Remote Sensing for Geology s2

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Material to support Geo-scienceMaterial to support Geo-science

ModuleModule

(1)(1)

REMOTE SENSING FOR

GEOLOGY



REMOTE SENSING FORREMOTE SENSING FOR

GEOLOGYGEOLOGY

Material to support Geo-science Module (1)

b!

Suti"no

Facult o# Geo$rap%

Gad&a% Mada 'niersit Yo$a"arta



*+,T IS REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY ,N*+,T IS REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY ,N

*+,T TY.E OF REMOTE SENSING IM,GES*+,T TY.E OF REMOTE SENSING IM,GES

,RE 'S',LLY 'SE ,RE 'S',LLY 'SE

1/ REMOTE SENSING IN GEOLOGY!0 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING FOR

OBTAINING GEOLOGICAL INFORMATION ORDATA ON: stratigraphy, lithology an g!ologi"

str#"t#r!$

2. REMOTE SENSING IMAGE FOR GEOLOGICAL

INVESTIGATION:

0 AERIAL P%OTOGRAP%S 0 LANDSAT 0 SPOT 0 RADAR 0 T%ERMAL INFRA RED



REMOTE SENSING

REMOTE SENSING GEOLOGY

REMOTE SENSING

IN GEOLOGY

GEOLOGIC

RESOURCESGEOLOGIC

HAZARD

0MINERAL & ROCKS

0WATER

0ENERGY

0LANDFORMS

0MASS MOVEMENT

0VOLCANIC ERUPTION

0EARTHQUAKE

0FLOOD





*+,T IS T+E ,IM ,N T+E ST,T'S OF T+E*+,T IS T+E ,IM ,N T+E ST,T'S OF T+E

GEOLOGI,L REMOTE SENSING IM,GEGEOLOGI,L REMOTE SENSING IM,GE

INTER.RET,TIONINTER.RET,TION

1/ T%e ai2 is to obtain lit%olo$ic

strati$rap% and $eolo$ical structure

3/ T%e status!0 is not as an alternatie o# #ield $eolo$4

0 #ield5or" al5as carried out to c%ec" t%e

result o# t%e i2a$e interpretation4

0 t%e results o# t%e i2a$e interpretation aresupposed si2ilar 5it% data #ro2 ot%er

sources/



,RE T+ERE ,NY IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS ,RE T+ERE ,NY IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS

FOR INTER.RET,TION .'R.OSESFOR INTER.RET,TION .'R.OSES

1/ Tone

3/ Te6ture

7/ .attern8/ S%ape9#or2

:/ Site

;/ ,ssociation

</ S%ado5





Pattern

















*+,T =INS OF GEOLOGI,L*+,T =INS OF GEOLOGI,L

INFORM,TION ,N >E O>T,INE FROMINFORM,TION ,N >E O>T,INE FROM

RS IM,GESRS IM,GES1/ Topo$rap%ic pattern

3/ raina$e pattern

7/ Land#or2 units8/ Lit%o$ical9roc"s units

:/ Geolo$ical structures

;/ Mineral deposits location</ Susceptible area #or erosion 2ass-

2oe2ent eart%?ua"e olcanic/



















Si$ni#icance o# raina$e .atternSi$ni#icance o# raina$e .attern

.attern %aracteristics Si$ni#icance

endritic Irregular ra!"#$!g %'(rea)* lea a++eara!"e

De,el%+' $! la( area' % u!$%r)"%)+%'$($%!' -$(# l$((le %r !%'(ru"(ural "%!(r%l. 'e/$)e!(ar0r%"1' !ear #%r$2%!(al* $!(ru'$,er%"1'3 '(r%!gl0 )e(a)%r+#%'e/r%"1'/

Trellis Su +arallel '(rea)'* al%!g!earl0 +arallel (%+%gra+#0ea(ure' -$(# '#%r(+er+e!/$"ular$!(er"%!!e"(e/ "#a!!el'

M%'( l$1el0 /e,el%+ $! area' %'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1' -$(# )ar1e/'(ru"(ural "%!(r%l /ue (%al(er!a($!g re'$'(a!( a!/ le''re'$'(a!( e/'4

Rectan$ular Aru+( r$g#(5a!gle

/ele"($%! % '(rea)/$re"($%!'4

Ma0 $!/$"a(e '(ru"(ural "%!(r%l %

$!(ru'$,e $g!e%u' r%"1' %r ($l(e/'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1'4

Radial S(rea)' /$,erge r%) a"e!(rall0 ele,a(e/ +%$!(/

De,el%+ %! /%)e* ,%l"a!$" "%!e'* a!/ %(#er (0+e % $'%la(e/ "%!$"al%r 'u"%!$"al #$ll'4



+O* TO IENTIFY ,N INTER.RET,TION OF+O* TO IENTIFY ,N INTER.RET,TION OF

GEOLOGI,L ,T, FROM RS IM,GESGEOLOGI,L ,T, FROM RS IM,GES

1/ 'sin$ ele2ent #or $eolo$ical interpretation!a4 Ou("r%+ ea(ure' a!/ /$'(r$u($%!

4 S(ru"(ure $! /e(a$l

"4 La!/%r)

/4 Dra$!age +a((er!

e4 Vege(a($%!

4 Cul(ural ea(ure'

3/ 'sin$ #actors #or $eolo$ical #eatures identi#ication!a4 F%r)3 %r l$(#%l%g0 a!/ '(ru"(ure $/e!($$"a($%!

4 A'0))e(r$"al 'l%+e. (% /e(er)$!e (#e /$+ 'l%+e % (#e

e/'"4 Dra$!age. (% re"%g!$2e (#e /e!'$(0 a!/ +a((er!4Dra$!age

/e!'$(0 $' a''%"$a(e (% r%"1 re'$'(a!"e a!/ +er)ea$l$(04Dra$!age +a((er! $' $)+%r(a!( %r l$(#%l%g$"al a!/'(ru"(ural $!(er+re(a($%!4



+,R,TERISTIS OF R,IN,GE SYSTEM IN+,R,TERISTIS OF R,IN,GE SYSTEM IN

GEOLOGI,L INTER.RET,TIONGEOLOGI,L INTER.RET,TION

1/ Inte$ration

3/ ensit or spaciation

7/ +o2o$eneit

8/ Orientation and control

:/ .attern



+O* TO INTER.RET,TE T+E LIT+OLOGY+O* TO INTER.RET,TE T+E LIT+OLOGY

1/ Lit%olo$ical units are easil to identi# #ro2re2ote sensin$ i2a$e (especiall aerial

p%oto$rap%)!a4 Sa!/'(%!e

4 S#ale '(%!e

"4 L$)e'(%!e

/4 A "er(a$! $g!e%u' a!/ )e(a)%r+#$" r%"1'

e4 U!"%!'%l$/a(e/ )a(er$al* 'u"# a'. 'a!/* gra,el*

"la04 I!(er"ala($%! re'$'(a!"e a!/ !%! re'$'(a!"e r%"1'



3/ Sedi2entar roc"s can be identi# and

classi#ied based on!a/ Te6ture

b/ Mineral co2position

c/ olor

d/ .orosite/ .er2eabilit

#/ raina$e densit

$/ raina$e pattern (#i$/1)



li2estone

sandstone s%ale

Wa(er '%lule

Su'ura"e /ra$!age

S$!1#%le

E6(er!al /ra$!age

Cl%'e/ '+a"e/

+a((er!

I!(er!al /ra$!age

W$/e '+a"e/

+a((er!

Cal"are%u' '#ale*

)arl

Cla0 l$)e'(%!eAre!a"e%u'

l$)e'(%!e

Cal"are%u'

'a!/'(%!e

Are!a"e%u' '#aleArg$lla"e%u' 'a!/'(%!e

T#ree (0+e' %

'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1'



,R>ON,TE

COARSE GRAINED CLASTICS FINE GRAINED CLASTICS

Inter2ediate

lit%olo$ies 5it%

2i6ed

c%aracteristicsResistant

porous

per2eable

Resistant9

nonresistant

soluble "arsti#icationinternal and e6ternaldraina$e&ointin$4 li$%t to2ediu2 p%oto tone

Lo5

resistant

insoluble I2perious e6ternal

draina$e %i$% densit

dar" to 2ediu2 p%oto

tone

depend on ce2ent and

2atri6 internal draina$e

lo5 densit4 #re?uent &oint

sste24 li$%t or li$%t to

2ediu2 p%oto tone

F$g4 I)age7+#%(%

"#ara"(er$'($" %

'e/$)e!(ar0 r%"1'

IENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=SIENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=S



IENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=SIENTIFI,TION OF SEIMENT,RY RO=S

FROM IM,GE9,ERI,L .+OTOGR,.+FROM IM,GE9,ERI,L .+OTOGR,.+

C%ar'e "la'($"

'e/$)e!(.re""$a*"%!gl%)era(e'a!/'(%!e

F$!e "la'($".

'e/$)e!(."la0*'#ale* '$l('(%!e

Car%!a(e.

l$)e'(%!e a!//%l%)$(e* )arl'

Resistant depend once2entation

Lo5 per2eabilitand non resistant

In arid resistant in%u2id soluble

For2! cuesta %o$ba$2esa

In %u2id! lo5 %ill5it% rounded topo/

=arst topo$rap%

,s "e %ori@on #orstructural analsis

I2perious e6ternaldraina$e

Sin" %ole and dolinedo2inant

Aoint sste2 5ell deelop Aoint sste2 notdeelop

Aoint #re?uentlon$itudinal belt o# dar"tone9color

raina$e! lo5-2ediu2densit

raina$e! %i$%densit

Lo5 draina$e densit

raina$e pattern!dendritic trellis

endritic draina$epattern

.artl! under$round

Tone! li$%t to 2ediu2 Gra to dar" tone Li$%t to dar" p%oto tone







E6a2ple o# sedi2entar #ro2 aerial p%oto$rap%





Sedi2entar roc"s and structural #eatures

0 Li2estone



0 Li2estone



A: volcanic deposit

B: fluvial deposit

C: volcanic breccia

D: limestone

E: coastal sand

1 A

D

C

C E

B



A: fluvial deposit (swampy)

B: fluvial deposit (swale)

C: sandy (beach ridges)

A

BC

A

IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'SIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'S



IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'SIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF IGNEO'S

RO=SRO=S

1/ >ased on 2ineral co2position!0 ,cidic! li$%t p%oto tone

0 Inter2ediate! li$%t to 2ediu2 p%oto tone

0 >asic! dar" to dar" p%oto tone

3/ E6trusie roc"s!

0 ,ssociate 5it% olcanic land#or20 .orosit and per2eabilit! %i$%

0 E6ternal draina$e

0 >asic laa! s%ield olcano &oint are predo2inate

0 ,cidic laa! bocca spatter cone laa blister

0 Inter2ediate laa! strato olcano

7/ Intrusie roc"s!0 +o2o$en

0 Topo$rap% %u22oc" (%u2id) and s%arp (arid)

0 Aoint! #re?uent

0 raina$e pattern 5it% lo5 densit/













IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OFIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF



IM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OFIM,GE +,R,TERISTIS OF

MET,MOR.+I RO=MET,MOR.+I RO=

1/ Massie topo$rap% strati$rap% not clearl appear 3/ .er2eabilit is lo54 draina$e densit %i$% to 2ediu24

draina$e pattern! dendritic trellis or parallel/

84 Quar(2$(e! resistant 2assie topo$rap% lo5 per2eabilit

dendritic trellis4 $ra p%oto tone

94 Marle! in arid and se2i arid resistant in %u2id si2ilar toli2estone

:4 Sla(e'! lo5 resistant %i$% draina$e densit dendritic4 dar" to

2ediu2 $ra

;4 G!e$''! resistant 2assie topo$rap% lo5

per2eabilitdendritic trellis4 $ra p%oto tone



GEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GEGEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GE



GEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GEGEOLOGI STR'T'RE IM,GE


1/ FL,T-L,YING >ES!0 ontrastin$ tone o# di##erent sedi2entar roc"s

0 >rea" o# slope alon$ t%e contour

0 endritic draina$e pattern

3/ I..ING >ES (FOLS)0 Topo$rap%ic sur#aces coincide 5it% beddin$ sur#ace

0 ,s2etrical slope can be used to deter2ine t%e

direction o# t%e dip

0 .attern o# outcrop on alle can be used to deter2inet%e direction o# t%e dip

0 Ma&or strea2 usuall #lo5 parallel to t%e stri"e o# t%e

strati#ied beds/











7/ AOINTS0 L$!ear ea(ure'7l$!ea)e!(' t%in rat%er t%an s%ort in re$ular

direction

0 I!(er'e"($!g <%$!( appro6i2atel at ri$%t an$les (erticall dippin$)$ie a l%"10 +a((er! % (#e (%+%gra+#04

0 In $!e gra$!e/ "la'($" r%"1' &oint are $enerall 2ore "l%'el0

'+a"e/

8/ F,'LTS

0 Linear #eatures9linea2ent

0 Trian$le #acet

0 ,li$n2ent o# e$etation strai$%t o# rier9strea2

se$2ent ali$n2ent o# la"es ponds and sprin$s

0%an$es o# tone draina$e and erotional #eatures onopposite o# linear #eatures

0 ,li$n2ent o# topo$rap%/





*+,T IS T+E ONTENT OF T+E .RELIMIN,RY*+,T IS T+E ONTENT OF T+E .RELIMIN,RY

GEOLOGI,L M,. RES'LTING FROM RS IM,GEGEOLOGI,L M,. RES'LTING FROM RS IM,GE


1/ Lit%olo$ical units! 2a co2posed o# sin$le roc" or$roup o# roc"s FORM,TION

3/ Geolo$ic structures indicators! dip slope beddin$plane

7/ ontinue or discontinue o# t%e bed laers

8/ Indicators o# #ault and uncon#or2it

:/ Land#or2 units

;/ raina$e pattern can be used to identi# t%e lit%olo$and structure

</ ontrol point i2portant location $round control









.R,TI,L EBERISES.R,TI,L EBERISES



.R,TI,L EBERISES.R,TI,L EBERISES

1/ Material! aerial p%oto$rap% Landsat3/ .rocedure!

0 ra5 draina$e pattern road

0 elineate lit%olo$ based on! relie# draina$e densit

topo$rap%ic e6pression land#or2 land coer or landuse

0 Identi#ication o# $eolo$ic structure dip dip slope

0 ra5 t%e preli2inar structure

0 Fill t%e i2a$e c%aracteristics on t%e interpretation table

0ra5 preli2inar p%oto $eolo$ical9i2a$e $eolo$ical2ap

0 eter2ine t%e sa2ple areas

7/ Field c%ec"



GRO'. .R,TI,L EBERISESGRO'. .R,TI,L EBERISES

1/ Geolo$ical interpretation #ro2 aerial p%oto$rap%s and Landsat o#certain area/

3/ ra5 preli2inar $eolo$ical 2ap!0 raina$e pattern0 Lit%olo$ical unit0 Structural #eatures4

0 Morp%olo$ical #eatures0 Road0 ,rea point sa2ples

7/ Field c%ec"

8/ Reinterpretation

:/ Final 2ap (p%oto-$eolo$ical 2ap9re2ote sensin$ $eolo$ical 2ap)

;/ Ealuation o# natural resources based on t%e $eolo$ical condition/

</ Report



LIT+OLOGI M,..ING FROM IM,GESLIT+OLOGI M,..ING FROM IM,GES

1/ Lit%olo$ic 2appin$ #ro2 i2a$es!0 analsis and interpretation o# t%e spectral and spatial

in#or2ation 5it%in t%e i2a$es

0 e6pressed b!0 land#or2 deelop2ent

0 draina$e pattern

0 draina$e densit

0 e$etation di##erence

0 spectral re#lectiit

contet of climatic effects



Spectral Re#lectiitSpectral Re#lectiit

1) 2easure o# t%e a2ount o# li$%t re#lected b 2aterial

3) e6press b p%oto$rap%ic tone or color

7) related to c%e2istr and structure o# 2aterial 2odi#ied

b eniron2ental #actors and p%sical condition o#

2aterial/

Diagnostic criterion for lithologic discrimination

Spectral ariation o# roc"sSpectral ariation o# roc"s



Spectral ariation o# roc"sSpectral ariation o# roc"s

((in isible and near-in#rared spectru2)in isible and near-in#rared spectru2)

1) In i$neous roc"s depend on!0 iron content

0 o6idation state

0 5ater

3) In sedi2entar and 2eta2orp%ic si2ilar

to i$neous e6cept #or carbonates!0 Stron$ absorption caused b ibrational

processes due to O7-3 and ,l-O-+ de#or2ation

in cla 2inerals/



!pectra igneous roc"s:

#op: high acidic composition

Bottom: mafic roc"s

Absorption granite at: $%&'

$% and % *m' due vibration

of overtone and combination

of +,-

and ,+

Laborator SpectraLaborator Spectra



Laborator SpectraLaborator Spectra













R #



Re#erenceRe#erence

1/ ,llu2/A/,/E/1C;;/ Photogeology and RegionalMapping / .er$a2on .ress/ O6#ord/

3/ >andat +/F/on/ 1C;3/ Aerogeolgy / Gul# .ublis%in$o2pan/ +ouston/ Te6as/

7/ Me"el/A/F/M/ 1C<D/ The Use of Aerial Photographs andOther Images in Geological Mapping / IT Te6boo"III-1/ ol/1/

8/ Reees/ R/G/4 ,nson ,/4 Landen / (ed)/1C<:/ Manualof Remote Sensing.American Societ o#

.%oto$ra2etr/ Falls %urc% ir$inia/

:/ Sie$al >arr/ S/ and Gillespie/,/ (ed)/ 1CD/ RemoteSensing in Geology. Ao%n *ile Sons/ Ne5 Yor"/

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Remote Sensing for Geology s2