ELE2212 Lecture 2:

Introduction to Renewable Energy

ResourcesResources

Dwight Reid

doreid@utech.edu.jm

Introduction

• What is Renewable Energy

– Renewable energy can be defined as energy

sources that are constantly being replenished by

nature.

– Unlike fossil or nuclear fuels they are not depleted – Unlike fossil or nuclear fuels they are not depleted

when used.

– They are considered the most sustainable form of

energy.

Introduction

• Why We Need Renewable Energy

– Conventional energy sources (fossil fuels) supply

the vast majority of our energy needs but have

two major problems that make them two major problems that make them

unsustainable:

1. They are finite and are being depleted.

2. They pollute the environment when used.

Introduction

• Depleting Fossil Fuels

– Conventional (cheap, easily extracted) fossil

reserves are already largely depleted in some

areas.areas.

– Unconventional sources (oil sands, shale oil and

gas) are difficult and expensive to extract. This

increases the cost to bring them to market and

methods of extraction can have detrimental

environmental effects, e.g. hydraulic fracking

Introduction

• Deep-ocean drilling of oil and hydraulicfracturing of natural gas are examples ofresource extraction that would not have beeneconomically viable in the past.

Introduction

• Environmental Pollution by Fossil Fuels

– Fossil fuels can pollute the environment at all

stages of their production and use, from

extraction, transportation, and burning.

– Fossil fuel production facilities pollute ground – Fossil fuel production facilities pollute ground

water and the sea under normal conditions and

even more so when there is an accident (Exxon

Valdez, BP Deep Horizon).

– Burning releases gases that lead to global

warming, smog and acid rain and particulates that

can cause respiratory illness.

Introduction

• Renewable Energy Sources

– Offer the promise of being infinite and non-polluting.

– Based on natural resources at desired locations.

– Large plants require detail feasibility studies and

assessment of resources at locations with a least one

year of data collected.year of data collected.

– Sources of renewable energy include:

• Moving water (Hydro power)

• Wind

• Solar

• Geothermal

• Biomass

Hydro Power

• Hydro power is conventionally extracted using hydroelectric power plants.

• Hydroelectric power plants use running water to spin a turbine and generate electricity.

• Hydropower is by far the largest source of • Hydropower is by far the largest source of renewable energy.

• Hydroelectricity is very economical, with costs per kilowatt-hour similar to coal.

– Note: Renewable power pricing will be covered in next lecture

Hydro Power

• Hydroelectric plant layout

Hydro Power

• Example hydroelectric plants

– Jamaica

• ST. ELIZABETH — Maggoty (7.2 MW)

• ST. ANN — Upper White River (3.8 MW)

• ST. ANN — Lower White River (4.9 MW)• ST. ANN — Lower White River (4.9 MW)

• ST. ANN — Roaring River (3.8 MW)

• TRELAWNY — Rio Beuno A (2.5 MW)

• TRELAWNY — Rio Bueno B (1.1 MW)

• ST. ANDREW — Rams Horn (0.8 MW)

• ST. ANDREW — Constant Spring (0.6 MW)

Hydro Power

• Example hydroelectric plants (world)

– USA

• Hoover Dam (2000 MW)

– China

• Three Gorges Dam (22,500 MW)• Three Gorges Dam (22,500 MW)

– South America (border of Brazil and Paraguay)

• Itaipu Dam (14,000 MW)

Hydro Power

• Hydro Power Potential

– Jamaica is estimated to have 80 MW of

recoverable hydro power potential

Wind Power

• Wind energy is the energy present in the moving wind.

• Conventionally extracted using the wind to spin the blades of wind turbines.

• Wind power is the second largest sources of • Wind power is the second largest sources of renewable energy behind hydro.

• With technological advancements, wind power is becoming more and more economical and wind energy prices are already on par with fossil fuels in some areas .

Wind Power• Example Wind Turbine

Wind Power• Example wind power plants

– Jamaica

• Wigton, Manchester

– Phase 1 (20.7 MW)

– Phase 2 (18 MW)Phase 2 (18 MW)

– Phase 3, under construction (24 MW)

• Munroe, St. Elizabeth

– Total (3 MW)

• Bluue Mountain Renewables (BMR), St Elizabeth

– Under construction (34 MW)

Wind Power• Example wind power plants (world)

– China

• Gansu Wind Farm (onshore)

– 7000MW installed, 20,000 MW by 2020

– USA– USA

• Alta Wind Energy Center (onshore)

– 1500 MW installed, 3000 MW by 2040

– UK (offshore)

• London Array (off-shore)

– 630 MW installed, phase two scrapped (students research

why)

Wind Power• Wind Power Potential

– Jamaica is estimated to have 60 MW of

recoverable wind power potential

Solar Power

• Solar energy is the energy contained in the

sunlight reaching the earth (1000 W/m2).

• Conventionally extracted from the light or from

the heat.the heat.

• Relatively easy to extract for small scale

power, e.g. domestic solar electricity and solar

hot water.

• Continuing technological advancements make

solar energy more and more economical and

competitive with fossil fuels.

Solar Power• Example Solar Power Extraction

Solar Hot WaterConcentrated Solar

Solar Electricity

Solar Power• Example solar power plants.

– Jamaica

• Grand Palladium Resort & Spa, Hanover

– Capacity of 1600 kW

– Grid-tied but never sends power to the gridGrid-tied but never sends power to the grid

• WISYNCO, St. Catherine

– Capacity of 1000 kW

– Grid-tied but never sends power to the grid

– Manufacturing plant

• Planned 20 MW in Clarendon

Solar Power

• Example solar power plants (world)

– USA

• Ivanpah Solar Power Facility

– Capacity 380 MW

– Concentrated solar thermal

– Solar power tower technology– Solar power tower technology

– Spain

• Solaben Solar Power

– Capacity 200 MW

– Concentrated solar thermal

– Solar parabolic trough technology

– India

• Chranka Solar Park

Solar Power

• Example solar power plants (world)

– India

• Chranka Solar Park

– Capacity 600 MW

– Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology

– China– China

• Longyangxia Dam Solar Park

– Capacity 320 MW

– Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology

Solar Power

• Solar Power Potential

– Jamaica’s solar energy potential is considered to

be very vast due to our geographical location. No

number has been placed on it.

Geothermal Power

• This is the heat energy in the earth itself.

• Thought to be composed of heat from the original formation of the earth and also heat from the decay of radioactive material.

• Large manifestations are seen in volcanoes • Large manifestations are seen in volcanoes and also in hot springs.

• Extracted for electricity using very deep wells in geothermal power plants operating on a steam cycle.

Geothermal Power• Illustration

Geothermal Power• Illustration

Geothermal Power• Example geothermal power plants.

– Guadeloupe

• Bouillante Geothermal Plant

– Capacity of 15 MW

– Additional 30 MW planned by 2021

– Phillipines– Phillipines

• Bacman I

– Capacity of 110 MW

– Number of wells 22

• Bacman II

– Capacity of 20 MW

– Number of wells 8

Geothermal Power

• Geothermal power potential

– Jamaica is estimated to have 0MW of geothermal

potential.

Biomass

• Organic matter derived from biological

material, mostly plants.

• Can be burned directly or converted into

various biofuels.

• Biomass is sometimes grown directly for such

use (e.g. corn ethanol) or is a bi-product of

another production process (e.g. Sugar cane

bagasse).

Biomass

• Illustration

Biomass• Example biomass plants

– Jamaica• Worthy Park, St Catherine

– Capacity 2.5 MW

– Feedstock Bagasse

– Uses combined heat and power (CHP) technology

– Only source of power for plant

– USA– USA• United States Sugar Corporation

– Capacity 50 MW

– Feedstock Bagasse

– Uses combined heat and power (CHP) technology

– UK• UPM Caledonian

– Capacity 26 MW

– Feedstock Paper mill residue

– Uses combined heat and power (CHP) technology

Biomass Power

• Biomass power potential

– Jamaica is estimated to have 68 MW of biomass

power potential from existing sugar cane lands.

Renewable Energy in the World• World Electricity Energy Source Mix (IEA 2012)

Renewable Energy in the World• World Renewable Electricity Energy Source Mix (IEA 2012)

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