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REPORT
IMPACT OF CONFLICT ON POVERTY IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PROVINCE
Community Motivation and Development Organization (CMDO)
Community Motivation & Development Organization (CMDO) 40-C, SA Qayum Road, University Town, Peshawar Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Phone: + 92 91 5703614 / + 92 300 8580798
Table of Contents
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS.......................................................................................................... 65 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 76 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1211
1.1 RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND ..................................................................................... 1211 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................. 1211 1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY AND COVERAGE AREA ........................................................................ 1311 1.4 RESEARCH COMPONENTS: .............................................................................................. 1312
2 PROJECT MANGEMENT AND COMPOSITION OF RESEARCH TEAM ....................................... 1413 3 RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY .................................................................................. 1614 4 PARTIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC COVERAGE OF ACTION PLAN ACTIVITIES ..................................... 1815 5 FINDINGS OF THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH / SURVEY OF ACTION PROGRAMME ............. 1916
5.1 IMPACT ON FAMILY LIFE ................................................................................................. 1916 5.1.1 Impact on Family Security ........................................................................................ 1916 5.1.2 Impact on Livelihood ................................................................................................ 2118 5.1.3 Impact on Family’s Civil Rights and Liberties ........................................................... 2319 5.1.4 Ability to Access to Various Services ....................................................................... 2520
5.2 RELATIONSHIP B/W CONFLICT AND POVERTY ................................................................ 2721 5.2.1 Involvement of Groups ............................................................................................ 2721 5.2.2 Causes of Conflict/Violence ..................................................................................... 2822 5.2.3 Justification of Terrorist Activities ........................................................................... 2923 5.2.4 Measures for Elimination of Violence...................................................................... 3024 5.2.5 Safety of the Area .................................................................................................... 3125 5.2.6 Post-War Living Status ............................................................................................. 3226 5.2.7 Outside Assistance ................................................................................................... 3327
5.3 CRITIAL NEEDS ................................................................................................................. 3428 5.3.1 Priority List of Critical Needs .................................................................................... 3428
6 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 30
TABLES OF HOUSEHOLD INTERVIEWS
Table 1: Distribution of the Sampled Respondents on the Basis of Effects on Physical Security
Table 2: Impact on the Livelihood of the Families of the Sampled Respondents
Table 3: Impact on Family’s Civil Liberties/Rights of the Sampled Respondents
Table 4: Distribution of the Sampled Respondents According to Their Ability to Access to various Service
Table 5: Sampled Respondents View Regarding Various Groups
Table 6: Sampled Respondents Response Regarding Various Causes of Conflict/Violence in the Area
Table 7: View of Sampled Respondents Regarding Different Terrorist Activities
Table 8: Sampled Respondents View regarding Measure for Elimination of Violence
Table 9: Sampled Respondents View Regarding Post-War Safety of the Area
Table 10: Post-War Living Status of the Sampled Respondents in the Area
Table 11: Post-War outside Assistance of the Sampled Respondents in the Area
Table 12: Sampled Respondents Showing Priority List of Critical Needs
ANNEXURES INSTRUMENT A QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDS AT VILLAGE LEVEL Annexure - A INSTRUMENT B FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION on IMPACT OF CONFLICT GROUPS OF WOMEN/GIRLS, YOUTH (13 – 22 YEARS) AND OTHER ADULTS Annexure - B INSTRUMENT C FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION WITH BUSINESSMEN/ENTREPRENEURS/EMPLOYERS Annexure - C INSTRUMENT D FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS LOCAL COMMUNITY/PUBLIC LEADERSHIP AND SERVICE PROVIDERS Annexure – D MAP OF KPK, FATA & FR’s Annexure – E ACTION PLAN – TIME LINE Annexure – F EFFECTS OF CONFLICT IN ALL DISTRICTS Annexure – G1
To G8
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS
CDR Centre of Cultural Dialogue & Research
CMDO Community Motivation & Development Organization
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas
FDMA Federal Disaster Management Authority
FGD’s Focus Group Discussions
FR’s Frontier Regions
KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO’s Non-Governmental Organizations
TTP Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
US United States
US-AID United States Agriculture & Industrial Development
WB World Bank
Disclaimer
This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the Save the Children. The
contents of this document, however under no circumstances can be regarded as reflecting of Save
the Children.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A- Background Information and objectives: Law and Order is one of the major concerns in
Pakistani society in post 9/11 scenario. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is the most affected
province in the country. This study was conducted with the main objective to analyze the
impact of conflict on poverty in two districts (Swat and Peshawar) of KP. Respondents were
interviewed for their perceptions on the drivers and impact of conflict on their lives and
priority based need assessment was undertaken accordingly. A total of 300 respondents,
150 from each district were selected through simple random sampling technique. Data was
computed and analyzed. Findings of the study will enable us to propose a strategy and an
action plan for entities such as CMDO and donors to consider while planning interventions
addressing livelihood challenges of the most affected vulnerable target groups affected by
conflict.
B- Key Findings of Quantitative Research (Situational Analysis): The analysis is based on the
information gathered from the household members. The analysis not only attempts to
capture the patterns but also highlights the differences and similarities between two
districts.
Conflict had badly affected Charbagh and Matta tehsils of swat where most of the
respondents suffered deaths, injuries, in their families, damaged houses, migration
and displacements.
The results indicated that majority of the sample respondents especially in Swat
reported loss of income; job, owned business, livestock and crops, non-availability
of inputs and loss of customers showed.
Violence allowed limited freedom of movement, inculcated fear, and increased
work pressure on the children and women.
The results indicated that sampled respondents were lacking basic and social
facilities.
The answer to the question on involvement of a particular group showed that the
majority of the sampled respondents (65%) pointed to a particular militant group
for involvement in violence.
Majority of the sampled respondents reported that absence of rule of law and lack
of access to justice was the major cause behind all this violence and conflict in the
area.
Most of the respondents (79%) reported terrorism and violence as an unjustified
act.
Negotiations and dialogue seems to be the major solution for conflict as reported
by most (37%) of the sampled respondents. Overall, 67% of the sampled
respondents considered the area unsafe for living.
Generally, most of the respondents (52%) reported worse post-war living status.
Whereas, 36% of the sampled respondents were directly while 29% were partially
dependent on foreign assistance.
32% of the sampled respondents reported the need for a reliable and steady source
of income followed by 25% who prioritized family’s physical security as critical need.
C- Findings of the Qualitative Research: The information obtained from qualitative sources,
including FGD’s with different stakeholders, and the field notes taken by the field work
supervisors and the interviewers support and complement the quantitative information
collected through survey.
Swat was more affected than Peshawar and due to militant’s main hub, people had
to suffer more.
Militantancy’s had badly affected not only psychological but also physical and
financial environment to a great extent. Most of the people are still in trauma and
in general retain fear of violence and the militants.
It was surprising to note that militants attacked and destroyed mostly government
properties.
Female schools and related institutes were the main targets of the militants. Female
were restricted to houses and they were forced to stay inside houses, thus, making
their legitimate daily functions difficult.
Roads and infra-structure are almost totally destroyed requiring a significant
restoration effort.
Most of the people in the study area were farmers and livelihood sources were
badly affected due to conflict. The 2010 floods further worsened the situation.
Militants professed Islamic Shariah to attract the Islam loving Swat people,
however their conduct later seemed to contradict the teachings of Islam as
understood by the general public in Swat
Most of the rehabilitation and development works were being carried out by the
United Nations & National & International NGO’s in the name of the government
which is actually made to lead these operations.
Many of the local people, who were mostly jobless in pro-conflict time, joined
militants.
Business in the area was badly affected. Businessmen face lot of hurdles in
establishing their having a workable number of customers.
Most of the people were of the view that need assessment procedure is totally
wrong one.
D- Conclusions - Opportunities for Interventions & Recommendations: The qualitative data
and the quantitative data findings corroborated each other fairly well. Analysis provided a
comparative picture of the two sampled areas. It is evident from the data that the situation
in Swat is very bad and needs a huge effort to combat poverty in the area after post-
violence scenario. The following recommendations are extended based on the findings of
the study:
It is evident from our findings that people were badly affected due to the terrorist
activities and needs a lot of attention not only from the Government side but also
from the International community, United Nations, IFIs such as World Bank,
National & International NGO’s and welfare organizations to come forth and
provide assistance and help the needy, deserving and most vulnerable.
Communities, in general, were financially downtrodden, socially alienated and in
desperate need of assistance in re-establishing lost or affected livelihoods. Diffusion
of any innovation designed to help those communities and address the problem of
post-war poverty issue will meet better success if a holistic approach is adopted.
Families should be helped through micro-credit, vocational training, small business
planning and implementation, if people are to be empowered economically and
financially and bring sustainable prosperity and reduce outside assistance.
The qualitative sources of data revealed that the mechanism adopted for need
assessment is not an appropriate one. Proper need assessment techniques would
ensure the right use of funds and as a result would help in combating poverty
menace. Government organizations along with local communities should sit
together and revise need assessment procedures.
For development of social capital, it is important to encourage formation of village
level representative, so that these people are empowered to exercise their right to
participate in the decisions making process of development activities in the area.
As a preventive measure to eliminate conflict from the area, interventions may be
considered for promoting peace and harmony in the area. Besides ensuring
provision of basic amenities such as water, education, health the people. There
should be an added stress on better education and employment opportunities.
Media, teachers and religious scholars could play an effective role in this regard.
Qualitative data revealed that more than two-third of the anti-government persons
were young people from the age group 13-35. Therefore, special attention should
be given to young people and some concrete measures like increasing enrolment,
providing vocational trainings, etc. should be taken to ensure theire proper social
brought-up and education.
Many people are still in trauma. A huge number of people are having full or partial
post-war psychological disorders. Special attention should be focused on these
people and treatment plan may be arranged to bring them back to their normal life.
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood in the study area especially in Swat
district. Since the crises and floods farmers have lost the ability to re-start their
activity on a sound footing without external help. Both qualitative and quantitative
data revealed that agriculture situation was really worse, not only due to conflict
but also due to the floods as well. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that
agriculture development policies and plans should be introduced in the area in
various forms like interest free loans, provision of cost free seeds, re-construction
of irrigation channels, provision of low cost fertilizers, etc. Moreover, in Swat,
availability of free pastures has natural advantage of cheaper grazing facility for the
people of the area. Hence, development of dairy farming on commercial basis
through public and private partnership can enhance income of the rural people and
hence can help in poverty reduction in the area. Cross breeding and genes for goat,
sheep and cattle are required to generate economic activities which can help in
enhancement of income in the area.
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 RATIONALE AND BACKGROUND
Pakistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) in particular and adjoining Federally Administered Tribal Areas
(FATA), has been struggling with an ongoing insurgency. KP and FATA have also been the frontline
fallout areas for neighboring Afghanistan in more than 30 years of active conflict. Millions of
Afghans took refuge in KP and FATA, after the 1979 Soviet invasion, with large number still
remaining, and conducted full scale wars against adversaries in Afghanistan from here. Jihadi
culture and structures were strengthened through infusion of billions of dollars worth of war funds
from the US, Saudi Arabia and allies.
Pakistan has lately been projected in the international media as a ‘war zone’ and the epicenter of
conflict in the country is FATA and the KP. As one of the most affected province from internal
armed violence and neighbor to 30 year old battlefield, negative impacts on economy, polity and
society of KP is obvious on many fronts.
Serious law and order situation especially in KP created a climate of fear and deep concerns for
security of the people, terrorizing them to flee the major battle zones. The destruction and loss of
livelihood for hundreds and thousands of families – damage to industry and to tourism related
businesses - billions of rupees worth of public and private property have been damaged. Most of
the major cities in KP including the capital Peshawar are vulnerable to militant attacks including
suicide bombing, concerted attacks on NATO supplies and targeted killing and kidnapping for
ransom of affluent civilians and industrialists across the province.
1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The purpose of this descriptive research was to study and analyze the impact of conflict on poverty
in two districts of KP. How does conflict in the selected districts contribute to the problems of the
poor and vice versa? Participants will be interviewed for their perceptions on the drivers of conflict,
impact of conflict on the lives of area residents, assessment of their needs and then use the
findings of the study to come up with plan/recommendations to enable and empower the
impacted segments of residents to earn and maintain livelihoods on a sustainable basis.
The findings of the study should enable us to propose a strategy and an action plan for entities
such as CMDO and donors to consider while planning appropriate interventions addressing
livelihood challenges of the most vulnerable target groups affected by conflict.
1.3 SCOPE OF STUDY AND COVERAGE AREA
There are 25 districts in KPK province. Conflict has direct or indirect effect on all these districts one
way or other. This research was mainly focused on effects of conflict on the livelihood of the
affected people. Therefore, this research study was carried out only in the two districts i.e.
Peshawar and Swat. These districts were selected based on purposive sampling technique.
Participants in this study were residents of the conflict affected areas who are directly, as well as
indirectly, impacted by the on-going conflict, concerned policy/decision makers such as local
public/community leadership, and service providers from public and private sectors as well as area
entrepreneurs/employers. Those impacted by the conflict will further be sub-grouped as
women/girls, unemployed youth and other male residents.
1.4 RESEARCH COMPONENTS:
These were the proposed components for the research study:
How Conflict And Poverty Reinforce Each Other – The relationship of conflict and poverty will be
explored particularly how one contributes to the other and vice versa;
Impact Of Armed Conflict – Loss of life and property, physical security, housing, economic activity,
livelihoods, access to basic and social needs/other public utilities, confidence/trust/freedom from
fear and physical displacement of residents of an area. Also, the most severely impacted segments
of population in the target areas were identified;
Situation Then And Now – Standing in the Region/Province – Plan to include here the situation at the time of inception of conflict – tentatively determined to be calendar year 2005 – in the selected areas of the province; Assessment Of Needs – Safety Net, Social Protection And Empowerment – Plan to include those items that are critical to survival of area residents, those that fall in the preview of social protection (top-down) and finally the ones that contribute to the empowerment of residents to ensure livelihoods on a sustainable basis; Recommendations For Program/Project Development And Implementation –the intent is to help design activities to address issues/challenges identified/found in the last component.
2 PROJECT MANGEMENT AND COMPOSITION OF RESEARCH TEAM
The current study was carried out by Centre of Cultural Dialogue and Research (CDR) professionals
in its Home Office as well as its experienced field personnel. A senior professional with over 25
years of international and national development experience led this effort. In addition to the
design of this study, he had to direct and monitor the work of entire research team.
The Team Leader was assisted by two senior professional researchers. One, Desk Researcher, was
responsible for the collection of data from secondary sources including multi-lateral and bi-lateral
donors, development organizations operating in the field, and agencies of the provincial as well as
that of the federal government of Pakistan. It was the responsibility of the Desk Researcher to visit
the offices of concerned entities and surf websites to collect the relevant data and compile the
same in an agreed upon format to facilitate analysis and draw findings/conclusions. This senior
researcher assisted the Team Leader in the analysis of all data and in the drafting of a draft report.
The second senior researcher acted as the Manager of Field Research who was responsible for
coordinating all field activities. This professional was responsible for making all arrangements for
all of the FGD’s including the selection of locations for conducting FGD’s and participants. The
Manager supervised the work of all field workers and ensured the recording of collected data and
its compilation in acceptable formats. Three team, each comprised of one female and one male,
was deployed to collect data at HH level in five villages in each district while 2 groups (1 male and
1 female) comprising of 2 members each were deployed to conduct FGD’s in two districts. The
female FGD’s team conducted FGD’s with women/girls participants while the male team
conducted FGD’s with male participants.
The research team also included an individual with excellent computer skills to assist the team in
the formatting and compilation of report in an acceptable format.
The senior management of CDR and CMDO had periodic meetings to review progress and guide
the work of the research team.
3 RESEARCH DESIGN & METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the mechanics of the research study. It describes the selection of study area,
villages and sample respondents, sampling techniques and sample size, design, data collection and
methodology that were used in achieving the various objectives of the action programme.
Primarily, Quantitative Research Survey Method has been used. We have also deployed
customized techniques to suit various objectives of the Action programme, whereby 2-3 research
methodologies are used including quantitative survey method, some qualitative key stakeholders
interviews, related documents review(Annexure-G1-G8), FGD’s and Observation method. Analysis
of data has been done for valid inferences and conclusions.
The stratified-cum-randomized sample design was used. Swat and Peshawar districts of KPK were
selected purposively because Swat was directly victim of the terrorist activities and was very badly
affected while Peshawar although was not directly affected like Swat yet high number of blasts
were reported here and it also hosted many IDP’s as well.
Two worse affected areas were selected from each district and then five locations were randomly
selected from each of the two areas in each district as sample (n).
For present study HH were taken as a unit of analysis and data were collected at HH level from the
head of HH. From each location 15 HH were interviewed randomly i.e.300 HH as a whole from two
districts. For the collection of quantitative data Instrument-A (Annexure- A) was developed and
pre-tested in the field. All corrections after pre-testing were incorporated.
Ensured minimum sampling and non-sampling error, within the parameters of approved design
through pre-coded and tested questionnaires, intensive training and series of practice session by
qualified and quality selected researchers was made.
In addition to questionnaire, 16 FGD’s, 8 at Swat i.e., 4 at Charbagh and 4 at Matta while 8 at
Peshawar i.e. 4 at Badber and 4 at Michni were also conducted.
Almost all researches have various limitations due to many reasons. Same is the case with this
study which had the following imitations;
1- The data collected from the respondents may be at best an approximation or estimation;
hence it may not be hundred percent accurate.
2- Respondents showed reluctance in answering various questions, so, to tackle this problem,
they were taken into confidence by explaining the purpose and nature of the research.
4 PARTIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC COVERAGE OF ACTION PLAN ACTIVITIES
5 FINDINGS OF THE QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH / SURVEY OF ACTION PROGRAMME
This chapter presents the results of the present study, discusses these and gives interpretation of the research findings. Results are discussed under three different headings and sub-headings for better understanding. The first section gives the impact of terrorism on family life; second section shows the relationship between conflict and poverty while third section provides us the assessment of the critical needs of the affected people in the study area.
5.1 IMPACT ON FAMILY LIFE
5.1.1 Impact on Family Security
Table 1 shows the effects of terrorist activities on the family life of the sampled respondents in the study area. It shows that 49% of the sampled respondents had deaths in their families with the highest percentage (20) in the Tehsil Charbagh. Similarly, out of the total 300 sampled respondents, 57% had suffered injuries in their families with the highest percentage in Tehsil Charbagh (23) while 21% in Matta. Data regarding damaged houses shows that out of the total, 26% respondents were affected with the highest number in Charbagh where 17% were affected. Kidnapping and ransom (09%) with the highest (03%) were reported in Charbagh. Ten percent of the respondents reported arson acts with the highest (06) in Matta. Data regarding Migration shows that 53% of the sampled respondents had to migrate. Twenty four percent of the total 300 respondents were from Charbagh Tehsil. Moreover, 41% of the sampled respondents had to face displacement problem, 21% belonging to Charbagh Tehsil. It is evident from the table that terrorist activities have badly affected the sampled area specially Tehsil Charbagh and Matta in Swat. Table 1: Distribution of the Sampled Respondents on the Basis of Effects on Physical Security
Sampled area
Impact On Physical Security
Death in the Family
(n=300)
Injured (n=300)
Home Damaged (n=300)
Kidnapping/ Ransom (n=300)
Arson (n=300)
Forced Eviction/ Migration
(n=300)
Displacements (n=300)
Others (n=300)
A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA
Swat Charbagh 60
(20) 15
(05) 70
(23) 05
(02) 51
(17) 24
(08) 09
(03) 66
(22) 09
(03) 56
(19) 71
(24) 04
(01) 61
(20) 14
(05) 06
(02) 69
(23)
Matta 58
(19) 17
(06) 64
(21) 11
(04) 44
(15) 31
(10) 05
(02) 70
(23) 16
(06) 59
(20) 69
(23) 06
(02) 63
(21) 12
(04) 04
(01) 71
(24)
Peshawar
Badber 18
(06) 58
(19) 21
(07) 54
(18) 06
(02) 69
(23) 07
(02) 68
(23) 02
(01) 73
(25) 11
(04) 64
(21) 0
(00) 75
(25) 01
(00) 74
(25)
Michni 12
(04) 62
(21) 17
(06) 58
(19) 07
(02) 68
(23) 05
(02) 70
(23) 02
(01) 73
(25) 09
(03) 66
(22) 0
(00) 75
(25) 0
(00) 75
(25)
Total 148 (49)
152 (51)
172 (57)
128 (43)
108 (36)
71 (64)
26 (09)
274 (91)
29 (10)
261 (90)
160 (53)
140 (47)
124 (41)
176 (59)
11 (04)
289 (96)
Source: Survey December, 2011 Note: A stands for Applicable NA stands for Not Applicable Data shown in Parenthesis is Percentage
5.1.2 Impact on Livelihood
Sustainable livelihood plays an important role in the over-all betterment of life and living standard of the people. Terrorism had badly affected livelihood of the people in the area. Table 2 states that 73, 38 and 62 % of the sampled respondents had loss their income source, loss their jobs and loss their own business, respectively. Moreover, 54% sampled respondents had lost livestock and crops while 64% reported non-availability of inputs for crops. Similarly, 45% of the sampled respondents stated that they have lost clients and customers in the sampled areas. Mostly, sampled respondents in Charbagh and Matta were badly affected whether it was loss of income, job, own business, livestock, crops, etc.
Table 2: Impact on the Livelihood of the Families of the Sampled Respondents
Sampled area
Impact on the Livelihood of the Family
Loss of Income (n=300)
Loss of Job (n=300)
Loss of self owned
business (n=300)
Loss of Livestock/
Crop (n=300)
Non-availability of
Inputs (n=300)
Loss of Clients/
Customers (n=300)
Others (n=300)
A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA
Swat
Charbagh
71 (24)
04 (01)
33 (11)
42 (14)
42 (14
)
33 (11)
50 (17)
25 (08)
71 (24)
04 (01)
48 (16)
27 (09)
02 (01)
73 (24)
Matta 68 (23)
07 (02)
36 (12)
39 (13)
39 (13
)
36 (12)
53 (18)
22 (07)
73 (24)
02 (01)
43 (15)
23 (08)
01 (00)
74 (25)
Peshawar
Badber 39 (13)
36 (12)
24 (08)
51 (17)
51 (17
)
24 (08)
31 (10)
44 (15)
21 (07)
54 (18)
21 (07)
54 (19)
00 (00)
75 (25)
Michni 41 (14)
34 (11)
21 (07)
54 (18)
54 (18
)
21 (07)
29 (10)
46 (15)
27 (09)
48 (16)
19 (07)
56 (19)
01 (00)
74 (25)
Total 219 (73)
81 (27)
114 (38)
186 (62)
186 (62
)
114 (38)
163 (54)
137 (46)
192 (64)
108 (36)
131 (45)
160 (55)
04 (01)
296 (99)
Source: Survey December, 2011 Note: A stands for Applicable NA stands for Not Applicable Data shown in Parenthesis is Percentage
5.1.3 Impact on Family’s Civil Rights and Liberties
Conflict directly affects people’s liberty and civil rights. Family and social life is totally disturbed and people face a state of unrest. It not only effects individual rights and liberties but also affects collectively as groups and communities in question. As evident from the table 3, conflict had badly affected civil rights and liberties of the sampled respondents in the study area. Table 3 describes the impact of conflict on the family’s civil liberties and rights. Table 3 states that 62 and 44% of the sampled respondents reported that conflict has taken away fear from freedom and freedom of movement/travel from them, respectively. Moreover, 24, 13 and 26% of the sampled respondents reported exploitation, encroachment of houses or lands and HH headed by single women in the sampled area due to conflict. In addition, 09% of the sampled respondents orphans while 24% of the sampled respondents reported increase in workload on women and children in the sampled area. Table 3 also indicates that Charbagh and Matta Tehsil were badly affected.
Table 3: Impact on Family’s Civil Liberties/Rights of the Sampled Respondents
Sampled area
Impact on Family’s Civil Liberties/Rights
Freedom from Fear (n=300)
Freedom of Movements
/ Travels (n=300)
Exploitation
(n=300)
Encroachment of
Land/Household
(n=300)
Household Headed by a
Single Women (n=300)
Orphan in the House
(n=300)
Increase in Workload on
Women/Children
(n=300)
A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA A NA
Swat
Charbagh 47 (16)
28 (9)
43 (14)
32 (11)
35 (12
)
40 (13)
20 (7)
55 (18)
08 (3)
67 (22)
07 (02)
68 (23)
21 (07)
54 (18)
Matta 50 (25)
25 (8)
45 (15)
30 (10)
33 (11
)
42 (14)
18 (6)
57 (19)
06 (2)
69 (23)
09 (03)
66 (22)
26 (09)
49 (16)
Peshawar
Badber 45 (30)
30 (10)
25 (8)
50 (17)
02 (1)
73 (24)
- 75 (25)
05 (2)
70 (23)
04 (1)
71 (24)
11 (04)
64 (21)
Michni 43 (32)
32 (11)
20 (7)
55 (18)
03 (1)
72 (24)
- 75 (25)
07 (2)
68 (23)
07 (02)
68 (23)
15 (05)
60 (20)
Total
185 (62)
115 (38)
133 (44)
167 (56)
73 (24
)
227 (76)
38 (13)
262 (87)
9 (26)
274 (91)
27 (09)
273 (91)
73 (24)
227 (76)
Source: Survey December, 2011
5.1.4 Ability to Access to Various Services
Access to basic and social needs is the very right of all human beings around the globe irrespective of race, colour, creed, religion, etc. Constitution of Islamic republic of Pakistan also ensures the same for all. Conflict and terrorism always snatch these rights from the people. Table 4 shows the affect of conflict on the provision of various services in the sampled area. Table 4 shows that 59, 70 and 78% of the sampled respondents reported that there were having no access to education, health and potable water supply & sanitation in the sampled areas, respectively. Moreover, 74, 71 and 71% of the sampled respondents stated that they were having no access to utilities like electricity; gas, etc, road and transportation; and bank in the sampled area, respectively. Mostly respondent in Charbagh and Matta were having less access to these services while in comparison with Badber and Michni.
Table 4: Distribution of the Sampled Respondents According to Their Ability to Access to various Services
Sampled area
Ability to Access to Various Services
Education (n=300)
Health services (n=300)
Potable Water &
Sanitation (n=300)
Utilities (Elect./Gas)
(n=300)
Road/ Transportation
(n=300)
Bank (n=300)
Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
Swat Charbagh
23 (08)
52 (17)
17 (06)
58 (19)
15 (05)
60 (20)
13 (04)
62 (21)
14 (05)
61 (20)
05 (02)
70 (23)
Matta 18
(06) 57
(19) 20
(07) 55
(18) 11
(04) 64
(21) 10
(03) 65
(22) 10
(03) 65
(22) 03
(01) 72
(24)
Peshawar Badber
43 (14)
32 (11)
24 (08)
51 (17)
19 (06)
56 (19)
26 (09)
49 (16)
29 (10)
46 (15)
40 (13)
35 (12)
Michni 39
(13) 36
(12) 29
(10) 46
(15) 22
(07) 53
(18) 30
(10) 45
(15) 35
(12) 40
(13) 38
(13) 37
(12)
Total 123 (41)
177 (59)
90 (30)
210 (70)
67 (22)
233 (78)
79 (26)
221 (74)
88 (29)
212 (71)
86 (29)
214 (71)
Source: Survey December, 2011
5.2 RELATIONSHIP B/W CONFLICT AND POVERTY
5.2.1 Involvement of Groups
After the violent episode of terrorism in the study area, it was really a very hard question for the people to answer. People were reluctant in answering this question. Therefore, researchers were pre-oriented about this issue in the field that they might face while gathering data. It was found that 65% of the total respondents reported that Militants(TTP) were involved in the terrorist activities while 26% stated that Foreign Agencies were involved, and only 9 % were of the view that Government was involved in it. Table 5: Sampled Respondents View Regarding Various Groups
Sampled area
Involvement of Groups
Militants/TTP Foreign Agencies
Government
Swat Charbagh
55 (18)
15 (05)
05 (2)
Matta 58
(19) 13 (5)
04 (1)
Peshawar
Badber 40
(13) 24 (8)
11 (04)
Michni 46
(15) 23 (8)
06 (02)
Total 199
(65) 75
(26) 26
(09)
Source: Survey December, 2011
5.2.2 Causes of Conflict/Violence
It was very important to find the reason behind the terrorist activities in the study area. Therefore keeping in mind the sensitivity of this question, special care was taken. Table 6 shows that majority (39%) of the sampled respondents were of the view that main cause behind this violence and terrorism was absence of rule of law in the study area. While 19% reported that lack of justice was the main reason behind this entire scenario. This data confirms the idea of nexus between lack of justice and absence of rule of law leads to anarchy in the society. Table 6: Sampled Respondents Response Regarding Various Causes of Conflict/Violence in the Area
Sampled area
Cause of Conflict/Violence
Religious
Hatred/Intolerance
Absence of Rule of
Law
Americans Drone
Americans/NATO/Presence
in Afghanistan
Lack of Access to
Justice
Corruption Others
Swat
Charbagh
12 (04)
32 (11)
2 (1)
07 (02)
13 (04)
09 (03)
-
Matta 10
(03) 28
(09) 1
(0) 10
(03) 17
(06) 08
(03) 01 (0)
Peshawar
Badber 08
(03) 30
(10) 2
(1) 15
(05) 15
(05) 05
(02) -
Michni 08
(03) 26
(09) 3
(1) 13
(04) 13 04)
12 (04)
-
Total 38
(13) 116 (39)
8 (03)
45 (15)
58 (19)
34 (11)
01 (0)
Source: Survey December, 2011
5.2.3 Justification of Terrorist Activities
It is a common understanding among all people around the globe that terrorist activities are not justified under any circumstances. Table 7 as a whole shows that majority (79%) of the sampled respondents condemned terrorism and violence in the study area. But, it was interesting to find that 11% of the sampled respondents justified terrorism while 10% argued that terrorist activities were justified. Reasons given in support of this view were; lack of justice, absence of rule of law, corruption, etc. Table 7: View of Sampled Respondents Regarding Different Terrorist Activities
Sampled area
Terrorist Activities
Justified Unjustified Justified in few case
Swat Charbagh
11 (04)
55 (18)
09 (03)
Matta 09
(03) 60
(20) 06
(02)
Peshawar
Badber 05
(02) 59
(20) 11
(07)
Michni 07
(02) 63
(21) 05
(02)
Total 32
(11) 237 (79)
31 (10)
Source: Survey, December, 2011.
5.2.4 Measures for Elimination of Violence
Table 8 states that from the total number, 37% of the sampled respondents were of the view that the best way to end the conflict was to have Negotiations and dialogue among the all involved stakeholders while 29% favored Force and 19, 15 % favored the solution in form of compromise and accept demands of the militants, respectively. This data emphasizes the need for the dialogue and negotiations. History is full of evidences that negotiations is the ultimate solution of conflicts.
Table 8: Sampled Respondents View regarding Measure for Elimination of Violence
Sampled area
Measures for Elimination
Negotiations/Dialogue
Force Compromise
Accept Demand
Others
Swat
Charbagh 30
(10) 26
(09) 10
(03) 09
(03) -
Matta 28
(03) 22
(07) 13
(04)
12 (04)
-
Peshawar
Badber 24
(08) 21
(07) 15
(05) 15
(05) -
Michni 29
(10) 19
(06) 18
(06) 09
(03) -
Total 111
(37) 88
(29) 56
(19) 46
(15)
5.2.5 Safety of the Area
During the conflict times in the study area, it was a hard time not only for the local but especially for the outsiders to visit the area and be involved in any kind of the activity in terms of safety. Table 9 indicates that 67% of the sampled respondents considered it an unsafe place while 13 % of the sampled respondents consider the study area not safe for some family members. Only, 20% of the sampled respondents considered the study area as a perfectly safe place.
Table 9: Sampled Respondents View Regarding Post-War Safety of the Area
Sampled area
Safety of the Area
Perfectly Safe Not safe at all Not safe for some in family
Swat Charbagh
11 (04)
51 (17)
13 (04)
Matta 07
(02) 57
(19) 11
(04)
Peshawar
Badber 20
(07) 45
(15) 10
(03)
Michni 22
(07) 49
(16) 04
(01)
Total 60
(20) 202 (67)
83 (13)
5.2.6 Post-War Living Status
History reveals that war and conflict always bring destruction. Table 10 shows the sampled respondents living status after the conflict. It is evident from the table that majority (52%)of the sampled respondents were having worse living status after the conflict while 42% of the sampled respondents stated that there was no difference in the living status after the conflict in the study area. Only 06% of the sampled respondents reported that there life standard has improved. Reason behind the improved status was the aid that they received from different donor agencies after the conflict. Table 10: Post-War Living Status of the Sampled Respondents in the Area
Sampled area
Living Status
Much Better Worse No Difference
Swat Charbagh
10 (03)
20 (07)
40 (13)
Matta 08
(03) 32
(11) 35
(12)
Peshawar
Badber - 50
(17) 25
(08)
Michni - 49
(17) 26
(09)
Total 18
(06) 151 (52)
126 (42)
Source: Survey December, 2011
5.2.7 Outside Assistance
KP province of Pakistan was the main target area for the terrorist to carry out terrorism activities due to its geographical location. Whole province suffered badly but some of the areas were affected very badly. Swat was directly affected while Peshawar was directly and indirectly affected. It is very necessary that both Government and Non-government agencies should come forth for the assistance and help of the affected people. Table 11 shows the people dependence on the help and assistance from the outside. It is evident from the table that 36 and 29% of the sampled respondents reported the need for outside assistance either directly or indirectly, respectively. Only 35% of the respondents reported that they were able to support themselves by their own resources. Table as a whole shows that people really need outside assistance so that they can carry out their day to day activities and start their life again.
Table 11: Post-War Outside Assistance of the Sampled Respondents in the Area
Sampled area
Outside Assistance
Dependent Independent Partially Dependent
Swat Charbagh
39 (13)
26 (09)
10 (03)
Matta 33
(11) 24
(08) 19
(06)
Peshawar
Badber 16
(05) 30
(10) 27
n (09)
Michni 20
(07) 25
(08) 31
(10)
Total 108
(36) 105 (35)
87 (29)
Source: Survey December, 2011
5.3 CRITIAL NEEDS
5.3.1 Priority List of Critical Needs
No doubt, conflict in KP has brought disaster in the whole province and in some districts particularly. It would take years to bring these areas back to the development track. There is a dire need for assistance and help in these conflict affected areas. Government must focus on these areas and should take some concrete measures so that life could be brought back in these areas. It would be worth mentioning to state that NGO’s sector along with government should come forward as well because government on its own cannot meet all the needs. Table 12 shows the priority list of the sampled respondents in the study area. It is evident from the table that 32% of the sampled respondents emphasized on the need for a reliable and sustainable livelihood source which would not only help them in combating the poverty but would also make them able to rely on their own instead of outside assistance. Seventy Four percent of the sampled respondents emphasized on the need of family’s physical security. Moreover, 21, 11, 07 and 04 % of the sampled respondents prioritized their list as access to basic and social needs, food/clothing, need for permanent shelter and need for temporary shelter, respectively. Table 12: Sampled Respondents Showing Priority List of Critical Needs
Sampled Area Critical Needs
Family’s Physical Security
Food/ Clothing
Need for temp. Shelter
Need for permanent shelter
Reliable source of income/ livelihood
Access to Edu., health and other essential services
Swat Charbagh
16 (05)
11 (04)
04 (01)
09 (03)
17 (06)
18 (06)
Matta 15 (05)
11 (04)
08 (03)
08 (03)
20 (07)
13 (04)
Peshawar
Badber 24 (08)
05 (02)
- 03 (01)
26 (09)
17 (06)
Michni 19 (06)
07 (02)
- 01 (00)
33 (11)
15 (05)
Total 74 (25)
34 (11)
12 (04)
21 (07)
96 (32)
63 (21)
Source: Survey December, 2011
6- RECOMMENDATIONS
On the basis of research findings, following recommendations are made:
It is evident from our findings that people were badly affected due to the terrorism activities and needs a lot of
attention not only from the Government side but also from the NGO’s and welfare organizations to come forth and
provide assistance and help to the needy, deserving and most vulnerable.
Communities, in general, were financially downtrodden, socially alienated and in desperate need of assistance in
switching to economic activities with better financial returns. Diffusion of any innovation designed to help those
communities and address the problem of post-war poverty issue will meet better success if a holistic approach is
adopted. Families should be helped through micro-credit, vocational training, small business planning and
implementation, if people are to be empowered economically and financially and bring sustainability and reduce
outside assistance.
The qualitative sources of data revealed that the mechanism adopted for need assessment is not an appropriate one.
Proper need assessment techniques would ensure the right use of funds and in result would help in combating
poverty menace. Government organizations along with local communities should sit together and revise need
assessment procedures.
For development of social capital, it is important to encourage formation of different organization at village level with
equal representation of all ethnic groups so that these people can exercise their choice in the decisions making of
development activities in the area.
As a preventive measure to eliminate conflict from the area, interventions may be considered for promoting peace
and harmony in the area. Masses should be made aware about the Islamic extremist, organizations and personalities
who were betraying them in the name of Islam. Media, teachers and religious scholars could play an effective role in
this regard.
Qualitative data revealed that more than two-third of the anti-government persons were young people from the age
group 13-35. Therefore, special attention should be given on young people and some concrete measures like
increasing enrolment, providing vocational trainings, etc. should be taken to ensure there proper social brought-up
and education.
Many people are still in trauma. A huge number of people are having fully or partially post-war psychological
disorders. Special attention should be focused on these people and treatment plan may be introduced to bring them
back to their normal life.
Agriculture is the main source of livelihood in the study area especially in Swat district. Agriculture is a seasonal
activity and 1-2 bad season hit farmers hard and takes a strong effort to recover. Both qualitative and quantitative
data revealed that agriculture situation was really worse, not only due to conflict but also due to the floods as well.
Therefore, it is strongly recommended that agriculture development policies and plans should be introduced in the
area in various forms like interest free loans, provision of cost free seeds, re-construction of irrigation channels,
provision of low cost fertilizers, etc. Moreover, in Swat, availability of free pastures has natural advantage of cheaper
grazing facility for the people of the area. Hence, development of dairy farming on commercial basis through public
and private partnership can enhance income of the rural people and hence can help in poverty reduction in the area.
Cross breeding and genes for goat, sheep and cattle are required to generate economic activities which can help in
enhancement of income in the area.
ANNEXURE – A INSTRUMENT -A
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR HOUSEHOLDS AT VILLAGE LEVEL
A. IMPACT ON FAMILY LIFE
How did the conflict/violence in the area impact on your physical security? Check all that apply.
Applicable Not Applicable
Death in the family _____ _____
Injuries(number) _____ _____
Home damaged(number) _____ _____
Kidnapping/Ransom(number) _____ _____
Arson(number) _____ _____
Forced eviction/migration _____ _____
Displacements _____ _____
Others (specify) _____ _____
What is the impact on livelihood of your family?
Applicable Not Applicable
Loss of Income _____ _____
Loss of Job _____ _____
Loss of Self-owned Business _____ _____
Loss of Livestock/Crop _____ _____
Non-avail. Of Inputs (Credit) _____ _____
Loss of Clients/Customers _____ _____
Others (specify) _____ _____
What is the impact on family’s civil liberties and rights?
Applicable Not Applicable
Freedom from fear _____ _____
Freedom of movement/travel _____ _____
Exploitation (specify) _____ _____
Encroachment of land/household _____ _____
Household headed by a single women _____ _____
Number of orphans in the household _____ _____
B. REATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFLICT AND POVERTY 1 Who (group) is responsible for violence/conflict in the area?
Militants/TTP ____________
Foreign Agencies ___________
Government _______________
Others ______________
2 What do you think of this/these groups – by each identified group above?
Policy/ideology/agenda of the group
Tactics of the group
__________________(Specify)
Agree ____
Agree ____
Disagree ____
Disagree ____
3 What is the cause of conflict/violence in the area (check all that applies)?
Religious hatred Yes ____ No ____
Intolerance Yes ____ No ____
American/NATO Presence in Afghanistan Yes ____ No ____
Lack of Access to Justice Yes ____ No ____
Absence of Rule of Law Yes ____ No ____
Govt. Incompetence Yes ____ No ____
Corruption Yes ____ No ____
Lack of Livelihood Yes ____ No ____
Poverty Yes ____ No ____
Others ___________________________ Yes ____ No ____
4 Do you think suicide bombing, armed attacks, destruction of public facilities, kidnapping and arson are justified?
Justified
____________
(Number)
Unjustified __________
(Number)
Justified in few cases ______________
(Number)
5 How do these violent events have affected or continue to affect your personal and your family lives? Check all that imply.
Insecurity Yes ____ No ____
Loss of Income Yes ____ No ____
Access to education and health Yes ____ No ____
Death/injury Yes ____ No ____
Displacement Yes ____ No ____
Access to public utilities Yes ____ No ____
Others (specify)
___________________________
_
Yes ____ No ____
6 What do you think needs to be done to check and eliminate this menace of violence?
Negotiations/Dialogue Yes ____ No ____
Force Yes ____ No ____
Compromise Yes ____ No ____
Accept Demand Yes ____ No ____
Other (specify)
___________________________
_
Yes ____ No ____
7 Is it safe for you and your family to continue to live here?
Perfectly safe _________________
Not safe at all _________________
Not safe for some in family _________________
8 How peace in the area will affect you personally and your family?
Freedom from fear/insecurity Yes ____ No ____
Improved livelihood – job/income Yes ____ No ____
Improved quality of life Yes ____ No ____
Others (specify) Yes ____ No ____
9 When did the conflict/violence in the area directly impact your household? (Please record specific year)
____
1
0 Are you better off now than when the conflict/violence impact you initially?
Much Better ____
Worse ____
Same, No difference _____ need to know the reason
1
1 How dependent are you on outside assistance and support?
Totally Dependent ____
Not Dependent at all _____
Partially _____ need to know the needs
C. CRITICAL NEEDS (please check all those applicable – if more than one, rank order)***
Family’s Physical Security – inclusive of freedom from fear ____
Food/Clothing for Family ____
Need for Temporary Shelter ____
Need for Permanent Shelter ____
Reliable Source of Income/Livelihood ____
Access to Education, Health and other Essential Services/Facilities ____
ANNEXURE - B INSTRUMENT - B
FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION on IMPACT OF CONFLICT GROUPS OF WOMEN/GIRLS, YOUTH (13 – 22 YEARS) AND OTHER ADULTS
1. PHYSICAL SECURITY YES NO
Deaths in the family ____ ____
Injuries ____ ____
Homes damaged ____ ____
Kidnapping/Ransom ____ ____
Arson ____ ____
Forced eviction/migration ____ ____
Displacements ____ ____
Others (specify)
_____________________________ ____ ____
2. LIVELIHOOD YES NO
Loss of Income ____ ____
Loss of Job ____ ____
Loss of Self-owned Business ____ ____
Loss of Livestock/Crop ____ ____
Non-avail. of Inputs (Credit) ____ ____
Loss of Clients/Customers ____ ____
Employers Disappeared ____ ____
Others (specify)
_____________________________ ____ ____
3. RIGHTS YES NO
Freedom from fear ____ ____
Freedom of movement/travel ____ ____
Exploitation (specify) ____ ____
Encroachment of land/household ____ ____
Increased in number of single women ____ ____
Increased in number of orphans ____ ____
Increased workload on women/children ____ ____
Others (specify)
_____________________________ ____ ____
4. ACCESS TO SERVICES YES NO Male Female
Education ____ ____ ____ ____
Health services ____ ____ ____ ____
Potable water and sanitation ____ ____
Utilities (electricity/gas) ____ ____
Road/Transportation ____ ____
Bank ____ ____
Others (specify) ____ ____
_____________________________
1 Which (group) is responsible for violence/conflict in the area?
Militants/TTP ______________
Foreign Agencies _______________
Governmnet ______________
Others _____________________ (Specify)
2 What do you think of this/these groups – by each identified group above? Add numbers.
Policy/ideology/agenda of the group
Tactics of the group
Agree ____
Agree ____
Disagree ____
Disagree ____
3 What is the cause of conflict/violence in the area (check all that applies – add numbers)?
YES NO
Religious Hatred ____ ____
Intolerance ____ ____
High Rate of Crimes _____ ____
American/NATO Presence in Afghanistan ____ ____
Lack of Access to Justice ____ ____
Absence of Rule of Law ____ ____
Govt. Incompetence ____ ____
Corruption ____ ____
Lack of Livelihood ____ ____
Poverty ____ ____
Others ___________________________ ____ ____
4 Do you think suicide bombing, armed attacks, destruction of public facilities, kidnapping and arson are justified?
Justified
____________
(Number)
Reason_____________________
___________________________
___________________________
______
Unjustified __________
(Number)
Reason_____________________________________
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
_______
Justified in few cases ______________
(Number)
Reason_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
5 How do these violent events have affected or continue to affect your personal and your family lives? Check all that imply. Add
numbers if the answer is yes.
YES NO
Insecurity ____ ____
Loss of income ____ ____
Access to education and health ____ ____
Death/injury ____ ____
Displacement ____ ____
Access to public utilities ____ ____
Others (specify)
___________________________ ____ ____
6 What do you think needs to be done to check and eliminate this menace of violence?
YES NO
Negotiations/Dialogue ____ ____
Force ____ ____
Compromise ____ ____
Accept Demand ____ ____
Other (specify)
___________________________
_
____ ____
7 Is it safe for you and your family to continue to live here? Add number.
Perfectly safe _________________
Not safe at all _________________
Not safe for some family members _________________ (if yes, give reason/if not give reasons
8 How peace in the area will affect you personally and your family? Add number if answer is yes.
YES NO
Freedom from fear/insecurity ____ ____
Improved livelihood – job/income ____ ____
Improved quality of life ____ ____
Others (specify) ____ ____
ASSESSMENT OF NEEDS – Add number of participants in FGD identifying each need.
FOOD ___________(Yes/No)
CLOTHING ___________(Yes/No)
TEMPORARY SHELTER ___________(Yes/No)
ACCESS TO SERVICES
BASIC HEALTH SERVICES ___________(Yes/No)
POTABLE WATER ___________(Yes/No)
SANITATION ___________(Yes/No)
ELECTRICITY AND GAS ___________(Yes/No)
OTHERS (specify) ___________(Yes/No)
___________(Yes/No)
EMPOWERMENT
LITERACY TRAINING FOR ADULTS ___________(Yes/No)
EDUCATION (for school age children) ___________(Yes/No)
VOCATIONAL/TECHNICAL TRAINING (for women/girls, youth and adults) ___________(Yes/No)
ACCESS TO CREDIT ___________(Yes/No)
ACCESS TO OTHER INPUTS for income generation (specify) ___________(Yes/No)
ACCESS TO OTHER FACILITIES/SERVICES (specify) ___________(Yes/No)
ADEQUATE SHELTER ___________(Yes/No)
OTHERS (specify) ___________ (Yes/No)
ANNEXURE-C INSTRUMENT C
FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSION with BUSINESSMEN/ENTREPRENEURS/EMPLOYERS A. IMPACT ON BUSINESS - Add number of participants in FGD responding to each item below.
1. Ability to Maintain Production
Seriously impacted ______
Moderately impacted ______
Not impacted at all ______
2. Demand for Products/Services
Seriously impacted ______
Moderately impacted ______
No impact at all ______ 3. Availability of Labor
Seriously impacted ______
Moderate impact ______
No impact at all ______ 4. Loss of Clients
Seriously impacted ______
Moderate impact ______
No impact at all ______ 5. Ability to Market Products/Services
Seriously impacted ______
Moderately impacted ______
Not impacted at all ______ 6. Loss of Income
Seriously impacted ______
Moderate impact ______
No impact ______ 7. Expansion Plans and/or New Investments
Have definite plans ______
No plans at all ______
Have plans but on hold ______
Plans to curtail operation ______
Plan to close down ______
B. DRIVERS OF CONFLICT IN THE AREA 1. Conflict in Afghanistan and Presence of Foreign Troops
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____
2. Government support for American/NATO Policies such as Drone Attacks
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____ 3. Government Policies, Incompetence and Corruption
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____ 4. Lack of Access to Justice and Absence of Rule of Law a. Strongly agree _____ b. Strongly disagree _____ 5. Religious Intolerance a. Strongly agree _____ b. Strongly disagree _____ 6. Access to Education, Health and other Essential Services a. Strongly agree _____ b. Strongly disagree _____ 7. Loss/Lack of Livelihood and Poverty
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____ 8. Other than those mentioned above (specify)
Factor X _____
Factory Y _____
Annexure - D
INSTRUMENT D FOCUSED GROUP DISCUSSIONS
LOCAL COMMUNITY/PUBLIC LEADERSHIP AND SERVICE PROVIDERS
A. LOSS OF PUBLIC GOODS/SERVICES (check all that applies!) 1. Education (check only if closed/shut down but NOT if it did not exist to begin with, and add numbers!) a. Literacy centers for male _______ b. Literacy centers for female _______
c. Elementary school (K-5 grades) for boys _______ d. Elementary school for girls _______
e. High school (6-10 grades) for boys _______
f. High school for girls _______
g. College for boys _______
h. College for girls _______
i. Vocational/technical training institutes for boys _______
j. Vocational/technical training institutes for girls _______
k. Other (specify) ________________________ _______
2. Health*
Primary Health Care Clinic/Centre _____
Maternal and Child Health Centre _____
Hospital _____
Other (specify) _____
3. Water & Sanitation
Potable Water
Water for other domestic use
Sanitation (wastewater/garbage
collection and disposal)
4. Utilities
Electricity
Gas
Telephone/Communication
Others (specify)
5. Public Roads
Access road to main town
Farm to market roads
Roads to other towns/cities
Others (specify)
6. Transport
Local
Inter-city 7. Banking Services
Micro credit
Deposit, withdrawl and/or safe keeping 8. Services to Area Farmers
Extension services
Agriculture loans
Seeds and fertilizer
Agriculture market
Irrigation
Other
9. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of Public Facilities (specify)
___________
___________
___________ B. DRIVERS OF CONFLICT IN THE AREA – Add number of participants in FGD to each item. 1. Conflict in Afghanistan and Presence of Foreign Troops
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____ 2. Government support for American/NATO Policies such as Drone Attacks
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____ 3. Government Policies, Incompetence and Corruption
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____ 4. Lack of Access to Justice and Absence of Rule of Law a. Strongly agree _____ b. Strongly disagree _____ 5. Religious Intolerance/Enforcement of Sharia a. Strongly agree _____ b. Strongly disagree _____ 6. Lack of Access to Education, Health and other Essential Services
a. Strongly agree _____ b. Strongly disagree _____ 7. Loss/Lack of Livelihood and Poverty
Strongly agree _____
Strongly disagree _____ 8. Other than those mentioned above (specify)
Factor X _____
Factory Y _____ C. CHALLENGES FACED IN SERVING AREA RESIDENTS – Add number if answer is yes. YES NO 1. Fear of personal safety – lack of security ____ ____ 2. Absence of framework for assistance ____ ____ 3. Lack of coordination ____ ____ 4. Lack of cooperation from public officials ____ ____ 5. Inaccessibility to target areas/clients ____ ____ 6. Lack of cooperation from target constituents ____ ____
7. Others (Please specify if any) ________________ ____ ____
Annexure – E
ANNEXURE – F
ACTION PLAN – TIMELINE
Identification/Selection of Research Team 11/04/2011
Orientation Meeting Research Team - Islamabad 11/14/2011
Review of Literature – Secondary Data Collection 11/04-30/11
Primary Data Collection Launched 11/14/2011
Mid-Term Review of Progress – Islamabad 11/28/2011
Primary Data Collection Completed 12/02/2011
Data Compilation/Analysis Completed 12/16/2011
First Draft Report Completed 12/31/2011
Dissemination of Results/Findings 10-01-2012
Annex
ure –
G1
TABLE I
INTENSITY OF CONFLICT
Districts Suicide
bombing Target killing Kidnapping
Attack on PI (number of
deaths) Armed attacks Arson
Abbotabad 17
Bannu 2 16 15
Battagram 1 4 2
Bunir 0
Charsadda 2 20 80
Chitral 0
D.I. Khan 2 19 21 7
Dir (Lower) 2 10 0
Dir (Upper) 2
Hangu 3 1 13 8
Haripur 9
Karak 9
Kohat 1 15 0
Kohistan 0
Lakki Marwat 1 7 0
Malakand -22
Mansehra 70
Mardan 1 22 0
Nowshera 2 24 7
Peshawar 4 105 4
Shangla 0
Swabi 2 9 0
Swat 17
Tank 0
FATA
Bajur
Khyber
Kurram
Mohamand
North Waziristan
Orakzai
South Waziristan
FRs
Bannu 2 16 15
D.I. Khan 2 19 21 7
Kohat 1 15 0
Lakki Marwat 1 7 0
Peshawar 4 105 4
Source: Police Department, KP.
Annexure- G2
TABLE II
COMPARATIVE RANKINGS OF CONFLICT AFFECTED AREAS
Districts Violent
episodes
Population below poverty line (percentage of population receiving
assistance) IDPS Rank
Abbotabad 17 2.6 14th
Bannu 18 3.7 9th
Battagram 5 9.9 8th
Bunir 0 3.6 64491 6th
Charsadda 22 3.5 12th
Chitral 0 3 22nd
D.I. Khan 42 3.5 4th
Dir (Lower) 12 3.1 37783 5th
Dir (Upper) 2 2.8 20th
Hangu 17 19th
Haripur 9 3.6 18th
Karak 9 4 16th
Kohat 16 4.3 13th
Kohistan 0 2.6 23rd
Lakki Marwat 8 4.1 17th
Malakand
Mansehra 70 3.1 3rd
Mardan 23 3.2 11th
Nowshera 26 7.3 10th
Peshawar 109 3 1st
Shangla 0 3.5 9761 7th
Swabi 11 4.8 15th
Swat 17 142813 2nd
Tank 0 2097 21st
FATA
Bajur 70,258
Khyber 4679
Kurram 48267
Mohamand 43052
North Waziristan
0
Orakzai 58519
South Waziristan
69279
FRs
Bannu 18
D.I. Khan 42
Kohat 16
Lakki Marwat 8
Peshawar 109
Source: Police Department, KP (Violent Incidents = The sum of cases registered of target killing, suicide bomb blasts and kidnappings.)
Source: Bureau of Statistics (Percentage of population receiving assistance from Bait-ul-Maal)
Source: FDMA statistics and UNHCR. (Total number of IDP’s from the mentioned areas)
Annexure – G3
TABLE III
IMPACT ON PHYSICAL SECURITY
Districts Deaths Injuries Displacements Homes
damaged
Abbotabad
Bannu 19 13
Battagram 7 22
Bunir 64491 2116
Charsadda 100 102
Chitral
D.I. Khan 24 3
Dir (Lower) 48 98 37783 661
Dir (Upper) 1647
Hangu 45 115
Haripur
Karak
Kohat 1 0
Kohistan
Lakki Marwat 3 37
Malakand 5152
Mansehra
Mardan 31 69
Nowshera 20 34
Peshawar 81 169
Shangla 9761 665
Swabi 13 30
Swat 142813 8125
Tank 2097
FATA
Bajur 654 934 70,258 9213
Khyber 388 482 4679
Kurram 186 172 48267 2986
Mohamand 461 475 43052 1065
North Waziristan 424 704 0
Orakzai 237 221 58519 790
South Waziristan 63 54 69279
FRs
Bannu 4 4
D.I. Khan 1 1
Kohat 173 126 178
Lakki Marwat 7 4 177
Peshawar 3 3 986
Source: Plolice Department of KP (Data of FATA from Law and Order department, Fata Secretariate) Source: FDMA reports
Annexure – G4
TABLE IV
IMPACT ON EDUCATION
Districts Schools destroyed
Schools Out of school youth (6-17 yrs) Unemployed Shut down
Elem Sec Elem Sec Boys Girls Teachers Staff
Abbotabad
Bannu
Battagram
Bunir 4 4 11 13
Charsadda
Chitral
D.I. Khan
Dir (Lower) 23 5 19 9
Dir (Upper) 18 4 1 5
Hangu
Haripur
Karak
Kohat
Kohistan
Lakki Marwat
Malakand
Mansehra
Mardan
Nowshera
Peshawar
Shangla 5 1 12 8
Swabi
Swat 135 32 80 22 150,000 8000
Tank
FATA
Bajur 62 13 17*
Khyber 19 5
Kurram 76 4
Mohamand 48 7 10*
North Waziristan
3 2
Orakzai 24 4
South Waziristan
20 3
FRs
Bannu 12 1
D.I. Khan
Kohat
Lakki Marwat
Peshawar 3 3
Source: Damage Need Assessment 2009, WB and ADB Source: FDMA statistics
Annexure – G5
TABLE V
IMPACT ON ACCESS TO FACILITIES/SERVICES
Districts Health
Electricity (transformers
damaged)
Utilities Water and Sanitation
Roads damaged
(KM) Others (?)
Abbotabad
Bannu
Battagram
Bunir 22 230 82 246
Charsadda
Chitral
D.I. Khan
Dir (Lower) 16 80 81 198
Dir (Upper) 6 30 54 150
Hangu
Haripur
Karak
Kohat
Kohistan
Lakki Marwat
Malakand
Mansehra
Mardan
Nowshera
Peshawar
Shangla 1 10 256 72
Swabi
Swat 18 350 371 663
Tank
FATA
Bajur 14 176 40 131
Khyber 2 837M
Kurram 1
Mohamand 14 78 6 168
North Waziristan
4 27.3
Orakzai 10GS damaged
15
South Waziristan
1 962
FRs
Bannu 5
D.I. Khan 2
Kohat 4
Lakki Marwat
Peshawar
Source: Damage Need Assesment 2009,WB and ADB
Source: FDMA statistics
Annexure – G6
TABLE VI
LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD
Districts Jobs
Self-owned
business Employing cos closed
Crops destroyed (damages
in millions) Loss of income
Nonavail of inputs
(Investment loss in
millions)
Abbotabad
Bannu
Battagram
Bunir 408 1171.37 887.12
Charsadda
Chitral
D.I. Khan 665
Dir (Lower) 176 386.4 199.41
Dir (Upper) 346 43.08
Hangu
Haripur
Karak
Kohat
Kohistan
Lakki Marwat 10
Malakand 1029.12
Mansehra
Mardan
Nowshera
Peshawar
Shangla 484 399.864 12.2
Swabi
Swat 2604 1883.04 902.22
Tank 39 120
FATA
Bajur 1530 40500
Khyber 7000
Kurram 7200
Mohamand 376 2500
North Waziristan 5200
Orakzai 25 1500
South Waziristan 9000
FRs
Bannu 130
D.I. Khan 665 80
Kohat 120
Lakki Marwat 10 115
Peshawar 150
Source: Damage Need Assessment 2009, WB and ADB
Source: FDMA statistics
Annexure – G7
TABLE VII
WORST IMPACTED VULNERABLE POPULATION
Districts
Children age 2-9
with atleast one disability
(%) Elderly IDPS Hosts of
IDPS Returnees other
Abbotabad 16.2
Bannu 5.1
Battagram 6.6
Bunir 5.1 64491 60219
Charsadda 4.6
Chitral 12.7
D.I. Khan 4.5 69279*
Dir (Lower) 5.4 37783 1868
Dir (Upper) 3.9
Hangu 2943
Haripur 8.8
Karak 6.3
Kohat 10.2
Kohistan 2.6
Lakki Marwat 4.7
Malakand
Mansehra 4.9
Mardan 4.8
Nowshera 3
Peshawar 7.1 36000
Shangla 6.9 9761 7913
Swabi 5.4
Swat 142813 108910*
Tank 2097
FATA
Bajur 70,258
Khyber 4679
Kurram 48267
Mohamand 43052
North Waziristan
0
Orakzai 58519
South Waziristan
69279
FRs
Bannu
D.I. Khan
Kohat
Lakki Marwat
Peshawar
Source: Bureau of Statistics Source: FDMA statistics
Annexure – G8
TABLE VIII
IMPACT OF CONFLICT OVER TIME
S No KPK
Dist/FATA/FRs
Violent Incidents Deaths IDPs Poverty
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
1 Abbotabad 29 41 45 40 23 2.6
2 Bannu 19 22 25 24 15 8 15 12 22 20 3.7
3 Battagram 0 1 3 3 4 2 9.9
4 Bunir 0 3 3 4 0 35 64491 3.6
5 Charsadda 11 13 24 22 23 84 34 42 3.5
6 Chitral 1 0 1 2 1 3
7 D.I. Khan 13 32 56 105 30 10 72 114 151 13 3.5
8 Dir (Lower) 1 0 8 17 9 12 54 37783 3.1
9 Dir (Upper) 2 10 24 22 14 30 2.8
10 Hangu 18 17 22 28 18 48 15 6 58 38
11 Haripur 1 4 11 11 16 17 3.6
12 Karak 4 6 7 12 8 4 4
13 Kohat 9 11 19 22 18 29 41 51 66 4.3
14 Kohistan 0 0 0 0 2 2.6
15 Lakki Marwat 3 15 8 12 15 1 112 4.1
16 Malakand 5152
17 Mansehra 55 61 67 61 16 1 3.1
18 Mardan 17 19 26 36 29 22 4 3.2
19 Nowshera 7 15 18 14 35 6 3 8 7.3
20 Peshawar 82 124 146 250 158 1 48 57 192 46 3
21 Shangla 0 1 0 2 1 5 46 9761 3.5
22 Swabi 3 7 8 8 13 4 4.8
23 Swat 5 17 39 46 27 64 86 35 33 142813
24 Tank 5 9 1 10 7 6 1 3 4
FATA
1 Bajur 654 70258
2 Khyber 388 4679
3 Kurram 186 48267 2995
4 Mohamand 461 43052
5 N. Waziristan 424
6 Orakzai 237 58519
7 S. Waziristan 63 69279
FRs
1 Bannu 4
2 D.I. Khan 1
3 Kohat 173
4 Lakki Marwat 7
5 Peshawar 3
Source: Bureau of Statistics Source: FDMA statistics
