RenaissanceEurope

Periodization 1450-1750

• World Becomes Global – Americas part of trade network, Europe gains access to Asian trade routes, Colombian exchange of goods, disease and cultures.

• Improvement of weapons and shipping allow Europe to dominate others – transport of Africans, decimation of Americans

• New social structure based on race in Latin America; women in harem hold political power behind scenes

• Renaissance and Reformation will challenge traditional authority in Europe; China’s reaffirmation of traditional beliefs will stabilize it – but lead to isolation

• Predominant form of political organization will remain empire – European empires including new world, Ottomans, Mughals and Qing grew powerful.

What Renaissance is

• Rebirth of Greek and Roman thoughts and ideas, caused by– influx of Byzantine refugees after Ottoman take-over

of Constantinople (1453)– Rise of new bourgeoisie class of merchants (Medici)

who will become new patrons of arts and literature and investors in scientific discovery.

– Period of recovery from disasters of 14th century (Black Death, economic recession, and political disorder)

Raphael, School of Athens• Imaginary gathering of ancient philosophers –

including Plato/Aristotle

Renaissance Europe - Politics• In the 17th century, more centralized monarchies replaced feudal

governments at the expense of the regional aristocracy through militarization and more extensive administration.

• France best example of absolute powers with divine right. Under Louis XIV, France developed a national economic policy (mercantilism), encouraged scientific development, and destroyed the independent power of the nobility. Intimidated other European nations in a series of wars. To halt French aggression, other states formed alliances.

• In eastern Europe, monarchs attempted to emulate France, built strong armies and created national economic plans. Prussia also used its military as a means of expanding its borders in eastern Europe.

• Britain and the Netherlands created parliamentary regimes. The Glorious Revolution of 1699 produced a government in which parliament won sovereignty over the monarchs. John Locke, in supporting the concept of parliamentary government, argued that power was derived from the people and that kings ought to govern in the public interest.

Renaissance Italy - Politics• With removal of threat of

Germans/Holy Roman Empire, Five powerful city-states: Milan, Venice, Florence, Naples, Papal States flourished, but no centralization.

• Papal States in center, Kingdom of Naples controlled by French, Sicily will be controlled by Spain (Aragon).

• Strong merchant families controlled politics, but nominally republic (Medici in Florence, Visconti in Milan)

• King Charles VIII (1483-98) of France invaded Italy and occupied Naples– Other states turned to Spain for

aid – For the next 30 years Spain and

France competed over Italy– Rome sacked in 1527

Renaissance Italy - Politics• Cosimo de’Medici (1434-

1464) controlled Florence through system of patronage (amici de’ amici) – especially arts to glorify new family.

• Bankers to the Pope

Renaissance Italy - Politics• Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-

1527)– The Prince (1513)

» Political power to restore and maintain order

» Humanity is self-centered (not based on Christian morals)

» Ends justifies the means

» “It is better to be feared than loved”

» Dedicated to Lorenzo de’ Medici

Renaissance France - Politics• Religious Wars in France 1560

– 1598 - Catholics vs. Huguenots

• Catherine de’ Medici was queen mother of France – In 1572, 1000s of Huguenots fill Paris to celebrate the marriage of Catherine’s daughter to Henry of Navarre (Huguenot). During the wedding, Catherine sends out soldiers to kill the Huguenots – 10,000 die in what is known as the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre.

• Henry of Navarre converts to Catholicism and promotes religious tolerance with Edict of Nantes (1598)

• French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598

– Huguenots » 7 percent of the

population but 40-50 percent of the French nobility

– Ultra-Catholics– War of the three

Henries, 1588-1589– Henry IV, 1589-1610

• Edict of Nantes, 1598

Renaissance France - Politics• After 100 yrs War, French

nationalism led to increased power of monarchy

• Louis XI (1461-1483) – “the Spider” – Strengthened use of taille

(direct tax)• Louis XIII (1610-1643). Controlled

by Cardinal Richelieu (of Three Musketeer fame) rule as Prime Minister.- Disbands Estates-General initiating absolutism (1614)- creates intendants to act as spies- forced nobles to tear down wall- gave titles to merchants

• Louis XIV (1643-1715) – “The Sun King”

- “L’etat, c’est moi.”

- increased mercantilism to pay of series of expansionist wars and private luxuries

- huge court ceremonies at Versailles to keep nobles busy w/o powers

- revoke Edict of Nantes

Renaissance France - Politics

Renaissance Spain - Politics

– Originally divided into several independent Christian kingdoms– Unified with marriage of Isabella of Castile, 1474-1504 to

Ferdinand of Aragon, 1479-1516– Religious uniformity “Reconquista” – Spanish Inquisition– Promoted exploration for mercantilist and missionary interests

Renaissance Spain - PoliticsCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor

(1519-1556) territory included the Spanish kingdoms of Aragón and Castile; the Netherlands; the Italian states of Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia; Spanish conquests in America and Africa;

• Wars with France• Conflict with Martin

Luther in Germany• Attack by the Ottoman

Turks• Peace of Augsburg,

1555

Renaissance Spain - Politics

• Philip II of Spain, 1556-1598– Strict conformity to

Catholicism– Created “holy league”

against Turkish encroachment in Mediterranean - Battle of Lepanto, 1571, against the Turks

• Problems with the Netherlands (Phillip raised taxes to pay for lost of revenues in New World) – England supported Netherlands – Phillip responds with Armada (1588), Netherlands gains indep.

• Philip went bankrupt from excessive spending in 1596

AP Loves –

not regents

Ms. Lyons loves –

not regents or

AP

Renaissance Spain - Politics• Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

• German protestants rebelled against Catholic Hapsburg seeking to establish their own churches.

• Most European countries took sides – following religious beliefs and in attempts to maintain a balance of power. Except France – Cardinal Richelieu joined protestant side in order to check Spanish power in Europe.

• Ended with Peace of Westphalia (German princes could decide religious status of their states. Germany would remain divided for 200 years. Power of Hapsburg/Holy Roman Emperor was almost eliminated. France became central power in Europe)

Result – economic devastation,

1/3 population died

Renaissance England - Politics– War of the Roses, 1450s-

1485 (civil war after 100yrs War)

– Henry VII, 1485-1509, Tudors– Abolished private

armies– Henry VIII

- Act of Supremacy“Bloody” Mary Tudor (r. 1553 –

1557) married to Phillip IIQueen Elizabeth I, 1558-1603,

– Killed Mary Queen of Scots

– Spanish Armada, 1588

Renaissance England – Politics

• England and the Emergence of Constitutional Monarchy– Revolution and Civil War

• James I (1603-1625) of England, James VI of Scotland

– King James version of Bible,

– Made Great Britain (combining England, Scotland & Ireland)

– Persecuted Puritans – go to America as pilgrims

• Charles I (1625-1649) – believed in divine right

– Petition of Rights 1628 (ripped up after gained money from parliament)

– Civil war, 1642-48 (Parliament vs. King)

– Executed in January 30,1649• Monarchy abolished• Republic (or commonwealth),

1648-1660– Oliver Cromwell became

military dictator (Puritan)

Renaissance England - Politics• Restoration and a Glorious

Revolution– Charles II (1660-1685)

• Declaration of Indulgence, 1672 – forced to revoke by Parliament

– James II (1685-1688)• Birth of a son, 1688 -

CATHOLIC• Glorious Revolution –

bloodless coup by Parliament

• Throne offered to William of Orange and his wife Mary, the Protestant daughter of James II

• Bill of Rights - 1688

Renaissance Holy Roman Empire - Politics

• After 1438 position of Holy Roman emperor in the hands of the Habsburgs

• Rulers of eastern Europe struggled to achieve centralization of territorial states

• Religious difficulties -- Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and other groups such as the Mongols

– Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe• Brandenburg-Prussia

– Frederick William the Great Elector (1640-1688) » Army (due to lack of natural borders) and General War

Commissariat; Junkers = Prussian landed aristocracy serving as officers in army

– Frederick I• Austria

– Territorial expansion (Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia & Slovenia)

– Monarch never becomes centralized – too many nationalities

– Collection of territories» Each has own laws and political life

Renaissance Russia - Politics

• Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-1584)

– Expanded territory eastward

– Autocratic, killed boyars, killed son

• Zemsky Sobor (national assembly) chose Michael Romanov in 1598 to be new tsar

Renaissance Russia - PoliticsPeter the Great (1689-1725)

• Trip west, 1697-1698• Reorganize army and navy• Westernization (shave

beard)• St. Petersburg, “window to

the west”

• reorganized government – established Senat as highest institution.

• confiscated Russian Orthodox money for government use.

Renaissance Europe - Economics

• At start – Italians (especially Venetians) had huge commercial empire rivaled only by Hanseatic League in North.

• Foreign invasions of the Italian peninsula after 1500 and the introduction of Atlantic trade routes diminished the role of Italy in commerce and politics.

• Governments granted regional trade monopolies to great trading companies. Insurance began

• With sufficient capitalization, European merchants began to supplant Arab and Indian traders in East Asia.

• Trade and colonial markets served to create a demand for manufactured goods. In both agriculture and crafts, there was a shift toward production for the market rather than for subsistence.

• In the 16th century, the economic structure of Europe underwent substantial change.

• massive price inflation caused by the influx of bullion from the New World

• Inflation encouraged investment and borrowing.

Renaissance Europe - Economics

• Commercial Revolution – 16th-17th centuries• “Mercantilism” – acquisition of bullion, limitation of

imports (tariffs), increase imperialism (colonies as markets) – favorable balance of trade

• Joint-stock companies (British East Indian Co., Virginia

Co. – Jamestown)

Renaissance Europe - Economics

• Western consumers began to buy the products of colonial plantations, such as sugar, coffee, and tea.

• New technologies to increase productivity were introduced in agriculture. The spread of potato cultivation improved food supplies. Agricultural specialty areas developed in the areas of wines, cheeses, wool etc. in various towns

• During the 18th century, household production (domestic system) of textiles spread rapidly. Capitalist merchants supplied raw materials to households who produced yarn or cloth. Technology in the weaving industry (flying shuttle) spurred production.

• Average wealth increased – by 1600 western European peasant owned 5x as many things as eastern European one.

• Columbian Exchange

Renaissance Europe - Religion• Renaissance popes,

1450-1520» Popes as

leaders of the Papal States too involved in worldly affairs (Julius II – Warrior Pope)

• Martin Luther protested the papal approval for the grant of indulgences in Germany.

• Ninety-five Theses, 1517, Wittenberg

• Spread through printing press

• Luther argued against general authority of the pope, monasticism, clerical celibacy, and the restriction of the Bible to the clergy (translated it to German).

• Excommunication, 1521• Edict of Worms (Charles V

banned Luther’s writings and charged him with heresy)

• Many German princes responded positively to Luther's message, at least in part as a means of advancing their independence.

• Peasants seeking greater freedom from their lords and townsmen eager for justification for their pursuit of wealth.

Renaissance Europe - Religion– The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

• Calvin and Calvinism– John Calvin (1509-1564)

» Institutes of the Christian Religion, 1536» Predestination» Geneva, Switzerland, 1536

• English Reformation– King Henry VIII of England (1509-1574)

» Wanted divorce of Catherine of Aragon» Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, 1533» Act of Supremacy, 1534» Queen “Bloody” Mary of England (1553-1558) to

restore Catholicism» Queen Elizabeth I – promoted Protestantism but

tolerance of Catholics

• The tide of religious reform was felt throughout Europe and changed its political map. The early commitment of most of northern Europe to Calvinism, Lutheranism, or Anglicanism was counterbalanced by the recovery to Catholicism of France and Poland. Counter-Reformation zeal, combined with political confrontation and dynastic rivalry, culminated in the Thirty Years’ War (1618-48), fought across Europe’s heartland at enormous cost.

Renaissance Europe - Religion

– The Catholic “Counter” Reformation

• Society of Jesus, 1540– Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)– Absolute obedience to Pope

• Reform papacy– Pope Paul III, 1534-1549

» Reform commission» Recognized the Jesuits» Council of Trent, 1545-1563 (outlawed

indulgences)» Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

Renaissance Europe - Society– Renaissance Society

– Three estates: clergy (first estate); nobility (second estates); and peasants and inhabitants of towns and cities (third estate)

• Nobility– 2 to 3 percent of the

population– Political posts– Ideals of the aristocrat,

Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529), The Book of the Courtier

» Impeccable character, military service, standards of conduct

Renaissance Europe - Society

– Peasants and Townspeople

• Peasants 85-90 percent of the total population

– Decline of manorialism and continuing erosion of serfdom

– Peasants as hired workers

• Patricians at the top of the urban society (trade, industry, and banking)

• Petty burghers (shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters, and guildsmen)

• Property less workers (30 to 40 percent of the urban population)

Renaissance Europe – Society (women)

• Arranged marriages• Father-husband at the center

– Authority was absolute• Wife manages the household• More emotional care between

husband/wife emphasized

• Family pattern - late marriage age (true for most merchant societies over agricultural – need less labor); nuclear family as the norm.

Renaissance Europe - SocietyWitchcraft (16th-17th c.)• Cause was economic tensions

due to “little ice age”, war, famine and plague

– Perhaps 100,000 prosecuted

– Poor most likely to be accused (communities unwilling to accept responsibility for poverty in community)

– More than 75 percent were women

• Subsides by mid 17th – questioning of old attitudes, new scientific inquiry

Renaissance Europe – Intellectual/Tech

• Humanist education – based on liberal arts designated by Cicero – grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, history, music, and mathematics.

• Western technology in areas such as metallurgy and printing advanced after 1500. The advent of the printing press led to improvements in literacy and the rapid dissemination of ideas.

• Extensive adaptation of “southern” technologies and original inventions for exploration – caravels, lateen sails, astrolabe, cartography

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Renaissance Europe - Intellectual• The Scientific Revolution

– Background» Renaissance humanists» New instruments and machines» Mathematics – borrowing from Muslims

– Women in the Origins of Modern Science• Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673)• Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720)

– Toward New Earth: Descartes and Rationalism• René Descartes (1596-1650) • Discourse on Method, 1637• Deductive reasoning (cogito ergo sum – I think therefore I am)

– Spread of Scientific Thought• Francis Bacon (1561-1626)

– Inductive reasoning• Scientific societies NEW STUFF –

GLOBAL II (Yippee)

Renaissance Europe - Intellectual

• Military Technology

for empire building

Renaissance Europe - Intellectual

Astronomy• Copernicus (1473-1543)

– Heliocentric conception• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

– Laws of planetary motion– Elliptical orbit

• Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)– Uses the telescope– Starry Messenger, 1610

» Support Copernicus» Charged w/heresy forced to recant

• Isaac Newton (1642-1727)– Mathematical Principle of Natural

Philosophy– Three laws of motion

» Universal law of gravitation

Renaissance Europe - Intellectual

Human biology• Andreas Vesalius –

1539 (used dissection to correct anatomical chart of Galen)

• William Harvey – 1628 (discovered function of heart and two types of blood)

Renaissance Europe - IntellectualChemistry• Robert Boyle (Boyle’s

Law – 1662 volume/pressure gas)

• Andres Celsius (1742)

• Joseph Priestley – 1772 (discovered oxygen)

• Benjamin Franklin (electricity) - 1776

Renaissance Europe – Literature

• Classicism became popular in northern European countries, although classical literature was balanced by innovation in the vernacular languages.– Petrarch (1304-1374)

– Rejected scholastic philosophy– Emphasize classics

– Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)• Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for the direction

of daily life• Reform

– A Golden Age of Literature in England• William Shakespeare (1564-1614)

Renaissance Europe - Art

– New Renaissance style• Laws of perspective and geometrical organization of outdoor

space and light• Investigation of movement and anatomical structure

– High Renaissance• Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

– Realism and idealism

• Raphael (1483-1520)– Ideal of beauty

• Michelangelo (1475-1564)– Divine beauty

• The Northern Artistic Renaissance– Jan van Eyck (1390?-1441)

» Oil paint and varied range of colors– Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528)

» Perspective and proportion

Introduced oil – more naturalistic

Renaissance Europe - Art

– Art: The Baroque• Harmonize the classical ideals of

Renaissance art with the spiritual feeling of the 16th century religious revival

• Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Triumph of Truth, Rubens, oil

Renaissance Europe - Demographics

• Increase in population from 60 million in 1500 to 85 million in 1600; decline after 1650, especially in central and southern Europe due to Thirty Year’s War and “little ice age” - famine