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Report from the the CALICE Collaboration. 164 Physicists 26 Institutes 9 Countries 3 Regions. CA lorimeter for the LI near C ollider with E lectrons A calorimeter optimized for the Energy Flow measurement of - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Report from the
the CALICE Collaboration
164 Physicists 26 Institutes 9 Countries 3 Regions
José RepondArgonne National Laboratory
CAlorimeter for the LInear Collider with Electrons
A calorimeter optimized for the Energy Flow measurement of multi-jet final states at the Future Linear Collider running at a center-of-mass energy 90 GeV and 1 TeV
Hadronic Calorimeter
• Analog readout – ‘Tile HCAL’
Germany, Czech, Russia…
• Digital readout – ‘DHCAL’
I Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs)
Texas at Arlington
II Resistive Plate Chambers (RPCs)
Russia, USA (ANL, Boston, Chicago, FNAL)
III Scintillator
Northern Illinois
IV Short Drift Tubes (SDTs)
Protvino
Electromagnetic Calorimeter
• Silicon – Tungsten
France, UK + friends
• Silicon – Scintillator ‘LCCAL’
Italy Not part of CALICE
Will report on these
Others covered by individual talks at this workshop
CALICE ECAL
Fine granularity tracking calorimeter
Silicon – Tungsten sandwich
1 x 1 cm2 pads 40 layers
Simulated energy resolution
Prototype for test beams
30 layers Active area 18 x 18 cm2 9720 channels
Goal: first tests in 2004
)(/%11/ GeVEEE
Structure 1.4(1.4mm of W plates)
Structure 2.8 (2×1.4mm of W plates)
Structure 4.6(3×1.4mm of W plates)
ACTIVE ZONE
Metal insert
Detector slabs
60 mm
60 mm
Si Wafer with 6×6 pads
10×10 mm2
Front End electronics
(Cfi / W) structure type H
Silicon wafer
Shielding
PCB
Al. ShieldingPCB (multi-layers)
( 2.4 mm)
Silicon wafer(0.525 mm)
Tungsten(1.4 mm, 2×1.4 or 3×1.4 mm)
8.5
mm
Composite structure (0.15 mm / layer)
Transverse view
Detector slab
PCB
14 layers Thickness 2.4 mm
ChipsChipsChipsChips
WaferWaferWaferWafer
PCB boardPCB boardPCB boardPCB board
PCB, Wafers, Chips…
Front-end electronics: ASIC
Second version being developed….
FLC_PHY1 FLC_PHY2• Preamp 16 gains (0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6pF switchable)• Lower noise (input transimproved)• Shaper bigain differential• track & hold differential
• Preamp 1 gain (1.5pF)• Low noise (2200e-)• Shaper Mono gainunipolar• track & hold Unipolar
Pin-Pincompatibility
AmpOPA
OPA
MUX out Gain=1
MUX out Gain=10
1 channel
Measurements on FLC_PHY1
Linearity 0.3% Dynamic range 3.5 pC Noise 2200 e-
Pedestal dispersion σ=5mV
Satisfactory
Rear-end electronics
Developed in the UK
Use of CMS Back end
Schedule
Mechanical structure
Tungsten plates by end of 2003 Assembly in early 2004
FE ASICs
FLC_PHY2 tested by September Choice of ASIC Production completed by end of 2003
FE PCB boards
Built by February 2004
RE boards
Fabrication and assembly in Mar’03
Prototype in beam
Cosmic rays first half of 2004 Electrons by mid 2004 Hadrons in 2005
LCCAL
45 layers
25 x 25 x 0.3 cm3 Lead 5 x 5 x 0.3 cm3 Scintillator
3 layers of Silicon
1 x 1 cm2 pads at 2, 6, 12 X0
Not part of CALICE
Collaboration
Como, LN Frascati, Padova, Trieste
Concept
Lead/scintillator plus silicon
EE
Extensive Tests in Frascati Test Beam
Electrons and positrons
50 – 850 MeV Energy selection 1 % Up to 103 electrons/s
Energy resolution as expected Npe > 5.1/layer → p.e. statistics negligible Uniformity of light collection at 10 – 20 % level
Recently inserted Silicon pads
E (MeV)
)(/%5.11/ GeVEEE
Conclusions and Perspectives
LCCAL prototype
Almost fully working More Silicon pads are being constructed Third Silicon layer will be fully equipped
Test run at Frascati
Underway Energy response and resolution as expected Merging Silicon and Energy information: understand multiple hits (>1 e-)
Two test beams at Higher Energy in preparation
PS and SPS (in 2003)
Monte Carlo Simulation
Studies of hybrid technique to be initiated
Hadron Calorimeter
HCAL located inside 4T coil
Thickness
4.5 λ … Barrel 6.2 λ … Endcap
Cell structure
Iron 20 mm Active medium 6.5 – 10.0 mm
TESLA TDR
Two options
a) Analog hadron calorimeter with scintillator
b) Digital hadron calorimeter with …
Analog HCAL
Scintillator tiles
Area 5 x 5 → 25 x 25 cm2
Thickness 5 mm
Longitudinal segmentation
9 … Barrel 12 … Endcap
Strong R&D program
Tests of different plastic scintillator
Fiber routing optimization
Selection of wavelength-shifting fibers
Coupling of WLS-fibres to scintillator
Clear fiber selection
Connection of WLS and clear fibres
Photodetectors
A few examples…
Scintillator
PolyVinylToluene based → more expensive
BC-408, BC-404…
PolyStyrene based → less light
SCSN-81, Kuraray, BASF-143…
WLS Fiber Routing
Stress on fiber → ageing?
WLS Fiber
Diameter 1 mm, double clad
BC-91A BC-92 Y11(500ppm) …
Treatment of fiber end
Polishing End reflector
Treatment directionFiner sandpaper
Silicon – Photomultipliers SiPMsR&D at MEPHI (Moscow) together with PULSAR (Russian Industry)
R 50
h
pixel
Ubias
Al
substrate
ResistorRn=400 k
20m
42m
2 ns
2 mV
Overall size 1.5 x 1.5 mm2
Sensitive area 1 x 1 mm2
Gain 2∙106 at Ubias ~ 50 V
Number of pixels 576 → 1000
Recovery time ~100ns
4 – 8 photo-electrons576 pixelsUbias = 53 – 55 V
10 photo-electrons576 pixelsUbias = 54 V
15 photo-electrons1000 pixelsSiPM mounted on tile
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 400,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
MIP Detection by one cell ( 3 Tiles + 3 SiPMs)
98% efficiency
Da
rk r
ate
, H
zThreshold, phe
MIP
de
tect
ion
eff
icie
ncy
With threshold at ~ 20 photo-electrons
Dark rate ~ 2 Hz MIP detection efficiency ~ 97.5%
Minical Array
Purpose
Cosmic rays starting in August
Light Yield Uniformity of response Calibration with MIPs Test of different photo-detectors Long term ageing effects
LED monitoring
Stability Dynamic range
Electron beam
Energy resolution Constant term Linearity
Stack
27 layers of 9 tiles 5 x 5 x 0.5 cm3 scintillator
APDs3 tiles/APD
MA-PMs3 tiles/pixel
SiPMs1 tile/SiPM
beam
beam
1. Enough LY from TFS (~200 photons at photodetector)2. APD’s and SI-PMs are the photodetectors which do the task3. Preamplifiers with low noise are essential (MIP-noise separation,calibration)4. Minical test to establish calibration precision in summer5. Now design of prototype boards for APD and Si-PMs (DUBNA)6. Photodetectors, large quantity to order in summer:
• 1000 APDs or• ~ 5000 Si-PMs or • both types in relevant quantities e.g. ~250/3500
7. Prototype stack (1m3) will be build in summer8. Assembly of PT-stack with TFS starts in Jan. 20049. Spring 2004 is used to set up and calibrate all channels with cosmics.
Slide by V Korbel shown at Amsterdam MeetingOutlook
DHCAL: Resistive Plate Chambers - RPCsOnly Russian effort (Protvino) for US effort see separate talk
Developed RPCs
Single gap of 1.2, 1.6 or 2.0 mm 1013 Ω∙cm window glass as resistive plates Tests with 16 pads of 1 x 1 cm2
Thickness 4.4 mm (without FEE)
Gas mixtures
Avalanche mode: TetraFluoroEthane : IB : SF6 = 95 – 98 : 5 : 5 – 2 % Streamer mode : TetraFluoroEthane : IB : Ar/N2 = 80 : 10 : 10 %
Tests with
Protvino test beam
Tests in avalanche mode
Efficiency and pad multiplicity versus High Voltage
To give a few examples…
Tests with different gases and thresholds
Best results for
HV = 8.2 kV Threshold = 2.2 mV
Efficiency ~ 99% Multiplicity ~ 1.4
Efficiency versus rate for avalanche and streamer mode
Pad multiplicity versus charge for different anode thicknesses
Noise rate versus High Voltage
Maximum rate
Streamer mode 4 - 5 Hz/cm2
Avalanche mode ~ 300 Hz/cm2
The thinner the anode
the smaller the multiplicity
At optimal operating point
~0.5 Hz/cm2
Comparison of operation modes
As an example for 1.2 mm gas gap…
Favored
Avalanche Streamer
Gas mixture TFE:IB:SF6 = 93:5:2 TFE:IB:Ar = 85:10:5
HV working point 8.4 kV 7.0 kV
Induced charge 3.4 pC 300 pC
Threshold on 50 Ω 1 – 2 mV 50 – 200 mV
Efficiency > 99 % ~ 95 %
σq/Q ~ 1 ~ 0.6
Pad multiplicity 1.5 1.4 – 1.5
Noise ~0.5 Hz/cm2 ~0.1 Hz/cm2
Rate capability 300 Hz/cm2 4 – 5 Hz/cm2
Ageing effects None Observed
Plans
December 2003
Beam tests with 20 layer ‘electromagnetic’ calorimeter 64 pads per layer
June 2004
Ready for production and assembly of 1 m3 prototype
DHCAL: Short Drift Tubes - STDs
Cell size 1 cm2 x 3 mm
Gas IB : Ar : TFE = 80 : 10 : 10
Efficiency and Multiplicity
as function of High Voltage
Currently using flammable gas exploring performance with other mixtures
Being developed in Protvino…
DHCAL: Readout schemes
Real challenge…. 1 m3 prototype: 400,000 channels!
IHEP Protvino Conditioning + FPGA + Serialiser
JINR Dubna Comparators + FPGA + VME
US groups Custom FE ASIC + concentrator + collector
Korea Testing entire chain of comparators and digital processing
Imperial College London
Adapting ECAL readout scheme to A/DHCAL
Readout at Protvino
Conceptual design
Readout for 64 channels
I Conditioning (analog)
II FPGA (digital)
III Serializer (readout of several FPGA)
Readout at Dubna
XILINXCOOLRUNNER-II
CPLD
COMPARATORS
COMPARATORS
Price ( $) Prototype 5000 ch Thr.
JINR Apl.+
CPLD
0.4
0.04
READY End of 2003
7-10 mv
Comp+
Sh. Reg.
0.35
0.04
+ 3-4
CMS ampl. US +
CPLD
0.37
0.04
READY Nov.
2003
US ?
2-5 mv
CMS amp.Bel +
CPLD
0.5??
0.04
READY Nov.
2003
? Minsk ?
3-6 mv
Bel. 0.5?? ??? 3-6 mv
HCAL: Mechanical Structure of 1 m3 PrototypeStructure
40 Layers Each 1 m2
20 mm steel plates Weighs 6 tons!
Issues
Material of absorber
Steel Stainless steel Tolerances on thickness, flatness
Active gap
Adjustable width Tolerances Support plates, e.g. 2 mm steel
Logistics
Tests in magnetic field, what B 1 or 2 stacks Who builds it
DHCAL meeting at DESY on June 30, 2003
CALICE meeting in Amsterdam on 31-March-2003
ECFA/DESY LC workshop in Amsterdam, April 1 – 4, 2003
http://www.nikhef.nl/ecfa-desy/flashindex.html
http://polywww.in2p3.fr/flc/agenda_dhcal_280203.html
DHCAL meeting in Paris on 28-February-2003
More information and upcoming meetings…
http://polywww.in2p3.fr/flc/agenda_CALICE_310303.html
http://www.hep.anl.gov/repond/DHCAL_Jun_2003_Agenda.ppt
A/DHCAL meeting at DESY around October 24, 2003