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Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 1/30
Renewable Energy Resource and Research Base in South Africa
Technological Innovations for a Low Carbon Society 9 October 2012
Pretoria
Prof JL (Wikus) van Niekerk Director of the Centre for Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Studies, Stellenbosch University
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 2/30
Contents
• Background
• National Hub and Spokes in Renewable Energy
• Ocean Energy
• Bio-Energy
• Hydro Energy
• Wind Energy
• Solar Energy
• Conclusions
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 3/30
Background • Postgraduate Program in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies:
The primary objective of the national Postgraduate Programme in Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies at Stellenbosch University is to train scientists and engineers. These professionals will have the required technical expertise to unlock the country’s renewable energy resources by implementing appropriate technology for sustainable energy utilisation.
• Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies:
The Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies was established at Stellenbosch University to execute the contract with the DST and to act as a facilitating agency to stimulate activities in renewable energy research and study at Stellenbosch University. Various postgraduate degree programmes in renewable and sustainable energy studies are being offered; both coursework and research masters, as well as doctoral degrees.
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 4/30
Hub and Spoke Model • Hub: Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Stellenbosch
– Coursework diploma and masters degree programmes
– Research masters and doctoral programmes
– Technology transfer and coordinating role
– National flagship projects
• Solar Thermal Energy Spoke: – Based at Stellenbosch, in cooperation with University of Pretoria and UKZN
– Focuses on concentrating solar power (CSP), high temperature
• Spoke in Photovoltaic Systems: – Shared between NMMU (Port Elizabeth) and University of Fort Hare
– Focuses on photovoltaic systems, Si and thin film, cell and module characterisation
• Spoke in Wind Energy: – Shared between Stellenbosch and University of Cape Town
– Focuses on smaller scale wind turbines (< 50 kW)
– Variety of aspects including generators, condition monitoring, etc.
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 5/30
Research Focus Areas at Stellenbosch
• Solar Thermal Energy (Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering) • Thermal Energy Storage • Dry-Air Cooling • Heliostats Design and Optimisation • Power Station Performance Characteristics and Modeling
• Wind Energy (Electrical & Electronic Engineering) • Wind Turbine Generators, Permanent Magnet, Direct-Drive, < 100 kW • Power Electronics and Grid Integration • Magnetic Gearboxes
• Ocean Energy (Mechanical & Mechatronic, and Civil Engineering) • Wave Energy Resource • Wave Energy Converters • Ocean Current Devices
• Bio-Fuels (Microbiology, and Process Engineering • Second Generation Conversion of Ligno-Cellulose to Bio-Ethanol • Thermal Conversion of Biomass, e.g. Pyrolysis and Gassification • Bio-Diesel Characterisation
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National Flagship Projects
• South African Wind Energy Training Centre (SAWETC) • No training of technicians, operators and artisans to operate and maintain wind
farms currently available in SA, therefore need for a training facility • Training, education, research and development centre • Partners: WCPG (GreenCape), CPUT, NMMU, FET colleges, Eskom, national
government departments, especially DEHT (and perhaps DST and DoE) • New facility will be built on campus of CPUT’s Bellville campus
• Southern African Solar Resource Map and Database • Required for both CSP and PV deployment • Not many solar irradiation measurement stations available at present • Central location to house data, expertise and fulfill a national coordination role • Partners: Eskom, CSIR, GeoModel Solar, DLR, DoE, DST, CSIR
• Solar Centre of Competence and CSP Pilot Plant • International facility to do research and development, similar to PSA • 5 MWe CSP demonstration and test facility • Partners: DST, CSIR, Sasol, Eskom, TIA
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Ocean Energy Resource
Agulhas Ocean current 1.5-2m/s
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 8/30
Ocean Energy Research – SWEC (Stellenbosch Wave Energy Converter)
– ShoreSWEC
– Linear Generators (Stellenbosch & WITS)
– Resource Measurement (Eskom, CSIR, MCM)
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Hydro Energy • Existing: Hydroelectric power stations at Gariep (360 MW)
and Vanderkloof (240 MW)
Caharo Bassa in Mozambique (2 000 MW)
Kunene river in Namibia/Angola
• Energy Storage: Steenbras (180 MW), Palmiet (400 MW) and
Drakensberg (1 000 MW)
New Ingula (1 333 MW) and Project Lima (on hold)
• Micro and Small Hydro: Small installations, < 100 kW
Run-of-river systems
Small Hydro, e.g. Bethlehem Hydro, 7 MW
• Future: Inga in the DRC, Grand Inga 40 GW (Eskom’s current
installed capacity)
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Wind Energy Research and Projects – Eskom: Klipheuwel Wind Energy
Demonstration Facility – Darling Wind Farm – Stellenbosch University
• Smaller, direct drive generators • Magnetic gearboxes
– University of Cape Town • Grid-integration • Condition monitoring • Energy storage
– NMMU • Vertical axis wind turbines
– NWU • Composite blades
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Solar Energy Resource (DNI)
Spain USA South Africa
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Solar Energy Research – Solar Thermal Energy Research, High Temperature
• Stellenbosch University (STERG) • University of KwaZulu/Natal • University of Pretoria • University of North West
– Solar Thermal Energy Research, Low Temperature (SWHs) • Tshwane University of Technology • Stellenbosch University • NMMU (Port Elizabeth) • Durban University of Technology
– Photovoltaic Systems • NMMU (Port Elizabeth) • University of Fort Hare • University of Cape Town • WITS
Fakulteit Ingenieurswese
Faculty of Engineering
Solar Thermal Energy Research at South
African institutions
Paul Gauché
9 October 2012
South African Solar Thermal R&D
18
Institution Activities Group status
CSIR Primary: Solar thermal & biofuels hybrid off/mini
grid technology development
Other: Ad-hoc
Housed in defence division – no
renewable energy group at this
time. Other divisions also
touching RE topics
Stellenbosch U Primary: Linear line and point focus
systems/plants/components & solar resource
Other: SWH, Fossil augmentation, Dish-Stirling
Formal dedicated group
U Pretoria Primary: Heat transfer in heat exchangers and
pipes & micro turbine dish
Other: Industrialization and roadmap
Energy research group activity
School for Technology &
Engineering Management
UKZN Primary: Radiometry (solar resource) & collectors
(heliostats and other concentrators)
Sustainable Energy Research
Group
Sasol Confidential Active
Eskom 100 MWe Upington CSP plant Active
Others (Status
unknown or less
active)
NWU: Skills from nuclear transferable & Ad-hoc | UCT: Climate-change and policy
oriented | UJ: Ad-hoc postgrad R&D | TUT: SWH | Wits: Ad-hoc
Solar Thermal Spoke: Research Areas*
Component SUNSPOT (a superset
tower concept)
Linear Fresnel reflector
CSP
Small scale (Eg. Dish)
Technology
readiness/Scenario modeling
Applicable to all – requires macro technology and industrialization research.
Measurement and modeling
of solar resource
Applicable to all (an orthogonal research area)
System modeling & Design Detailed at every level incl.
power blocks and storage
etc.
System analysis for various
uses incl. design.
Ad hoc. Depending on need
Solar collectors Primary focus incl. high
temperature receiver &
design and optimization of
heliostats.
Improvement over current
state of art
Ad hoc.
Thermal energy storage Various novel concepts
developed and existing types
improved
Ad hoc. NA
Condenser cooling Primary application: Dry and
wet cooling optimization
Ad hoc. NA
Heat exchangers Applicable to point and line focus plants of these types NA
Optimization Applicable to all but ad hoc.
High Medium Low NA
* Solar thermal spoke 2013-2017 strategic plan
SUNSPOT – primary technology
20
11+ Projects from distribution to system to
components focused on SUNSPOT
STERG overview
21
STERG – Solar Thermal Energy Research Group
45+ members from/at SU, Wits, UCT, UKZN, CSIR, NWU, NMMU, Germany…
Only formal CSP/Solar thermal research group at a SA university
System R&D
Systems analysis | Plant thermodynamic models |
Techno-economic analysis | Plant concepts & design
Dry Cooling
Dry | Hybrid |
Diurnal etc
Thermal
Storage
Salt | Rock | Metal
PCM
Heliostats &
Receivers
Control | Drives |
Optics | Field
Solar Resource
R&D
Satellite | Ground
SUNSTEL (SU Solar Thermal Electricity Project)
(Primary technologies: SUNSPOT, LFR) Other
Better SWH |
Coal power
augmentation
Italics: On-going R&D
STERG infrastructure & resources
• Staff: 5 (coordination, administrative, engineering and
technical support)
• 1,000 m2 solar roof laboratory, staff office, workshop &
control room
• 18 m lattice tower (multi-use)
• 600 °C,1.5 m3 packed bed storage rig & 1,200 °C kiln
• Solar resource station with free web download (K&Z full
tracker and shadow ring)
• R400,000 Solar water heating test facility
• 25 kWe Eskom McDonnel Douglas Stirling Dish
• Key SW: TRNSYS, Matlab, Flownex, Fluent & open source.
• Primary Grants: DST/NRF solar thermal spoke, Sasol Sr
Researcher, Eskom Chair, SU Hope project, NRF THRIP.
22
PHOTOVOLTAIC RESEARCH IN SOUTH AFRICA
Prof Ernest van Dyk 9 October 2012
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University
Research Activities PV cell, module and systems characterization. Technologies
studied:
• Crystalline Si.
• Thin film:
• Dye-sensitized solar cells,
• CIS based, and
• amorphous Si.
• Multi-junction III-V.
Dye-sensitized solar cell synthesis.
Fluorescent material applications for
PV devices.
Organic solar cell material synthesis.
24
Research Activities Device parameter extraction.
Light Beam Induced Current (LBIC)
measurements (laser and solar
radiation as probe beam).
Electroluminescence and infrared imaging.
Spectral response characterization.
Concentrator PV (CPV) development.
PV systems research:
• Solar home systems.
• Grid-integrated PV arrays and PV power plants.
• Building integrated PV (BIPV).
25
IR Thermal Image
Electroluminescence
Universities involved in PV research
26
Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Department of
Physics / Centre for Energy Research (PV Spoke).
University of Fort Hare, Fort Hare Institute of Technology (PV
Spoke).
University of KwaZulu Natal, Department of Physics.
University of Free State, Department of Physics.
University of the Witwatersrand, Department of Chemistry.
PV Spoke Objectives Produce graduates skilled in the energy field and to perform strategic and
competitive research.
Promote empowerment of previously disadvantaged groups in the context
of energy research.
Engage in multi-disciplinary research between Science, Engineering,
Economics and Environmental Sciences.
Collaborate with local and international industries, research institutes and
universities engaging in energy related research and development
activities.
Promote public awareness and understanding of all forms of energy,
energy efficiency, and the importance of energy.
27
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 29/30
Conclusions – South Africa has excellent renewable energy (RE)
resources, especially wind, ocean and in particular solar
– There are many small, but very active and growing research groups in RE in SA
– Funding for RE research from SA Government is limited and not in line with other research areas of the same or lesser importance
– Active collaboration with international partners, especially in Germany (GIZ, DLR, Fraunhofer-ISE, University of Stuttgart, etc)
Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies 30/30
Questions ? 21-23 May 2012, Protea Hotel, TechnoPark,
Stellenbosch, South Africa
www.sasec.org.za [email protected] www.crses.sun.ac.za