Renewable Energy Unit 9

8/12/2019 Renewable Energy Unit 9

1/40

Appropriate Technology

Pakistans Renewable Energy Profile

M.Sc Environmental Design

ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD

March 22, 2104


2/40

Pakistan Renewable Energy Profile

Pakistan Energy Crisis Pakistan currently faces its worst energy crisis ever

Lack of vision and integrated planning on part ofPolicymakers mainly responsible for this crisis.

Some experts today like to believe that ClimateChange is not an issue for Pakistan; which again canbe attributed to lack of vision.

Climate Change is a reality and threat is imminent forPakistan as well; we need to get our heads out of sand.

Pakistan is now included among the top GHG emittersof the world


3/40


Top GHG Emitters in the World A report published by World Resources Institute in

2005 revealed the following:

Pakistan is ranked as 35thin the world on a list of top

GHG emitters, with an annual GHG emissions of 107.5Million Tons of CO2

.

Fast forward to 2009:

Pakistans ranking (Top GHG Emitters)*: 25th

Annual GHG Emissions: 287 Million Tons CO2. Energy sector is the most significant contributor,

accounting for over 82% of CO2emissions annually and

Pakistan is now at 33rdwith 243.7 M tons of CO2.


4/40


Current Energy Crisis Current annual shortfall of 5,000 MW

2,000 MW additional capacity required annually

to maintain the current GDP growth rate with aninvestment of US$ 4-6 Billion per year

Energy supplies must increase to 50% of current

levels by 2013 and to 80% by 2015


5/40



6/40


Pakistan Energy Scenario:

Current GDP Growth Rate: 7%

Yearly increase in Energy Demand: 8-12% Current Total Installed Capacity: 19, 522 MW

Projected Demand by 2030: 162,590 MW

Share of Renewables by 2030: 9,700 MW(5% share)


7/40


ENERGY SCENARIO: PAKISTAN

Electrical Energy Sector Overview: Total Installed Capacity: 19,564 MW

Thermal (fossil-fuels): 12,567 MW (64% share)

Hydel: 6,493 MW (33% share)

Nuclear: 462 MW (2% share)

Renewables: 42 MW (new addition since 2008)

Baseline CO2Emissions: Carbon Intensity Factor (based on grid mix): 0.44 tons / MWh

1 MW (Thermal) responsible for 2,000tons of CO2emissions

1MW (Renewables) off-sets 1,000tons of CO2emissions


8/40


GLOBAL STRATEGY SHIFT

The 2020 TARGET

20% of total energy requirements to be met through ARE

technologies by the year 2020 EU has taken the initiative and the lead

The rest of the developed world has followed

China to meet 16% of its total energy requirements throughARE technologies by 2020


9/40


MTDF PROJECTIONS

Power Generation Plan (2015)

Addl. Capacity addition: 20,000 MW

Thermal Share: 11,000 MW

Addl. 11,000 MW will add another 22 Million Tons of CO2to theatmosphere annually


Total Projected Capacity : 162, 590 MW

Thermal Share: 111,000 MW

111,000 MW will be responsible for emitting 222 Million Tons ofCO2to the atmosphere annually


10/40


OPTIONS FOR GHG MITIGATION

Alternative / Renewable Energy (ARE)

Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation (E3C)

In the holistic scheme of things, E3C share is quite

limited as opposed to ARE


11/40


Pakistan Renewable Energy Potential: Wind*: 0. 346 Million MW Solar*: 2.9 Million MW

Bagasse Cogeneration: 1,800 MW

Waste to Power: 500 MW

Mini & Small Hydel: 2,000 MW Geothermal: 550 MW

Identified potential of 50,000 MW for wind in Gharo-Keti Bandarwind corridor alone

Off-grid initiatives have the potential to relieve the grid of 2000 MWduring short - mid term

Over 30 Million hectares of land potentially available for energyplantations


12/40


MTDF PROJECTIONS (RENEWABLES)


Addl. Capacity addition: 20,000 MW

Renewables Share: 800 MW

These 800 MW will mitigate 800,000 Tons of CO2emissions annually


Total Projected Capacity : 162,590 MW

Renewables Share: 9,700 MW9,700 MW will mitigate 10 Million Tons of CO2to the atmosphere annually

$ Value in terms of CERs: 116 Million

(at todays rate)


13/40


MITIGATION POTENTIALAssumption:

The most favorable market mechanism in place backed

by Governments resolve


Potential Renewables Share: 25,000 MW

25,000 MW will mitigate 25 Million Tons of CO2to the atmosphereannually

$ Value in terms of CERs: 300 Million

(at todays rate)


14/40


Energy in Pakistan

Pakistan, despite the enormous potential of its energy

resources, remains energy deficient

Until early 1980 crude oil production was a nominal 13,000

barrels per day (BDP), which rose to 64,349 BPD in 1990-91.

Since then production has been continually declining. The

remaining oil reserves are estimated at 221 million barrels,which, on the average production rate of 57,000 barrels per

day, will be exhausted in about 10 years.


15/40


Energy in Pakistan The total primary energy consumption in Pakistan is

currently estimated at around 60 million tons of oil

equivalent (MTOE).

Of this, 2/3rdare met by commercial energy

resources with about 1/3rdbeing based on non-

commercial energy resources like fire-wood,

charcoal and cow-dung.

The primary commercial consumption of 41.7

MTOE is largely based on the use of hydrocarbons.


16/40


Pakistan has appreciable coal reserves of 1.75billion tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE). Oil is by and

large an imported source of energy.

The imports of oil account for 85% of oil

consumption in the country and 42.8% of

commercial energy consumption. The production of

indigenous oil is around 15% of total imports of oil

products, which is likely to remain the case.


17/40


Hydropower

The Northern part of the country is rich with hydropower resources.

Other than 12 big (capacity greater than 1MW) hydro power plants,

there are a large number of sites in the high terrain, where natural and

manageable waterfalls are abundantly available.

Northern areas population in these areas is isolated in thin clusters and

is located far from physical infrastructure. Such remote population can

get great benefit from such energy sources.

Micro/Mini hydropower (MHP) up to 1000 kW is roughly estimated

to be 2,000 MW on perennial water falls in Northern Pakistan.

Besides, there is an immense potential for exploiting water falls in the

canal network particularly in Punjab, where low head high discharge

exists on many canals and have potential of 1,500 MW.


18/40


Hydropower

The Pakistan Council for Appropriate Technology (PCAT) has

installed on a cost sharing basis a total of 228 "run of river type"

plants with total capacity of 3MW in the North Western Frontier

region.

Hydropower Civil Works include construction of Power channel,

Power house, Electric poles, and Transmission/distribution network,

are done by the beneficiaries themselves while the institute provides

mechanical equipment as well as technical expertise and supervision.

Hydropower plants not only provide electricity for Light at night butare also used to run Small Industrial units such as flour mills for

wheat and maize thrashing, and cotton ginning during the day time

when electricity is not required for lighting.


19/40

Diamir Bhasha Damsite

P ki t R bl E


20/40

Pakistan Renewable Energy

Profile Solar Energy (Photovoltaic)

Pakistan being in the Sun Belt is ideally located to take advantage of

solar energy technologies, as it is abundant and widely distributed

available in the country.

The mean Global Irradiation falling on horizontal surface is about

200-250 watt per m2in a day. This amounts to about 1500-3000 sun

shine hours and 1.9 - 2.3 MWh per m2in a year.

Baluchistan province is particularly rich in solar energy. It has an

average Daily Global Insolation of 19 to 20 MJ/m2a day with annual

mean sunshine duration of 8 to 8.5 hours and these values are amongthe highest in the world.

For Daily Global Radiation up to 23MJ/m2, 24 (80%) consecutive

days are available in this area. Such conditions are ideal for PV and

other solar energy applications.

P ki t R bl E


21/40


Profile Photovoltaic Technology (PV) is particularly

suitable for small power requirements and remote area applications.

Solar Thermal Applications

There are a large number of applications in which solar energy can be

utilized directly by exploiting its heat characteristics. Solar Water Heaters

Solar water heaters that have now started gaining popularity

particularly in the northern mountainous region. This is due to cold

weather and limited and difficult supply of natural gas in these areas.

With the increase conventional energy, the use of Solar Water Heaters

is bound to increase. Recently the production and commercialization

of such heaters has already been started in the private sector.


22/40

Grid Solar System

P ki t R bl E


23/40


Profile Solar Cooker

A number of public sector organizations

have worked in the past and are still working on the

development of low cost and efficient designs of both box

and concentrator type solar cookers.

NGOs are also active in this field and have supplied a

number of such cookers to the camps of Afghan refugees.

The National Institute of Silicon Technology is routinelyorganizing training workshops on the use and maintenance

of such devices.

P ki t R bl E


24/40


Profile Solar Dryers

This is an area that could use solar energy very

effectively in drying the agriculture products under controlled

atmosphere of solar dryers and a good quality products can be

obtained at much less cost. Due to absence of logistics andbasic infrastructure in the area, tons of fruit is wasted every

year in the northern mountains such as Gilgit, Skardu etc.

Solar dryers are now being used to dry such fruit and transport

and sell these later in the urban market. NGOs are activelyworking in the area. Such dryers could be equally effective in

Panjab and Sindh province to dry the agriculture products for

better market value and generating local employment.

P ki t R bl E


25/40


Profile Solar Desalination

The unavailability of drinkable water in large parts of

Baluchistan, Sindh and southern Punjab is a critical issue.

Underground water exists, but it is highly saline. Saline

water is not only bad for washing and cleaning but alsocauses many diseases.

Solar desalinated water is also free from bacteria, which is

killed during the process. Solar energy can very effectively

and economically be used to convert this available saline

water into potable water. The technology is simple, low cost

and can easily be adopted by local people.

P ki t R bl E


26/40


Profile Solar Desalination

Two plants consisting of 240 stills each with a

capacity to clean 6,000 gallons of seawater per day

has been installed at Gwader.

Experiment has been very successful and could

bring a change in the life style of the local

population in areas of scarcity of drinkable water. A

number of such schemes are under activeconsideration by local governments in Baluchistan

and Thar.

P ki t R bl E


27/40


Profile Wind

Very few Wind Turbines for Power Generation have not been

installed in Pakistan. However about 30 Wind Mills for pumping

water have been installed for experimental purposes in different

parts of Sindh and Baluchistan.

The experiments have suffered due to low quality mills and lack of

proper infrastructure for maintenance. Currently a local

manufacturer, Merin LTD, is fabricating windmills for water

lifting.

The company has sold these locally and abroad. Recently a

proposal for a wind survey is being launched to provide

authenticated data on wind speeds at different altitudes along the

coast and mountains.


28/40


Wind

Wind is another source that could be utilized in the medium term in

Pakistan. The only wind data available is with the meteorological

directorate.

This data was recorded at a low height of about 12 feet and is not

enough to have a true picture regarding the availability of wind

energy.

So there is a strong need to have a systematic study of wind data at

altitudes of 30 to 100 feet particularly in the most promising sites

along the costal line and up the mountains.

Average wind speed for some selected sites is not enough for wind

power generation to be feasible, although the wind speed can still be

utilized to run wind mills to pump water for the areas where it is

available at short depths up to 100 feet.


29/40


Wind

Pakistan is blessed with a large resource of Wind Corridor. Although

PMD was gathering wind data for quite long time. Recently US

provided Wind Energy Map for Pakistan which confirms a strong

wind corridor in Sind coastal area.

AEDB issued about 80 LOI to the investors List of LOI holders ) to

develop 50 MW wind farms. Out of which 15 are already issued the

land and feasibility reports and financial closings are in progress

Geological, seismic, tectonic and environmental studies will be

required along with Digital mapping and topography of the site for

preparing a bankable feasibility study. A confirm EPC cost will also

be needed for calculation of tariffs.

AEDB claims 50,000 MW Energy Potential from Wind Resource


30/40

Wind Turbine


31/40

Wind Turbine



32/40


Profile Biomass

Most economical and friendly way of disposing

of the municipal waste that is collected in large

quantities every day in cities.

Unfortunately hardly any efforts have yet beenmade in this direction in Pakistan.

Biogas

Pakistan, being agriculture based, breeds sufficient livestock to

produce enough animal waste for the production of biogas. Currentlyall such animal waste is burned in dry form as a domestic source of

energy.

Biogas can be largely produced on community basis. There is good

potential for using biogas as rural energy throughout the country

Pakistan Renewable


33/40

Pakistan Renewable

Energy Profile Biogas

The Government of Pakistan started a

comprehensive biogas scheme in 1974

and commissioned 4,137 biogas units by

1987 throughout the country. The unitswere designed to provide 3,000 and 5,000 cubic feet of biogas per day

for cooking and lighting purposes. This program was developed in three

phases.

During 1st

phase, 100 demonstration units were installed under grantby the Government. During the second phase, the cost of the biogas

was shared between the beneficiaries and the Government.

Later on for 3rdphase, the government withdrew the financial support,

although technical support continued to be provided free of cost.Unfortunatel , after the withdrawal of the overnment financial


34/40


Research and Development

Solar Energy Technologies, in Pakistan have not been exploited

on a large scale for a number of reasons i.e. fear of the high cost

of solar energy technologies, lack of motivation and incentives,

inadequate demonstration of effective use of the technologies.

Recently there has been an awakening among government

circles to the need to use renewable energy technologies to save

the environment and improve the socio-economic conditions of

the peoples living in the remote areas. For this reason solar energy has been listed as a high priority

area in the 9thFive Year Plan. However there is need to take

certain practical measures in this respect.


35/40


Research and Development - Recommended Measures

Formulate long term strategies to include,

progressively, the renewable/solar energy technologies

in the national energy policy;

Provide adequate funds for R&D and for transforminglaboratory products into commercial products;

Motivate entrepreneurs through policy initiatives such

as tax holidays, reduction/exemption from duties andtaxes;


36/40


Research and Development - Recommended Measures

Provide soft loans/subsidies to the end users;

Motivate through mass media, exhibition, field

demonstration, education and training;

Encourage installation of solar lights and other

appliances on public buildings, parks, streets etc;

Provide funds for renewable energy demonstrationcommunity projects.


37/40


Research and Development - Institutional Structure

In Pakistan all the R&D work is carried out by public sector

organizations. The bodies wholly or partly engaged in

research in the field of renewable energy technologies and

their applications are described in this section. National Institute of Silicon Technology (NIST)

Pakistan Council of Appropriate Technology (PCAT)

Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy Technologies Solar Energy Research Center

Universities


38/40


Research and Development - Renewable Energy Projects

Energy Self-Sufficient Model House Rural Area Electrification

Solar Desalination Pilot Project

Community Solar Dryers for Drying Grains, Fruits and Vegetables

PV Telecommunication Systems

Solar Hydrogen Production Pilot Project

Integrated Renewable Energy Community Project

Installation of 1 MW Solar Thermal Power Plant in Desert Area of Pakistan.

Biogas Plants for meeting Domestic Fuel and Fertilizer Needs of Rural

Improvement and Dissemination of 100 improved Micro Hydropower Plants (MHP) in NWFP,

FATA, Northern areas of the country.

Biomass Utilization at Community Level. Dissemination of 100 Wind turbines for Water Pumping and Power Generation in the Southern

and Coastal Areas

Potable Water Supply System in Remote Areas by Photovoltaic Pumping.

Installation of Solar Garden Lights at Public Places

Installation of Solar Street Lights.

Training Courses on Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Application


39/40


MITIGATION POTENTIAL

The world we live in is not inherited to us by our

forefathers, rather it has been loaned to us by our

future generations

Af r ican Proverb

WE NEED TO ACT, NOW


40/40

40

Documents

Renewable Energy Unit 9