Renewable Energy Integration // Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School

Renewable Energy Integration

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/images/left.gif http://www.re-energy.ca/

Professor Stephen LawrenceLeeds School of BusinessUniversity of Colorado at Boulder

Agenda Current and future sources of energy

What’s best? Distributed Generation

World primary energy consumption

BP website (BP.com)

World Energy Consumption to 2025

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html

Energy Forecasts by Sector

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/world.html

Primary energy consumed per capita

BP website (BP.com)

World Primary Energy per Capita

http://www.newint.org/issue284/facts.html

Oil & Gas Production Forecasts

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Global Fossil Carbon Emissions

Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

Carbon Dioxide Concentrations

Wikipedia.org, Climate Change, Global Warming articles

Fossil Fuels

BP website (BP.com)

Petroleum

http://www.lakesoil.com.au/photo6.jpg

Natural Gas

http://www.energy.gov.ab.ca/222.aspwww.citypublicservice.com

Coal

http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/default.asp?id=fow&num=30

Tar Sands

http://www.protectowire.com/applications/profiles/electric_shovels.htm http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2005/05may/dinning.cfm

Oil Shale

http://nandotimes.nandomedia.com/ips_rich_content/896-shale_rock.jpg http://geosurvey.state.co.us/Default.aspx?tabid=104

Problems with Fossil Fuels/Coal Large source of atmospheric pollution

Create carbon dioxide (CO2) when burned Implicated in global warming

Nitrous oxides (NOx) – smog

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) – acid rain

Measurable amounts of radioactive material Naturally present in coal More than a nuclear power plant

Typical Coal-Fired Power Plant

Category Power Plant 100W Light Bulb

Power 500 MW 100 W

Energy / year 3.5 billion kWh 876 kWh

Coal / year 1.43 million tons 714 lbs

Sulfur Dioxide / year 10,000 Tons 5 pounds

Nitrogen Oxides / year 10,200 Tons 5.1 pounds

Carbon Dioxide / year 3,700,000 Tons 1,852 pounds

CO2 Mitigation Options

http://www.netl.doe.gov

Carbon Sequestration Options

http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2006/energy.html

Ocean Sequestration

http://www.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/sea-carb-bish.html

Polk Power Station – Tampa

http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/energylessons/coal/coal_cct5.html

FutureGen

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Energy Consumption

US Production Cost Comparison

http://www.nei.org

Spent Fuel Cooling Pool

http://www.uic.com.au/opinion6.html

Yucca Mountain Cross Section

http://www.nrc.gov/waste/hlw-disposal/design.html

Transportation Concerns

http://www.nei.org/http://www.nei.org/index.asp?catnum=2&catid=84

Anti-Nuclear Ad

http://perth.indymedia.org/storyuploads/13114/en_4b.jpg

Hydropower

http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

Wind Energy

US Wind Energy Capacity

2003 1.8 MW 350’2000

850 kW 265’

2006 5 MW 600’

Recent Capacity Enhancements

$0.00

$0.10

$0.20

$0.30

$0.40

1980 1984 1988 1991 1995 2000 2005

38 cents/kWh

Costs Nosedive Wind’s Success

3.5-5.0 cents/kWh

Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars, not including tax credit

Solar Energy

http://www.c-a-b.org.uk/projects/tech1.htm

Solar Centre at Baglan Energy Park in South Wales

Large Scale Solar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

Small Scale Solar

Solar Cell Production Volume

http://sharp-world.com/solar/generation/images/graph_2004.gif

Sharp Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nrel_best_research_pv_cell_efficiencies.png

PV Cell Efficiencies

Solar Thermal Energy

http://solstice.crest.org/renewables/re-kiosk/solar/solar-thermal/case-studies/central-receiver.shtml

Oceanic Energy

Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines)

Direct drive to generator No gearboxes

Gravity base Versus a bored

foundation

Fixed pitch turbine blades Improved reliability But trades off efficiency

http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm

Cross Section of a Tidal Barrage

http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy_transport/atlas/htmlu/tidal.html

Tapered Channel (Tapchan)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.html

LIMPET Oscillating Water Column Completed 2000 Scottish Isles Two counter-rotating

Wells turbines Two generators 500 kW max power


“Mighty Whale” Design – Japan

http://www.jamstec.go.jp/jamstec/MTD/Whale/

Ocean Wave Conversion System

http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html

World Oceanic Energy Potentials (GW)

Source Tides Waves Currents OTEC1

Salinity World electric2

World hydro

Potential (est) 2,500 GW 2,7003

5,000 200,000 1,000,000

4,000

Practical (est) 20 GW 500 50 40 NPA4

2,800 550

1 Temperature gradients2 As of 1998

3 Along coastlines4 Not presently available

Tester et al., Sustainable Energy, MIT Press, 2005

Geothermal Energy Plant

Geothermal energy plant in Icelandhttp://www.wateryear2003.org/en/

Geothermal Site Schematic

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, 2004

Methods of Heat Extraction

http://www.geothermal.ch/eng/vision.html

Global Geothermal Sites

http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ausstell/dauer/umwelt/img/geothe.jpg

Bioenergy Cycle

http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

Types of Biomass

Municipal Solid Waste

http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg

Landfill Gasses


Hydrogen Economy Schematic

Electrolysis of Water (H2O)

http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/edu_k-12/9-12/fc_energy/make_your_own_hydrogen_results.html

Hydrogen Economy

Transporting Hydrogen

UNIDO-ICHET Projection

http://www.unido-ichet.org/ICHET-transition.php

UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONINTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR HYDROGEN ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

What to do? What’s best?

Distributed Generation

Centralized vs. Distributed Generation

http://www.nfcrc.uci.edu/fcresources/FCexplained/stationary.htm

US Net Energy Flows

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/USenergyFlow99-quads_Internet.jpg

Power Generation Efficiency

http://www.pharmaciaretirees.com/distributed_generation.htm

Central Power Generation (today) Remote, Large, Expensive Long Distance Delivery Fossil Fuel Plants

Waste Heat (Nuclear) Environment Unfriendly (Co2) Health Unfriendly (Nox, So2, Pm10, Hg)

Nuclear Plants Waste Disposal

Hydroelectric Plants Flooding

Unreliable (2000-2003) 110 Grid Failures Cost $80-123 B./Yr Adds 29-45% To Electric Bill


Current Power Industry - Opinion Monopolies

Regulated No competition Ossified Expensive Inefficient Unreliable Unfriendly

“Time has come for an energy revolution”


Distributed Generation Located next to user Range of energy sources

Fossil fuel, waste gas, renewables, Hydrogen, nuclear

Capacity kw –Mw Economic benefits

“Waste” heat used Lowers fossil fuel use Low investment Power failure losses eliminated Environmental/ health costs reduced Grid costs – peak/capital Lower electric bills

Flexibility of location Cogeneration

Combined heat & power (CHP) Micropower


Opinions Regarding DG DG Can Play a Key Role

Where reliability is crucial- emergency capacity Alternative to local network expansion

Opinions “Has potential to fundamentally alter structure and organization of

our electric power system” (IEA) “Micropower passes nuclear as technology of choice for new plants

globally. We really could be seeing the revival of Edison’s dream” (VVV)

“The era of monopolization, centralization and other regulation has started to give way to market forces in electricity” (VVV)

United States today 931 DG Plants Deliver 72,800 MW 8.1% Of total US Power


Sources of DG Solar – photovoltaic and thermal Wind Turbines Hydroelectric (large scale and micro) Geothermal Oceanic Nuclear Fossil Fuels

Combined Heat & Power (CHP)


CG vs. DG TodayCG DG

Waste Energy % 67 10 Delivered Electricity % 33 90 Total Costs ($)

Generation 4.2 5.2 T & D 6.6 0.6 Total 10.8 5.8

CO2 X 0.5X Oil Equivalent (BB) Y -122 Fossil Fuel Sales (Trillions $) Z -2.87


CG vs. DG in 2020CG DG

Capital $B 831 504 Total Power Cost $B 145 55 Unit Power Cost ¢/kWh 8.6 5.5 Emissions

CO2 X 0.5X NOx A 0.4A SO2 B 0.1B


Enabling DG Technologies

Microturbines Low to moderate initial capital cost Fuel flexibility,

burn either gaseous (natural gas, propane, biogases, oil-field flared gas) or liquid fuels (diesel, kerosene)

Heat released from burning the fuel also providing heating and cooling needs (CHP

Extremely low air emissions NOx, CO, and SOx

Continuous operating even during brownout or blackout A cutaway of a microturbine; 30 and 60-

kilowatt units have just one moving part – a shaft that turns at 96,000 rpm.

Microturbine Systems

http://www.wapa.gov/es/pubs/esb/2001/01Jun/microturbine.htmhttp://www.cleanenergyresourceteams.org/microturbines.html

Micro-Hydro

http://www.itdg.org/?id=micro_hydro_expertise http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/yourhome/technical/fs46.htm

Porker Power – Lamar Colorado

http://www.state.co.us/oemc/programs/distributed/

Video

Distributed Generation Summary

Advantages of DG Local positioning avoids transmission and

distribution losses Generation adjacent to loads allows convenient use

of heat energy Combined heat and power (CHP)

Local positioning enables available sources of energy to be used, Waste products or renewable resources may be easily

utilized to supplement fossil fuels Local positioning allows the use of available single

or three phase generation

http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm

Disadvantages of DG Disadvantages

Conventional distribution systems need adequate protection in order to accommodate exchange of power

Signaling for dispatch of resources becomes extremely complicated

Connection and revenue contracts are difficult to establish Issues with DG

The use of “Net Power” in certain areas of the US Power companies must by power from distributors a market rates

IEEE 1547 standard, still under formulation Standard for interconnecting distributed resources with electric

power systems Safety concerns with energy generated from multiple sources System protection under two way exchange of power

http://www.rglsolutions.com/Distributed_Generation.htm

Extra Slides

Ramgen Fossil Fuel Generator

http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/distgen/ramgen.html

Documents

Renewable Energy Integration // Professor Stephen Lawrence Leeds School