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REMEMBERING SOME OF THE LESSONS FROM ONE OF 2013’S UNEXPECTED
DISASTERSPART 4: TSUNAMI TRASH
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna,
Virginia, USA
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT INCREASE A NATURAL HAZARDS THAT INCREASE A COMMUNITY’S RISK COMMUNITY’S RISK
NATURAL HAZARDS THAT INCREASE A NATURAL HAZARDS THAT INCREASE A COMMUNITY’S RISK COMMUNITY’S RISK
EARTHQUAKES/TSUNAMIS
TYPHOONS
FLOODS
LANDSLIDES
VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
ENACT AND IMPLEMENT POLICIES HAVING HIGH BENEFIT/COST FOR COMMUNITY RESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
GOAL: DISASTER GOAL: DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
REGIONAL DEFORMATION
EARTHQUAKE
TSUNAMI
VIBRATION
FAULT RUPTURE
FOUNDATION FAILURE
AMPLIFICATION
LIQUEFACTION
LANDSLIDE
AFTERSHOCKS
SEICHE
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/ LOSSDAMAGE/ LOSS
DAMAGE/LOSSDAMAGE/LOSS
TSUNAMISTSUNAMIS
• OCCUR IN THE PACIFIC’S “RING OF FIRE,” THE INDIAN OCEAN, THE CARIBBEAN, AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
• TSUNAMI WAVES CAN AFFECT DISTANT SHORELINES THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM THE EPICENTER
• OCCUR IN THE PACIFIC’S “RING OF FIRE,” THE INDIAN OCEAN, THE CARIBBEAN, AND THE MEDITERRANEAN
• TSUNAMI WAVES CAN AFFECT DISTANT SHORELINES THOUSANDS OF MILES FROM THE EPICENTER
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
TSUNAMIS TSUNAMIS
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
FLOODING
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
“DISASTER LABORATORIES”
THE TOHOKU DISASTER: MARCH 11, 2011
REGIONAL MAP
THE TOHOKU QUAKE/TSUNAMIGENIC ZONE
AN OFFSHORE EPICENTER
• It only took seconds for the P-and S-waves to reach Sendai, and about 15 minutes for the tsunami waves, but what a difference in damage..
THE TOHOKU DISASTER: MARCH 11, 2011
• The M9.0 Tohoku earthquake was huge, but its ground shaking did NOT cause the disaster that killed an estimated 21,000 people …
• The tsunami generated by the earthquake did!
THE TSUNAMI—the beginning
• The tsunami, with wave heights reaching 40 m in some locations, slammed the east coast of Japan, sweeping away boats, cars, homes and people, before racing across the Pacific, - - -
TSUNAMI WAVES:NATON MYIAGI PREFECTURE
TSUNAMI WAVES: COAST OF NORTHERN JAPAN
OARAI INUNDATED BY TSUNAMI
TSUNAMI WAVS: SENDAI AIRPORT
SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH MUD FROM TSUNAMI
SENDAI AIRPORT: COVERED WITH CARS, MUD, & DEBRIS
TSUNAMI DAMAGE
SOCIETAL IMPACTS
• Four and one-half million left without electricity.
• One and one-half million without water.
• Metro, trains, and airport shut down.
• 1.2 million buildings damaged.
• Economic losses estimated at $574 billion and deaths at 21,000.
ESTIMATES OF THE AMOUNT OF TSUNAMI TRASH
• According to official estimates, the 2011 tsunami washed about 5 million tons of debris into the ocean.
• About two-thirds of that quickly sank.
• The remainder was carried along the coast of Japan and then out into the Pacific Ocean
THE TSUNAMI RACED ACROSS THE PACIFIC
ACROSS THE PACIFIC
• --- The tsunami waves raced across the Pacific at 822 -1222 kph (500 to 800 mph) to arrive 5-7 hours later in Alaska and Hawaii and other parts of the West Coast of the USA, and 18 hours later along the coast of South America.
FOLLOWED BY A CONTINUUM OF TRASH ARRIVALS
• --- The trash from the March 11, 2011 tsunami began to reach the west coast of the USA in 2012 and 2013, creating new, complex, and unexpected ecological and environmental problems.
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT TSUNAMI TRASH
• Studies showed that items like fishing buoys that catch the wind easily eventually ended up on the western coast of North America, from Alaska to Oregon.
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT TSUNAMI TRASH
• Items like boats, docks and refrigerators that catch some wind, but are also influenced by currents, headed towards the same USA coasts, then on to Hawaii, and are now circling around Hawaii before continuing onward.
TSUNAMI TRASH ARRIVES IN OREGEN WITH LIFE ABOARD: 15 MONTHS LATER
DESCRIPTION OF THE DOCK THAT REACHED OREGON
• The dock ripped off a port in Japan was massive: A 188-ton, 20-meter long concrete, steel and styrofoam block, draped in streamers of seaweed and plastered with mussels, barnacles, crabs and more than 100 other marine organisms.
LESSONS LEARNED ABOUT TSUNAMI TRASH
• Items like fishing nets and lines that move underwater were carried entirely by currents and are now ending up in the Pacific Garbage Patch, a sprawling vortex in the North Pacific where plastic and other trash collects.
• Some of this trash may eventually be carried back toward Japan.
THE TSUNAMI TRASH--- STILL TRAVELLING
• --- The trash from the March 11, 2011 tsunami is expected to continue arriving along the entire West Coast of North America during 2014.
• By 2016, it is estimated that the debris will return again to Hawaii, leaving little time for Hawaii’s beaches, reefs and wildlife to recover from the 2012 hit.
LESSONS LEARNED FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TSUNAMIS.
• EARLY WARNING IS ESSENTIAL FOR TIMELY EVACUATION OF PEOPLE AND SHUTDOWN OF CRITICAL FACILITIES (E.G., NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS).
UNEXPECTED IMPACTS DO HAPPEN
• Radiation levels at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility were 1,000 times normal levels.
FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR FACILITY HAD 3 FAILURES
LESSONS LEARNED: EMERGENCY LESSONS LEARNED: EMERGENCY RESPONSE CAN BECOME A NIGHTMARE! RESPONSE CAN BECOME A NIGHTMARE!
• The fires and explosions in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility and radiation levels that were 1,000 times normal levels created a “nightmare emergency response scenario” for the Government of Japan.
Immediately after the earthquake and tsunami,
the Japanese Government began implementing its post- disaster response plans in a
highly-charged, possible “nightmare nuclear disaster”
environment.
EVACUATION
• Approximately 450,000 people were evacuated by military personnel from areas damaged in the quake and in a 33 km radius around the nuclear facilities
EVACUATION OF CHILDREN
JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE
• Approximately 50,000 members of Japan’s Self Defense Forces were mobilized immediately and sent to the hardest hit areas.
LESSONS LEARNED: SEARCH AND RESCUE CAN BE UNUSUALLY DIFFICULT
• With so many people (about 20,000) missing over a wide area after the tsunami, search and rescue was an unusually difficult, highly-stressed, and politically sensitive operation.
JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE TEAMS
• The Japanese top urban search and rescue teams, which had been helping in the search for Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake victims for two weeks, were ordered to return to Japan..
JAPAN’S SEARCH AND RESCUE
• Tokushu Kyuunan Tai, the search and rescue unit of Japan’s Coast Guard, was dispatched to accelerate search and rescue operations..
SEARCH AND RESCUE
SEARCH AND RESCUE: RIKUZENTAKADA
SEARCH AND RESCUE: SOMA; FUKUSHIMA PREFECTURE
SEARCH AND RESCUE: MIYAGI PREFECTURE
All actions were conducted with knowledge of the high
risk associated with a significant radiation release
and the unthinkable possibility of a nuclear melt
down.
LESSONS LEARNED: THE “IMPOSSIBLE” MAY REALLY BE IMPOSSIBLE
• Search and rescue operations, evacuations, and humanitarian assistance on local and global scales were all slowed to a crawl by the possibility of a “nightmare nuclear disaster.”
69 COUNTRIES THAT PROMISED HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE COULD
NOT DELIVER BECAUSE OF THE PERCEIVED RISKS ASSOCIATED
WITH NUCLEAR RADIATION, THE BAD WEATHER, PROBLEMS ON THE GROUND, AND LACK OF FUEL
LESSONS LEARNED: MASS CARE CAN BORDER ON THE IMPOSSIBLE
• Shortages, closed roads, and lack of fuel made it very difficult to meet evacuee’s and survivors’ needs for food, water, electricity, medicine, and urgent healthcare.
LESSONS LEARNED: BE READY TO WORK AT THE LIMITS OF YOUR CAPABILITY
• Japan’s social, technical, administrative, political, legal, health care, and economic systems were tested to their limits by the socio-economic impacts of the tsunami, the radiation, and the harsh weather..
TOWARDS TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
THE KEYS TO RESILIENCE: 1) KNOW THE TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCES
IN YOUR REGION,2) BE PREPARED
3) HAVE A WARNING SYSTEM 4) HAVE AN EVACUATION PLAN
5) ACCELERATE CAPACITY BUILDING BY LEARNING FROM
OTHERS’ EXPERIENCES
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
COMMUNITIESCOMMUNITIES
DATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
• TSUNAMI HAZARDS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
TSUNAMI RISK TSUNAMI RISK
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
TSUNAMI DISASTER TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCERESILIENCE
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION•FORECASTS/WARNINGS•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
USING EDUCATIONAL SURGES CONTAINING THE PAST AND PRESENT LESSONS TO FOSTER AND ACCELERATE THE CREATION OF TURNING
POINTS
LESSONS LEARNED FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
• ALL TSUNAMIS• CAPACITY
BUILDING FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE IS NEVER FINISHED.
2014--2020 2014--2020 ISIS A GOOD TIME A GOOD TIME
FOR A GLOBAL SURGE IN FOR A GLOBAL SURGE IN EDUCATIONALEDUCATIONAL, , TECHNICAL, HEALTH TECHNICAL, HEALTH
CARE, AND POLITICAL CAPACITY CARE, AND POLITICAL CAPACITY BUILDINGBUILDING
IN ALL FIVE PILLARS OF COMMUNITY IN ALL FIVE PILLARS OF COMMUNITY
DISASTERDISASTER RESILIENCE RESILIENCE
CREATING TURNING POINTS FOR TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE
INTEGRATION OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS WITH POLITICAL
SOLUTIONS FOR POLICIES ON PREPAREDNESS, PROTECTION, EARLY WARNING, EVACUATION, EMERGENCY
RESPONSE, COPING WITH TSUNAMI TRASH, AND RECOVERY
INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS
INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL INTEGRATION OF TECHNICAL AND POLITICAL CONSIDERATIONS CONSIDERATIONS
THE KNOWLEDGE BASE
Best Practices for Mitigation Adaptation and Monitoring
Gateways to a Deeper Understanding
Real and Near- Real Time Monitoring
Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Characterization
Anticipatory Actions for all Events and Situations
Situation Data Bases
Interfaces with all Real- and Near Real-Time Sources
Cause & Effect Relationships
APPLICATIONS
Implement Modern Codes and Lifeline Standards
Relocation/Protection of Offshore Facilitiess
Create a Hazard Zonation Map as a Policy Tool
Introduce New Technologies
Move Towards A Disaster Intelligent Community
EDUCATIONAL SURGES
Involve Multiple Partners in Turning Point Surges
Enlighten Communities on Their Risks
Build Strategic Equity Through Disaster Scenarios
Multiply Capability by International Twinning
Update Knowledge Bases After Each Disaster
OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURNING POINTS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURNING POINTS: For Disaster Resilience on local, For Disaster Resilience on local, regional, national, and global scalesregional, national, and global scales
OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURNING POINTS: OPPORTUNITIES FOR TURNING POINTS: For Disaster Resilience on local, For Disaster Resilience on local, regional, national, and global scalesregional, national, and global scales
