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The Development of CDM projects in Africa: the case for Ghana reNew Africa Enam Akoetey 08/04/2009 1 reNew Africa Enam Akoetey

reNew Africa CDM project development in Africa - Ghanaian … · CDM & Africa yHow we have fared ‐3.2% of projects in pipeline yWhat are the Challenges yFinance yConservative credit

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Page 1: reNew Africa CDM project development in Africa - Ghanaian … · CDM & Africa yHow we have fared ‐3.2% of projects in pipeline yWhat are the Challenges yFinance yConservative credit

The Development of CDM projects in Africa: the case for Ghana 

reNew Africa 

Enam Akoetey 

08/04/2009 1reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

Page 2: reNew Africa CDM project development in Africa - Ghanaian … · CDM & Africa yHow we have fared ‐3.2% of projects in pipeline yWhat are the Challenges yFinance yConservative credit

08/04/2009 2reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

Page 3: reNew Africa CDM project development in Africa - Ghanaian … · CDM & Africa yHow we have fared ‐3.2% of projects in pipeline yWhat are the Challenges yFinance yConservative credit

Genesis of Kyoto Protocol

Need for compliance Anthropogenic GHGs risingThis rise has been witnessed in the last century and is expected to rise exponentially – unless urgent action is taken – when the earth’s atmosphere warms to between 2‐5°C – there would be irreversible climate change  (atmospheric concentrations should be not be over 550 ppm – currently at  385 ‐450ppm – depending who is writing) 

Who needs to meet itIndustrialised countries that have emitted large amounts of GHGs as they dependent on fossil fuels USA  until recently was the worlds leading emitter, but China has overtaken 

How to meet it ‐ international agreement with enforceable targets that have to be met within a specified time frame – 2008‐2012. GHG emissions must be reduced to 1990 levels. 

08/04/2009 3reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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Market Based Mechanisms 

CDM – For developing countries – Asia, Africa & Latin America JI  ‐ economies in transition – mainly former soviet bloc AAU – assigned allowance unit 

08/04/2009 4reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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How to create emission reductionUnder the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), basic rules ensure projects reduce 

emissions –Use CDM‐EB  Approved Methodologies or propose methodologies 

‐Ghana proposed 2 so far [that I know]  (AM0046  and a series of rejected methodologies for developing Rubber Plantations in WR) 

Activity MUST NOT be “business as usual”

Key is to prove Additionality 

‐Financial  ‐ (demonstrate that CER revenue was considered and is needed to make project commercially viable and attractive) 

IRR for projects that will generate other revenue streams – e.g  electricity, compostNPV for projects that DO NOT generate other revenue streams  

AR Additionality Afforestation – land should not have been forested (DNA definition of forest) in the last 50 years preceding action 

(31/12/1989)Reforestation – land should not have been forested (DNA definition of forest) by 31/12/1989.

No ODA 

EIA and Stakeholder Consultations 

08/04/2009 5reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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Carbon Assets What  is a Carbon Asset?It is the measurable advantage created from a project  that contributes  to the reduction of GHGs as a result of accepted international agreements. 

How is it created?When an activity is undertake to abate or mitigate the emission  on one of the 6 GHGs and verified by a third party according to a set of standards and methods. 

Is there a timeline?Kyoto sets 2008‐2012 as the stipulated period within which GHG emission targets must be met by  Annex I countries (industrialised)

Way forward –Negotiations are ongoing for a post 2013 commitment period where targets will be set to reduce GHG concentrations. 

08/04/2009 6reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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Creating the Carbon Asset – CDM cycle 

08/04/2009 7reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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CDM & AfricaHow we have fared  ‐ 3.2% of projects in  pipeline 

What are the ChallengesFinance

Conservative credit market Risk perception –fuelled by abstract nature of ‘ carbon assets’Deficient risk analysis ‐

Capacity  and knowledge Risks 

PoliticalRegulatory Non‐delivery (monitoring)

Data to prove baselines – crucial for project is often unavailable or very hard to come by or put together Markets  demands for large scale activities – usually in other host countries do not make Africa attractive Low‐carbon activities that exclude carbon reduction considerations 

E.g. – banning of incandescent bulbs, hydro (large or small), thermal plants (single –combined cycle), Oil & Gas – upstream and downstream improvements activities 

08/04/2009 8reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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CDM ‐ example projects Energy industries – renewable  or non renewable sources –produce zero‐emission energy (wind, geothermal – Kenya, CCS – coal)Energy distribution  ‐Mining and mineral exploration – methane capture – to energy  Waste management Energy demand – e.g increase efficiency of production process Reforestation ‐ Trading Carbon  

Geo‐engineering solutions will cost about $20 trillion to remove 50 ppm CO2.  reforestation of degraded lands & improved agric practices can do the same . (source Peon Atmospheric Science Journal, 2008) 

08/04/2009 9reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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Possible Solutions Carbon asset as collateral – to resolve commercial finance risks

Co‐development with banksCarbon pool or funds 0 with a share of credits 

‘Schooling’ in emerging low‐economy (it’s the future)Acquisition of right market and project assessment tools 

Address risksInsuranceAcquisition of risk assessment tools 

Multi‐donor support to develop required data sets Restructuring of CDM rules – reduce transaction costs and increase threshold of small‐medium scale projects – EE savings was increased form 15GW to 60GW and 8ktCo2 to 15ktCo2 for small‐scale forestry activities

Host large energy projects  ‐ with multiple benefits Energy security – for residential and economic use Spur industrial growth  ‐ local and international participation as cost of production and energy intensity is lowerSpur regional development  ‐ e.g  According to Energy Commission – Keta has the wind speed of generating 2000MW of electricity – this can be connected to the grid and supplied to Togo, Benin and la Cote d’ Ivoire 

Programmatic CDM 

08/04/2009 10reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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Africa now hosts 93 projects, most of them in South Africa. One new project in Kenya was added in January.

08/04/2009 11reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

Page 12: reNew Africa CDM project development in Africa - Ghanaian … · CDM & Africa yHow we have fared ‐3.2% of projects in pipeline yWhat are the Challenges yFinance yConservative credit

Regional distribution of CDM projects – 2009 This table shows that some regions are 

behind: Latin America and Asia & Pacific host 96% of the projects. 

08/04/2009 12reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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Developing & Managing Carbon Asset – Ghana experience 

My experience in Ghana ‐opportunities abound  ‐ energy efficiency, forestry, renewable energy, waste management ‐premier private sector actor ‐DNA support (EPA)‐time lag (knowledge gaps  within public agencies – have lengthened process time)‐finance 

How I have fared ‐built very useful strategic alliances ‐learning by doing challenges ‐ origination of CDM – demand‐side energy (AM0046 – now as PoA AMS II. C) ‐lack of finance – though contract exists 

What needs to happen?‐risk assessment tools‐business models and planning ‐capacity to navigate CDM ‘minefield’Finance, Finance, Finance! – bold action required from local banks (old ways did not work – if they did we won’t be underdeveloped – creative finance – e.g 

08/04/2009 13reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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reNew project pipelineNear term

Demand‐side energy efficiency expected to deliver 4.5million CERs over 10 year project lifetime (initially developed as large scale – AM0046, now PoA –AMS II. C)Reforestation of 5000 ha with 20 species of native, exotic, endangered, nitrogen fixing & fire retardants.

Short term (collaboration with Ashden Awards winner –SKG Sangha, India

Community bio digesters Improved cook stoves  Cogeneration 

08/04/2009 14reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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Opportunity for Africa – Yes!Meet MDGsCleaner development Build energy infrastructure & securityBuild  environmental securityBuild food security Green jobs Wealth creation at rural level – small‐scale energy

08/04/2009 15reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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08/04/2009 16reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

Page 17: reNew Africa CDM project development in Africa - Ghanaian … · CDM & Africa yHow we have fared ‐3.2% of projects in pipeline yWhat are the Challenges yFinance yConservative credit

08/04/2009 17reNew Africa                                                    Enam Akoetey

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