Report

WILDLIFE TRACKING AND MONITORING SYSTEM

1

` ABSTRACT

The international trade of endangered species - from tigers and rhinos to birds and

butterflies - is second only to drug trafficking as the biggest source of illicit money worldwide

Wildlife crime syndicates operate all over Asia As foreign as it may sound animal theft

especially with endangered species is quite common

Our project aims at tracking animals and collecting precious data from the animal

by belting the animal The collar will consist of a GPS receiver which will give us exact location

of the animal Along with this it will also have the presence of three sensors that are temperature

sensor ambient sensor and accelerometer These details will be then transmitted wirelessly to

the base station via static node The entire details will be presented in a front end of a remote pc

using VB

Along with helping the researchers with the animalrsquos body parameters our system

additionally has the presence of human sensor placed on the static node which would not be

made of any camera system and hence would be robust and low cost This would thus reduce the

rising fatalities in a human animal conflict and also drastically reduce zoo thefts


2

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION


3

When Rudyard Kipling wrote The Jungle Book between 40000 and 50000 tigers

roamed the countryside Most estimates put the total of wild tigers remained in India closer to

only 1400 according to the recent count taken by the Governmental organization and some Non

Governmental organization Tiger head elephant tusk rhino horns are the most traded

business The present condition of these animals thus needs to be checked

India has about half the worlds wild tiger population But seven of the countrys 28

tiger reserves barely sustain a breeding population and in one the Sariska Tiger Reserve in

Rajasthan a three-hour drive from Delhi no one has seen a tiger since 2004 Wildlife experts

believe poachers killed the preserves entire population Along with tiger there are many such

species fighting for their survival Depletion of habitat has resulted in animals coming closer to

human contact thus resulting to fatalities and loss of human life

Neither are these animal safe in the enclosure facing constant threats of zoo thefts

which is increasing on a large scale Prevention of zoo thefts and a regular need to check the

animal thus results in the need to develop our system as regularly tranquilizing the animal for its

check is not feasible and can result in the death of the animal

Our system has the presence of a tracking device helping to understand the exact

nature of animalrsquos locomotive habits and also measure its body parameters like temperature

Ambient light and grazing habits to which the animal is subjected is also done by our system

A study of these parameters will help the biologists save the mammal in a better and efficient

manner The basic need in the transmission of this data is the range The wildlife environment is

not present with infrastructure facilities Thus it is necessary to have the presence of systems that

do not depend on these infrastructures like communication towers and hence other substitutes

like RF transmission are used instead for the same We are using static nodes in between the

dynamic node and base station to increase the range

Also the valuable aspect present is the human sensor on the static node which will

detect presence of human in an area of about 10 meters This would help curbing the poaching

activity and zoo thefts responsible for a tremendous fall in the tiger count also if the animal

ncroaches any human habitat our system would raise an alarm helping save human life as well

as life of an animal


4

Chapter 2

LITERATURESURVEY


5

The basic motivation for our project is the decreasing count of tiger and other wild

species Previous chapter gave a brief introduction about the basic need of this project In this

chapter we will study the existing system available and limitations of the primitive techniques

Also we will see the components in our system and its advantages

The primitive method of tracking started with human observers [13] using binoculars

and camera to keep a track of an animal but these method are not only obsolete but also risk the

life of human being with no precise information and also disturbs the habitat of the animal [1]

[14]

Later some devices which give out radio signals were put on the animal and researchers

tracked it with an antenna (on foot or air) however it had certain major limitations like

1 Infrequent Data Collection

2 Day light

3 Difficult for species which avoid human contact

The other advances in the field of animal tracking led to systems like Ear tags

Branding Visual tags Bar codes Radio frequency identification implants RFID tags [1] [3]

Each of these technologies suffers shortcomings with respect to retention alterability

and ease of use Ear tags RFID tags visual tag are subjected to retention problem as animal can

snag and break the tags fences trees or other obstruction Moreover tags brands and tattoos can

be altered [4] [5]

FIG 21 Obsolete Techniques


6

Wildcense project [12] [14] [15] [16] [17] by DA-IICT is the only project in the Indian

Wildlife having the following features

Temperature (DS 1620) and Relative humidity sensors (SHT75)

Ambient light sensors (Taos TSL2561)

Image sensor to capture the images of the surroundings (CMOS OV9655)

GPS receiver to pinpoint exact location

Transceivers (MaxStream Xbee Pro)

Micro-controller ndash ATMEL AVR series

Power requirements battery solar cells

These components however make the system costly which is one of the important factors

to be considered We aim at producing the same by reducing the cost and also increasing the

range

The basic building blocks in our monitoring system hardware design are [4] [7]

1) Sensing Unit

2) Processing Unit

3) Transceiver Unit and

4) Power Unit

They may also have additional application-dependent components such as a location

finding system

1) The different components taken to consideration are done using an account of various

components present

2) The basic component selection factor being a trade off between cost and functionality

3) The basic aim also being to keep the system relatively low cost

4) A project called lsquoZebraNetrsquo [17] [18] system was designed by Department of Electrical

Engg at Princeton University to track the long term animal migrations As the project name

suggests it was used to track the position of the zebrarsquos The low power GPS chip is deployed as

the sensor to record the position data of the zebras

5) Similarly the great duck island project and the WILDCENSE project [6] [10] [11] aims at

tracking the animal


7

6) The packaging constraint of the belt has to be specially taken care of while designing the

entire system

21 Sensing Unit The Sensor unit senses or detects a signal or physical condition with incorporation of

sensors The processing unit uses the sensors data sensed by the sensors Processing unit stores

the data process it if necessary and transmit it to the base station Hence the Sensor unit

translates between the physical world and the abstract world of processing unit

Sensor may be classified in two categories according to the data transferred by them to

processing unit

1) Analog Sensor and

2) Digital Sensor

The sensor is a kind of transducer that converts one form of energy into other form of

energy They use the energy transferred to them converting it into analog signal or digital signal

Sensor may be classified according to the energy transferred to them

1 Thermal energy

2 Mechanical sensors

3 Optical and radiation sensors

4 Acoustic sensors


8

211 Human Detection

The Sensor used for human detection [25] can be done using different techniques

Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision - - - price Low

resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution

Stereo vision CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision

distance

++ ++ ++ Vision+dist

info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um

Heat ++ +++ +++ Human

distinction

Price

Pyroelectric CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um

Heat - - + Price Avg temp

Table21 Comparison of different human detection devices

The reason for utilizing pir is that it is efficient detector for human presence It is a very

cheap and commonly used device in robotics because the interface with the controller is very

easy With a Fresnel lens it can detect a person several meters away and it is not dependent on

external light The advantages of this device are its whole built-in electronic package small size

and the ease of interface with its digital output The other options present are also high end in

terms of costs with no distinct human identification


9

212 The Temperature Sensor

Some of the commercially available temperature sensors ICrsquos have been studied on the

basis of their key features like supply voltage supply current package range of temperature they

can measure etc

The temperature sensors can be classified broadly in two categories Contact Sensors and

non-contact Sensors Contact temperature sensors are required to be in contact of the object to

measure its temperature and no contact temperature sensors measure the thermal radiant power

of the Infrared or Optical radiation that they receive from a known or calculated area on its

surface In the present work there is requirement of contact type of temperature sensor to

measure the temperature of the mammal

The table shown below presents the different temperature sensor ICs and their different

parametric comparisons helping to decide the selection of suitable temperature sensor [23] [24]

Characteristic AD7818 LM94022 NE1617A DS1620 LM 35D

ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100

Supply Current 2mA 54uA 70mA 1mA 10Ua

Supply Voltage 27-55v 15-55v 3-55v 27-55v 3-15v

Conversion

Time

9ms 170ms 750ms 50us

Table 22 Comparison of different temperature sensors

213 Accelerometer

Acceleration is a measure of how quickly speed changes Just as a speedometer is a

meter that measures speed an accelerometer is a meter that measures acceleration [27]

You can use an accelerometers ability to sense acceleration to measure a variety of things

that are very useful to electronic and robotic projects and designs like acceleration tilt and tilt


10

angle incline rotation vibration collision gravity Accelerometers are already used in a wide

variety of machines specialized equipment and personal electronics

The MMA7260 is low cost low power complete 3-axis accelerometers and faster response

than Electrolytic Mercury or Thermal Tilt Sensors With many methods of measuring physical

activity of a mammal the one described to measure the random activity of an animal is the

accelerometer Improved Sleep-Wake and Behavior Discrimination Using MEMS

Accelerometers

Table23 Comparison of different accelerometers


11

214 Ambient Light Sensor

The locomotory behavior of an animal makes it subjected to varied atmospheric

conditions A study as well as the knowledge of these conditions is required by the biologists to

ensure that the animal stays in the correct atmospheric conditions Light plays a very important

role in this case hence a study as well as data acquisition of this parameter is required The light

dependent resistor is a low cost option as compared to other ambient light sensors such as

TSL2561 to measure the ambient light as it uses the internal ADC of processing unit for its data

retrieval The LDR changes its resistance as per the changes in the value of the ambient light and

hence a pre-calibration of the count has to be done as per the requisite An entire graphical

analysis of the data received by this sensor will help us conclude the kind of atmosphere the

animal requires215 Global Positioning System

GPS space system includes 24 satellites 11000 nautical miles above the Earth which

take 12 hours each to go around the Earth once (one orbit) They are positioned so that we can

receive signals from six of them nearly 100 percent of the time at any point on Earth This

precision timing is important because the receiver must determine exactly how long it takes for

signals to travel from each GPS satellite The receiver uses this information to calculate its

position The first GPS satellite was launched in 1978 The first 10 satellites were developmental

satellites called Block I From 1989 to 1993 23 production satellites called Block II were

launched The launch of the 24th satellite in 1994 completed the system [2] [9] [26]

FIG 22 GPS Satellite


12

A network of satellites that continuously transmit coded information which makes it possible to

precisely identify locations on earth by measuring distance from the satellite

As stated in the definition above GPS stands for Global Positioning System and refers to a

group of US Department of Defense satellites constantly circling the earth The satellites

transmit very low power radio signals allowing anyone with a GPS receiver to determine their

location on Earth

The frame format received from the GPS receiver would be [2] [9]

$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E

The entire frame format here has different parameters present describing the time speed latitude

and longitude

We need to extract the data of our concern from this chunk of data and hence the processing

system here works to get the value of latitude and longitude and this value is then plotted as per

the requirement on the front end of the remote PC

Table24 Frame format of GPS


13

22 The Controller Section A Microcontroller is a miniature computer It is an Integrated Chip (IC) that has a

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)

and other components that are also present in a computer It has been used in the system as a

Processing unit

Microchiprsquos PIC is used for educational purpose but it is not applicable where energy

is crucial 8051 is available from anyone anywhere but has low performance Other

microcontrollers like Motorolarsquos MC68HC908 Dallasrsquos DS80C310 and Texas Instrumentrsquos

MSP430 are more popular for an industrial application subject to their sizes where an industrial

infrastructure is available Besides for such a proof-of-concept model flexibility to make design

changes is important [22]

Characteristic Atmega 32L DS80C310 MC68HC908 AT89C52

Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V

Table25 Comparison of different controllers

Atmelrsquos AVR series are popular for their low power consumption which is a critical

factor when choosing a microcontroller for wildlife system These ICrsquos are easily available and

can be found in DIP packages hence Atmelrsquos AVR series ATmega32 and ATmega32L are the

best choice ATmega32L has been selected in the present work as it is of low cost


14

23 Transceiver Unit

The DYNAMIC NODE has to communicate with each other as well to the base station

wirelessly Wireless communication requires a transceiver which transmit the data from slave

mote to master mote or vice versa and between the slave mote if requires Basically this unit is

combination of transmitter and the receiver

The selection of commercially available transceivers can be done on the basis of their key

features like type of modulation carrier frequency operating voltage throughput transmitted

power current in receivingtransmitting mode etc One more important factor

The FSK 434 MHz Transceiver module is used for wireless transmission for distance

over 100m [28] Some of its features are

1 High sensitivity

2 Data rate 9600kbps

3 FSK modulation

24 Comparison of Different Icrsquos

Table26 Different ICs comparison


15

Before implementing the hardware over the PCB there is need to select ICrsquos for each subsystem

The criterion for the selection of an ICrsquos to design the system is based on

1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability

ICrsquos can be differentiated on the basis of their Packaging Advantage of using the DIP

packages is that the general-purpose printed circuit board can be used for designing the circuit

initially to carryout testing


16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17

This chapter deals with the detailed block diagram of our system It consists of a

dynamic node ie collar belt static node and the receiver node The collar belt is a stack of

different sensors attached on the animal collar The dynamic node would thus be extracting the

different data from the animal thus detailing a biologist with the health and behavioral details of

an animal The entire belt is a built up of different blocks each block assigned with a certain

task the sensors present sense the physical data of an animal and convert it into a voltage value

and sends it to the CPU

FRONT END

This is the general block diagram of our project in which the data is transmitted from the

dynamic node (ie the belt) to the static node wirelessly then the data will be routed to the base

station and displayed on a VB front end

FIG31 General Block Diagram

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`

The entire block diagram shows the BELT which is going to be placed on the animal We are

calling it as the collar as it will be attached to the collar (Neck) of the animal

FIG32 Proposed Block Diagram Of The Dynamic Node

RF TRANSMITTER

AMBIENT LIGHT SENSORTEMPERATURE SENSOR

ACCELEROMETER

LOCATIONTRACKING UNITCONTROLLER


19

This is the static node which is going to receive the data from the dynamic node and transmit it

to the base station This node consists of a major part called as the HUMAN DETECTION part

which will detect the presence of the human and then transmit it to the base station

RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER

FIG33 Proposed Block Diagram Of Static Node

RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER

FIG34 Proposed Block Diagram of Receiver Node

MAX232 TO PC


20

The figure shows the block diagram of the receiver node that will be the base station which

receives the signals from the static node and this data will be given to the PC

31 Methodology

The entire block diagram shows the presence of two parts

1) The collar

2) The remote data retrieval end (PC)

311 Collar

1 The collar consists of a compact system consisting of a controller and the peripherals

connected to it

2 These peripherals are the data monitoring systems

3 The different data under consideration are Temperature Ambient light and Accelerometer

4 This data is very useful as well as important to help know the animalrsquos habits and also

increase in animal care helping the biologists save the animal

5 The presence of the GPS receiver on the belt helps in for the study of the locomotive

behavior of the animal

6 The NMEA format of data retrieved from GPS engine is given for the controller to take

action and thus help in to get the LATITUDE and LONGITUDE

7 The presence of temperature sensor results in to get the valuable data of temperature which

helps to know the animalrsquos well being and breeding information

8 Knowing the surrounding favorable for the animal is very important and hence we have the

presence of ambient light sensor Such a sensor helps us know the kind of atmosphere the animal

prefers hence we introduce the presence of ambient sensor

9 The Grazing Habits are taken check by the presence of the Accelerometer This will tell

us the amount of time the animal has his food thus an animals ill health would be recognized

10 There is also the presence of human sensor helping in to alarm the presence of human nearby

thus reducing the amount of zoo theft to a greater extent

11 The values from these sensors are taken and given to the central system of controller

12 The controller takes this data and processes the same to send it wirelessly to a distant

computer


21

312 The Remote Data Retrieval End (PC)

1 The data would move from the collar to the PC as and when requisite by the user

2 The distant computer would be equipped with a VB front end to help extract the data

received in a more efficient manner

3 This front end of the PC would be password protected to make sure only an authorized

person can have access for the same

4 Along with the tracking parameters a general details of the animal is also required for the

biologists a provision for the same has been made by including these parameters on a separate

form in the front end

5 Having a detailed front end with the necessary details of the animal will help the biologists

know all the parameters of the animal so that they can help ensure the safety of the animal and

thus conserve them

6 The detailed data of the animal goes to the database wherein a biologist can refer to the data

anytime required and thus know the previous history of the animal

7 Knowing the other general details of the animal can help know the vaccine and other medical

details of the animal thus helping us manage the entire sanctuary with minimum human

resources

8 Thus a remote retrieval end would mean having in hand details of all the necessary

parameters of the animal Thus helping us get the detail statistical analysis of the animal and

accordingly help us make any changes in its habitat if required


22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23

The design implementation of the entire system can be divided in two sections

1 Hardware Development

2 Software DevelopmentHardware implementation concerns with the integration of the devices on the PCB which give a

physical realization for the sensor motes [29] [30]

While software implementation describes the firmware which makes them to interact with each

other [19] [20] [21] [31]

41 The hardware development

The hardware end of the collar contains the following component

1 Temperature sensor

2 Ambient light sensor

3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply

411 The AVR interface to GPS Use of the USART (The Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous serial Receiver and

Transmitter) interrupt for interface between AVR and GPS is done the USART transmit and

receive serial data by TxD and RxD respective its used in Asynchronous mode transfer data with

baud rate is 4800bps and has frame format 1 start bit 8bits data and 1 stop bit

For the GPS it operate in Full-time operation mode for transfer data 124bytes per second

and setup the periodical output data there are Position data DateTime data GPS satellite

information and Error index information

The GPS Receiver that we are using is MR-87MR-87 is a compact high performance and

low power consumption GPS engine board MR-87 can track up to 32 satellites at a time in low

signal environments It is suitable for portable electronic devices such as automotive navigation

devices handheld navigation devices mobile phones and other GPS applications


24

Fig41 Pin Description of GPS

Fig42 Schematic of GPS with ATmega32

The circuit diagram above shows the GPS engine connected to the AVR by a USART

connection Thus the data coming serially gets processed here and hence we get the latitude and


25

longitude values from the AVR The data from GPS has different parameters varying from

latitude longitude and other dilution of precision and time We utilize the required data by

processing the specific string in the data

Features of GPS antenna

bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size

bull Water resistant weatherproof

The Antenna helps to receive the data by the receiver and thus the data is finally used by the

controller to extract the required format

GPS Active Antenna Specification (Recommended)

Frequency 157542+2 MHz

Axial Ratio 3 dB Typical

Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP

Amplifier Gain 20~26dB Typical

Output VSWR 20 Max

Noise Figure 20 dB Max

FIG 43 GPS Active Antenna


26

412 Human Detection

Fig44 Circuit Diagram for HUMAN SENSOR

The PIR sensor gives a value which needs to be amplified to give the signal to the AVR

This is done using the amplification system shown above This signal is then given to a dual shot

multivibrator and then finally to the controller

An increase in the range is achieved using a fresnel lens attached mechanically in front of

the PIR [21]

Fig45 Human identification through thermal mapping


27

The diagram above shows the human detection done on the basis of thermal mapping with the

range enhancement done using Fresnel lens

With the human being coming closer to the motion detector the sensor shows a change in the

output value This change being not specific to human movements to make it so one needs to

keep the range restricted to 10-14um and this is to be done using a cutoff lens

413 Temperature Sensing

Fig46 Temperature sensor interface

The temperature sensing circuit shows the presence of LM35D interfaced with atmega32

controller The temperature sensor is directly interfaced to Atmega because controller contains

an inbuilt ADC This is an advantage as compared to other lower controllers Use of the inbuilt

ADC is done here to extract the data The range of LM35D is sufficient enough to calculate the

temperature of the animal hence under use The inbuilt ADC of the controller has a 10 bit of

precision which we are utilizing The conversion of ADC is done well within 50us The


28

conversion is done for two or three times after which the converted data is stored in the

controller and later transmitted

414 Ambient Light Sensing

`

Fig47 Ambient light sensor interface

The ambient light sensing circuit shows the presence of an low cost light dependent resistor

interfaced with atmega32 controller The LDR sensor is directly interfaced to atmega because

controller contains an inbuilt ADC This is an advantage as compared to other lower controllers

Use of the inbuilt ADC is done here to extract the data from this analog sensor The range LDR

is sufficient enough to calculate the ambient light in which the animal stays The inbuilt ADC of


29

the controller has a 10 bit of precision which we are utilizing The conversion of ADC is done

well within 50us The conversion is done for two or three times after which the converted data is

stored in the controller and later transmitted

415 Accelerometer

Fig48 Accelerometer-ATmega interface

The use of MMA7260 is done here to measure three axis acceleration Thus a

complete gist of the grazing or the hunting activity of the animal is known This data gets logged

in the controller section only after a particular degree of leaning is done The data from the

accelerometer moves to the controller and finally a decision is taken as to either send it to the RF

or refrain the data this decision is to be taken by coding

Knowing the grazing activity is essential as biologists need to know the adaptability

of the animal and the amount of nourishment the animal is to be subjected to


30

416 RF Data Transceiver RF transceiver is the core of the wireless transmission system RF transceiver used is

ldquoRF Model 1174rdquo This module is manufactured by the ldquoSUNROM Technologiesrdquo RF

transmitter module is placed at the DYNAMIC NODE while the RF receiver module is placed at

the RECEIVER NODE

RF modem can be used for applications that need two way wireless data transmission

It features high data rate (9600 bps fixed) and longer transmission distance (100mts) The

communication protocol is self controlled and completely transparent to user interface The

module can be embedded to current design so that wireless communication can be set up easily

Fig49 RF Transceiver

Features

middot Automatic switching between TX and RX mode

middot FSK technology half duplex mode robust to interference

middot 433 MHz band no need to apply frequency usage license

middot Protocol translation is self controlled easy to use

middot High sensitivity long transmission range

middot Standard UART interfaces TTL (3-5V) logic level

middot Very reliable small size easier mounting

middot No tuning required PLL based self tuned

middot Error checking (CRC) of data


31

Specifications

Name Min Typ Max Unit

Working Voltage 45 5 9 V

Frequency of Operation 43392 MHz

Output RF Power 0 dBm

Typical Operating Range 100 meters

UART Baud rate (9600 8 bit data no parity 1 stop bit) 9600 bps

Table 41 Specifications of SUNROM transceiver

Operation

bull Module works in half-duplex mode Means it can either transmit or receive but not both

at same time

bull Module has packet buffer of 128 bytes When receiving 128 Bytes from the serial port it

will send data out at once

bull If the data package received is below 128 Bytes the module will wait for about 30 ms

and then send it In order to send data immediately 128 Bytes data per transmission is

necessary

bull After each transmission module will be switched to receiver mode automatically The

switch time is about 5ms

bull The LED for TX and RX indicates whether module is currently receiving or transmitting

data

bull The data sent is checked for CRC error if any the transmitter sends out data up to 15

times till data is correctly received

RFM 12 B

RFM12B is a low costing ISM band transceiver module implemented with unique PLL

It works signal ranges from 433868915MHZ bands comply with FCC ETSI regulation The

SPI interface is used to communicate with microcontroller for parameter setting


32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

bull Low costing high performance and price ratio

bull Tuning free during production

bull High data rate (256 Kbps)

bull Differential antenna inputoutput

bull Automatic antenna tuning

bull Programmable TX frequency deviation (from 15 to 240 KHz)

bull Programmable receiver bandwidth (from 67 to 400 kHz)

bull Analog and digital signal strength indicator (ARSSIDRSSI)

bull Automatic frequency control (AFC)

bull Internal data filtering and clock recovery

bull RX synchronous pattern recognition

bull SPI compatible serial control interface

bull Clock and reset signal output for external MCU use

bull 16 bit RX Data FIFO

bull Two 8 bit TX data registers

bull Standard 10 MHz crystal reference

bull Wakeup timer

bull 22V ndash 38V power supply

bull Low power consumption


33

bull Standby current less than 03uA

bull Supports very short packets (down to 3 bytes)

417 Power UnitThe limitations of the system can be discussed in terms of the Power which is to be

considered as the crucial factor in deployment of the collar as they should remain unattended in

some applications So it must have sufficient power to maximize working a long time Generally

the battery is source of power in the collar

The batteries can be classified in two categories Chargeable and Rechargeable They are

also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd NiZn

AgZn NiMh and Lithium-Ion Panasonic and Duracellrsquos Alkaline Nickel cadmium Lead Acid

batteries are commonly used in day-to-day life and easily available in the market

Following a algorithm developed by KA Cook and AM Sastry University of

Michigan a suitable choice in the present application can be interpreted The alkaline battery of

Duracell has been selected

Fig411 The power supply system

Table below shows a comparison of Panasonic and Duracellrsquos batteries on the basis of voltage

capacity geometry and volumetric density etc


34

Table42 Comparison of batteries

42 The Software Development

The software part deals in programming the microcontroller so that it can control the

operation of the ICrsquos used in the implementation In the present work we have used the

PROTEUS [21] design software for PCB layout design the WinAVR [19] [20] [29] [30]

software development tool to write and compile the source code which has been written in the C

language The AVRDUDE [19] serial device programmer has been used to write this compile

code into the microcontroller The project also shows the presence of a VB front end [31] having

all the details of the animal received from the belt also there will be a provision for the general

details to be kept on the front end


35

Fig 412 Screen shots of VB front end


36

Chapter 5

RESULTS ANDCONCLUSION


37

ResultThe advent of electronics in the field of life sciences has been a boon to the world The

reliability of these devices and their high scale precision is of paramount importance

Dealing with the life of an animal accuracy in acquisition of results to the highest possible scale

and also its error free transmission to the remote end has to be taken care of seriously

Our result below shows us achieving the daunting task of high scale precision and

accurate transmission with the screenshots below being a proof of the reliable working of the

system the screen shots also show the remote end giving a dynamic data change as per the

change in the collar parameters

Also to brief up the security aspect of the system we keep the remote end password

protected thus ensuring that only authorized users can have a look at the valuable data This

helps ward off illegal use of this data by any malicious users

A modular as well as complete system testing shows that the results we obtained

matched to the theoretical values The result consists of parameters like temperature ambient

light grazing habits and global positioning The data from the dynamic node moves wirelessly to

the static node and then it is wirelessly routed to base station and is displayed on a GUI The

string of the data coming on the Graphical User Interface is as shown below

lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt

The entire string in enclosed by a delimiting character lsquoltrsquo lsquogtrsquo The first data represents

LDR data shown on a scale of 0 to 9 This data is also displayed graphically on the VB front end

on a bar graph The second data represents the temperature data of the animal The next three

data are of accelerometer of x y and z axis The next data represent the data from the GPS

receiver which will also be displayed graphically on the VB front end Also we have tested the

human detection module

This data is send by the transmitter situated on the animal and it is received at the base

station and different data is separated out and displayed on the VB front end which shows the

data in a graphical way


38

For the means of testing we have made use of a simulation software tool that helps us

understand the correctness of the programming

Fig 51 PROTEUS simulation diagram

This is the PROTEUS simulation diagram of the dynamic node The PROTEUS

simulation results present a theoretical working of the entire system thus showing the detailed

precision of the code in terms of its working

Fig 52 Output of PROTEUS simulation diagram


39

These are the theoretical values obtained from the simulation The virtual terminal

helps us see the data appearing at the hyper terminal and it also shows the values changing with

high precision and resolution with the change in the input data

The theoretically checked values have been practically assured in terms of its

precision The Practical verification of the system shows its working and also the dynamic

change of data to the changing input condition The different varying conditions have been

shown in terms of cases as below

Case 1 Ambient Light Detection

With the change in atmospheric conditions one needs to know to what amount of light

the animal is and also these values should dynamically change with change in atmosphere The

scale of change is from 0 to 9 where in 0 represents complete darkness and 9 represents complete

brightness Internal calibration of these values has to be done

Fig 53 screen shot of VB with ldr data 0

Figure shows a scale of 0 in LDR textbox showing the belt is subjected to a dark condition


40


Figure shows a scale of 9 in LDR textbox showing the belt is subjected to a complete

bright condition The results obtained were in conformance with the theoretical obtained values

The precision for the data from this low cost sensor is taken care in the software end


41

Case 2 Temperature Detection

Any small changes in the animal health will be first reflected in the temperature of the

animal The temperature is obtained from the 10 bit precision of the inbuilt ADC of the

controller

Fig 55 screen shot of VB with temperature data 26

The data obtained on the second textbox shows the temperature of the animal The front

end shows the temperature value being 26


42


The screen shows the temperature value being 26 The screen shot shows a different value

of temperature window thus showing that the temperature changes take place dynamically Also

the smallest change in the temperature is shown every time the data is logged


43

Case 3 Accelerometer changes

Any physical movement in the collar is being captured and the detailed data is being sent

to the computer this is done using a accelerometer using this will help us know when the animal

is grazing or feeding thus getting us a detailed idea of the grazing terrain present around and also

the health details of the animal

Fig 57 screen shot of VB with x-axis accelerometer data

Figure shows the animal is in a state of rest or is not feeding with textbox showing a value of 2


44


Figure shows the textbox with value of 9 showing the animal is grazing These are some of

the results which have been obtained Also there are graphical analyses of the data which are

shown on the front end

The accelerometer data is very important as it not only helps the biologists to understand the

grazing habits of the animal but also preserve them in an artificial environment As this is an

important parameter recorded of an animal we are showing it on a graphical scale of 0 to 9

where 0 will represent no grazing and 9 will represent grazing The advantage of this

accelerometer is that it can sense three axis movements


45

Conclusion Wild Life monitoring seems to be a very promising field for application Indian

zoos need to be saved from constant zoo thefts With the use of electronically data retrieving

neither the animal is affected in its habitat nor is the life of human at risk also the detail analysis

and health parameters are known helping the biologists take all precautionary measure to help

prevent the ill-health of the animal thus reducing the rising fatalities in the enclosure

The transmission range of the system being about 100m has been increased by the

presence of a static node which not only increases the range but also additively acts as a human

sensor thus increasing the features of the entire system and also acting as a cover for a reduced

range The precision of these devices are of great concern as they deal with the life and death of

an animal Hence preparing a low cost precise device that stays rugged on the animal is very

important The precision for the temperature sensor is up to 05 degree Celsius the accelerometer

can sense change of about 20 degrees thus making it highly precise and also the GPS senses

displacement of up to 2 meters Using these belts behavioral analysis of the animal its body

parameters and various other measurements are done and thus ensured that the death of animal

decreases Collaboration of electronics with wildlife will thus help save wildlife in a better and

efficient manner Using electronics as a savior to help wildlife is the need of today s condition


46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47

It is evident that a lot of work and improvements in all facets of the system are required

before the ultimate goal of a miniature completely wireless Animal tracking system can be

achieved This section seeks to detail some of the important improvements required and

recommends ways to go about implementing them

Improvements

61 Power Consumption

The system in the present application monitors the real time temperature in a natural

environment It can be configured to measure the temperature after certain interval of time that

will improve battery life and save the fair amount of power

Power consumption of the collar is quite high for a battery-powered system The future

goal of tiny circuitry will also require a tiny power source and tiny power consumption figures

Thus it is a high priority to minimize power consumption The use of low power devices (like

MSP430) is recommended The use of power management features with the microcontroller and

transceivers and the possible sharing of crystals between processor and transceiver should be

done To reduce power consumptions of the GPS module and the transceiver the power down

option should be explored 62 PC Software

Much functionality could be added to the PC program ie Base station Like the collar

node starts transmission only if it gets a certain character as a signal to start the transmission of

data If the software code for slave mote should have written in the Assembly language it would

be helpful to reduce the power consumption to some extent Besides high quality hand crafted

assembly language programs can run much faster and use much less memory and other resources

than a similar program written in a high level language Speed increases of two to 20 times faster

are fairly common

63 Size

Size like power consumption is required to be reduced drastically to meet future goals

Reducing size means reducing the size and number of components used and has the added

benefit of most likely reducing power consumption It is recommended that as much as is

possible surface mount components with as few pins as possible be used An investigation


48

should be conducted into the effects of removing certain functional blocks of the circuitry to

determine whether any unnecessary componentsfunctional blocks are in use If so these should

be removed

64 TinyOS

Present work is not implemented on TinyOS architecture [6] which has been designed

particularly for sensor nodes It is suggested that with the use of TinyOS the nodes should be

implemented and compared with the present work in terms of Hardware and Software

architecture power dissipation etc Implementing a real time routing will enhance functionality

of the system [8]

65 Others

Some of the features which can be included as a future prospect in the system are

bull BIDIRECTIONAL communication

bull High amount of ruggedness

bull PIR Detection over greater distance

bull Low cost


49

This concept can be extended to varied number of applications such as

Military Applications

Monitoring friendly forces equipment and ammunition

Battlefield surveillance

Reconnaissance of opposing forces and terrain

Battle damage assessment

Nuclear biological and chemical attack detection and reconnaissance

Environmental Applications

Forest fire detection

Bio-complexity mapping of the environment

Flood detection

Precision agriculture

Health Applications

Tele-monitoring of human physiological data

Tracking and monitoring patients and doctors inside a hospital

Drug administration in hospitals

Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment

Other Commercial Applications

Environmental control in office buildings

Interactive museums

Managing inventory control

Vehicle tracking and detection

Detecting and monitoring car thefts


50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51

1] Barber Shannon M and Mech David L A Critique of Wildlife Radio-tracking and its use

in National Parks A Report to the US National Park Service St Paul MN University of

Minnesota 2008

2] DePriest Dale NMEA Data lthttpwwwgpsinformationorgdalenmeahtmgt

3] Eisley Matthew and Rawlins Wade Judge Halts Landing Field The News amp Observer

19Feb 2007 A1

4] Hac Anna Wireless Sensor Network Designs West Sussex England John Wiley amp Sons

Ltd 2008

5] Hemingway B Brunette W Anderl T Borriello G ldquoThe Flock Mote Sensors Sing in

Undergraduate Curriculumrdquo Computer vol 37 iss 8 Aug 2004 72 ndash78

6] North Carolina Zoological Society Red Wolves of Alligator River Field Trip Earth

2006 North Carolina 23 Apr 2005 lthttpfieldtripearthorgdiv_indexxmlid=3gt

7] Ordonez F Krishnamachari B ldquoOptimal Information Extraction in Energy ndash Limited

Wireless Sensor Networksrdquo IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication vol 22

iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129

8] Patnode D Dunne J Malinowski A Schertz D ldquoWISENET ndash TinyOS Based Wireless

Network of Sensorsrdquo Indusial Electronics Society 2003 IECON rsquo03 The 29th Annual

Conference of the IEEE vol 3 Nov 2003 2363 ndash 2368

9] Publications and Standards NMEA Publications and Standards National Marine

Electronics Association lthttpwwwnmeaorgpubIndexgt

10] Romer K Matern F ldquoThe Design Space of Wireless Sensor Networksrdquo Wireless

Communications IEEE vol 11 iss 6 Dec 2004 54 ndash 61

11] Ulema M ldquoWireless Sensor Networks Architectures Protocols and Managementrdquo

Network Operations and Management Smposium 2004IEEEIFIP Apr 2004 931

12] Zhang Pei et al Hardware Design Experiences in ZebraNet SenSys 04 (2004)

13] US Patents Patent no 007316202 patent no 007377234

14] DA-IICT ldquoValsura wildcense projectrdquo

15] A Mainwaring R Szewczyk D Culler J Anderson ldquoWireless sensor network for habitat

monitoring international Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications


52

16] (wwwprincetonedu~mrmzebranethtml)

17] Christopher Sadler ldquoHardware Design experiences in Zebranetrdquo ACM SenSys 2004

18] Alan Mainwaring Joseph Polastre Robert Szewczyk David Culler and John Anderson

ldquoWireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoringrdquo

19] httpwinavrsourceforgenet WinAVR Software Development Tool

20] httpavrfreaksnet Avr programming

21] httppcbthewebobserverorgproteus-pcb-design-html Proteus Design Software

22] httpwwwdatasheetcatalogcomdatasheets_pdfATMEATMEGA32shtml

23] httpwwwd-echdownloadLM35dpdf National Semiconductorrsquos Temperature sensor

LM35d

24] httpwwwortodoxismrodatasheetsphilipsNE1617A_2pdf Philipsrsquos Temperature

sensor NE1617A

25] labglolabcomPIR sensor

26] wwwprogincomGps receiver

27] wwwfreescalecom MMA7260 accelerometer sensor

28] wwwsunromcom RF transceiver

29] Joe ParduerdquoC Programming for AVRrdquo Smiley Micros publications

30] Steven F Barrett and Daniel J Pack ldquoAVR programming Primerrdquo Morgan amp Claypool

31] Steven HolznerldquoBlack Book for VBrdquoThe Coriolis group


53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


2

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION


3































4

Chapter 2

LITERATURESURVEY


5








[14]




2 Day light







be altered [4] [5]



6












range


1) Sensing Unit

2) Processing Unit


4) Power Unit


finding system


components present








tracking the animal


7


entire system






processing unit


2) Digital Sensor




1 Thermal energy



4 Acoustic sensors


8

211 Human Detection


Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um


resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution


EM 04-11um

Vision

distance


info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um


distinction

Price


EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um










9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


3































4

Chapter 2

LITERATURESURVEY


5








[14]




2 Day light







be altered [4] [5]



6












range


1) Sensing Unit

2) Processing Unit


4) Power Unit


finding system


components present








tracking the animal


7


entire system






processing unit


2) Digital Sensor




1 Thermal energy



4 Acoustic sensors


8

211 Human Detection


Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um


resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution


EM 04-11um

Vision

distance


info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um


distinction

Price


EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um










9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


4

Chapter 2

LITERATURESURVEY


5








[14]




2 Day light







be altered [4] [5]



6












range


1) Sensing Unit

2) Processing Unit


4) Power Unit


finding system


components present








tracking the animal


7


entire system






processing unit


2) Digital Sensor




1 Thermal energy



4 Acoustic sensors


8

211 Human Detection


Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um


resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution


EM 04-11um

Vision

distance


info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um


distinction

Price


EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um










9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


5








[14]




2 Day light







be altered [4] [5]



6












range


1) Sensing Unit

2) Processing Unit


4) Power Unit


finding system


components present








tracking the animal


7


entire system






processing unit


2) Digital Sensor




1 Thermal energy



4 Acoustic sensors


8

211 Human Detection


Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um


resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution


EM 04-11um

Vision

distance


info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um


distinction

Price


EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um










9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


6












range


1) Sensing Unit

2) Processing Unit


4) Power Unit


finding system


components present








tracking the animal


7


entire system






processing unit


2) Digital Sensor




1 Thermal energy



4 Acoustic sensors


8

211 Human Detection


Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um


resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution


EM 04-11um

Vision

distance


info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um


distinction

Price


EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um










9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


7


entire system






processing unit


2) Digital Sensor




1 Thermal energy



4 Acoustic sensors


8

211 Human Detection


Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um


resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution


EM 04-11um

Vision

distance


info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um


distinction

Price


EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um










9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


8

211 Human Detection


Technology Feature

detecte

d

Exter

nal

size

Cost Human

distinct

ion

Strengths Weakness

Linear

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um


resolution

USB camera CCDCMOS

EM 04-11um

Vision + + ++ Cost

Performanc

e

Resolution


EM 04-11um

Vision

distance


info

Expensive

Infrared

camera

CCDCMOS

EM 7-14um


distinction

Price


EM 7-14um

Body

Heat

- - ++ Price

Human

distinction

Motion

detection

Thermopile CCDCMOS

EM 55-13um










9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


9




can measure etc










ADC Bits 10 0 8 9 0

Temperature

Range (in deg)

-55-125 -50-150 0-125 -55-125 0-100



Conversion

Time



213 Accelerometer






10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


10







Accelerometers



11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


11






















12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


12






location on Earth


$GPGGA00215300033426618N117513858W11012270M-342M00005E


and longitude






13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


13




Processing unit








Bits 8 8 8 8

Flash 32K 16 K 32256B 8 K

RAM 1 K 256 B 512 B 2 K

ADC 8 bit 0 0 0

Timers 3 3 2 3

Operating

Voltage 27-55 V 4-55 V 3-55v 3-66 V







14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


14

23 Transceiver Unit










1 High sensitivity


3 FSK modulation




15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


15



1 Size

2 ICrsquos Features

3 Resources

4 Cost and

5 Availability





16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


16

Chapter3

BLOCK DIAGRAM


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


17








FRONT END





STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

STATIC NODE

RECEIVERNODE

DYNAMIC NODE (BELT)

VB


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


18

`




RF TRANSMITTER


ACCELEROMETER



19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


19




RF RECEIVER

RF TRANSMITTER

HUMANSENSOR

CONTROLLER


RF RECEIVER

CONTROLLER


MAX232 TO PC


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


20



31 Methodology


1) The collar


311 Collar


connected to it




















computer


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


21












thus conserve them





resources





22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


22

Chapter 4

DESIGNAND

IMPLEMENTATION


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


23






other [19] [20] [21] [31]





3 Accelerometer

4 GPS

5 Controller

6 Transceiver

7 Power Supply













24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


24






25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


25





bull High Gain

bull Low Noise

bull Small Size







Output Impedance 50

Polarization RHCP


Output VSWR 20 Max




26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


26

412 Human Detection






the PIR [21]



27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


27















28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


28




`








29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


29




415 Accelerometer










30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


30




the RECEIVER NODE






Features











31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


31

Specifications








Operation


at same time





necessary




data



RFM 12 B





32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


32

Fig 410 RFM12-B

Features

















bull Wakeup timer




33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


33


















34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


34












35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


35



36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


36

Chapter 5



37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


37

















lt3 28 2 7 2 072313000 18406276 N 073480202 Egt











38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


38









39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


39
















40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


40






41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


41




controller





42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


42






43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


43









44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


44











45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


45


















46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


46

Chapter 6

FUTURE SCOPEamp

APPLICATIONS


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


47





Improvements


















are fairly common

63 Size






48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


48



be removed

64 TinyOS





of the system [8]

65 Others





bull Low cost


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


49











Flood detection


Health Applications




Home Applications

Home automation

Smart environment



Interactive museums





50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


50

Chapter 7

REFERENCES


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


51



Minnesota 2008



19Feb 2007 A1


Ltd 2008







iss 6 Aug 2004 1121 ndash 1129
















52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


52










LM35d


sensor NE1617A









53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX


53

Chapter 8

APPENDIX

Documents

Report