World demand
Export penetration in destination for all products (%)
Frozen shrimp US 70.0 3.9 + + 17.2 Women’s trousers US 13.2 9.5 + + 17.2
Canada 212.5 9.5 + + 6.0 Petroleum EU 4947.6 35.6 + + 71.4 Men’s trousers US 33.8 8.1 + + 17.2
EU 13.9 8.1 + + 71.4 Stamps & paper EU 100.0 16.1 + + 71.4
Semi-precious stones
Thailand 30.9 17.3 + + 2.9 India 78.7 17.3 + + 3.6 Sri Lanka 1332.0 17.3 + + n.a.
T-shirts US 77.7 13.5 + + 17.2 EU 63.3 13.5 + + 71.4 Canada 78.6 13.5 + + 6.0
Cotton pullovers EU 46.6 8.1 + + 71.4 US 11.4 8.1 + + 17.2 Canada 53.8 8.1 + + 6.0
Chromium ores Switzerland n.a. 48.9 n.a. + 7.0 EU 764.0 48.9 + + 71.4
Coffee Morocco 83.9 22.6 + + 71.4 Cotton shirts EU 83.9 8.0 + + 71.4
US 24.4 8.0 + + 17.2 Preserved fruit EU 100.9 0.5 + + 71.4 Knitted cotton garments
US 114.9 16.7 + + 17.2 EU 261.3 16.7 + + 71.4
Essential oils EU 6.9 7.2 + + 71.4 Indonesia 204.0 7.2 + + 0.8
Singapore 26.6 7.2 + + 2.3 Coniferous wood EU 8.0 9.9 + + 71.4
Mauritius 31.2 9.9 + + 24.1
Source: UNCOMTRADE.
Table 2: The existing exports losing momentum Product description Importing
market
Average growth in imports from Madagascar (%)
Average annual growth in world imports from all sources (%)
Madagascar’s market share
World demand
Export penetration in destination for all products (%)
Frozen shrimp EU -3.0 3.9 - + 71.4 Japan -10.0 3.9 - + 12.1 Mauritius -24.5 3.9 - + 24.1
Women’s trousers EU 3.6 9.5 - + 71.4 Vanilla EU -22.3 -32.7 + - 71.4
US -37.7 -32.7 + - 17.2 Canada 18.5 -32.7 + - 6.0 Japan -18.9 -32.7 + - 12.1
Tuna EU 2.7 10.5 - + 71.4 Petroleum South Africa -39.2 35.6 - + 17.1 Cloves Singapore -15.8 -0.02 - - 2.3
India 225.6 -0.02 + - 3.6 EU 0.7 -0.02 - - 71.4 US 6.8 -0.02 - - 17.2
Semi-precious stones Hong Kong 2.5 17.3 - + 3.6 Cocoa beans EU -11.4 -0.8 - - 71.4
Japan 16.5 -0.8 + - 12.1 US 110.1 -0.8 + - 17.2
Chromium ores China 10.7 48.9 - + 5.7 Coffee EU 4.5 22.6 - + 71.4
US -2.3 22.6 - + 17.2 Knitted cotton garments
Canada -16.8 16.7 - + 6.0
Shawls EU 1.0 5.4 - + 71.4
Source: UNCOMTRADE.
83
Table 3: The existing products to promote and not to promote towards new markets
Product description
Export market penetration (%), 2006
Madagascar’s world market share (2003-2006)
World demand (2003-06)
Main current markets 2006 Largest unexploited importing markets 2006
The products which have a potential towards new markets
Women’s trousers
15.4% + + US, EU, Canada, UAE, Mauritius, Hong Kong
South Korea, Switzerland, Australia, Norway
Men’s trousers 13.2% + + US, EU, UAE, Mexico, Comoros, Russia, Canada
Japan, Switzerland, Australia, South Korea, Norway, Singapore
Stamps & paper 1.1% + + EU India, Ghana, US, Malaysia, Mongolia, Singapore, Canada
(Semi-) precious stones
35.3% + + Thailand, Hong Kong, India, Sri Lanka, EU
Aruba, Taiwan, New Zealand
T-shirts 24.5% + + US, EU, Canada Australia, South Korea, Norway, Russia, Chile
Chromium ores 10.7% + + Switzerland, China, EU, Japan, Indonesia
Russia, US, Ukraine, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Canada, Australia
Coffee 6.9% + + EU, Morocco, US Japan, Canada, Switzerland, South Korea, Australia
Cotton shirts 15.2% + + EU, US, Canada China, Switzerland, South Korea, Australia, Norway
Preserved fruit 7.0% + + EU Japan, US, South Korea, Canada
Essential oils 14.6% + + EU, Indonesia, Singapore, China, India, US
Switzerland, Japan, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Malaysia, Philippines, South Korea
Coniferous wood
8.7% + + EU, Mauritius, Kuwait US, Japan, Egypt, China, Mexico, Norway, Algeria, Morocco
The products which do not have a potential towards new markets
Cloves 30.4% - - Singapore, India, EU, US, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia
Venezuela, Colombia
Cotton pullovers
17.3% - + EU, US, Canada Singapore, Norway, South Korea, Russia, Mexico, Australia
Cocoa beans 6.5% - - EU, Japan, US, New Zealand Malaysia, Canada, Russia, Singapore, Brazil, Turkey
Frozen shrimp 11.0% - + EU, Japan, Mauritius, US, Vietnam
Canada, Australia, South Korea, China, Malaysia
Vanilla 19.1% + - EU, US, Canada, Japan, Singapore, Switzerland
Norway, Indonesia, Mexico, Malaysia, Georgia, South Korea
Tuna 0.8% - + EU US, Japan, Canada, Australia, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Switzerland
Petroleum 33.0% - + EU, Thailand, South Africa, Mauritius
Mexico, Australia
Knitted cotton garments
14.3% - + US Japan, Australia, Singapore, Switzerland, Mexico, New Zealand
Shawls 12.0% - + EU South Korea, China, Singapore, Turkey, Australia
Source: Gillson [2008].
