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REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION/FEASIBILITY STUDY :',DOCUMENT NO. 141-WP1-AZ2G-3
AUGUST 2
•fr.-k^'MS»-<«"~,-'t " *&*&«.:*&>•*# .-a-. ,--V-. «•*•
, -ui HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE~ '• -j - . --^" ^r^gr^" • •' "'' •> ' • -j& yg jafea TSe-^sir-r: •;-. -^^ -*^v-' : i- ' ^ - . :^.---. .^^^:^£»££Ni^ttl4aB&fc^^ -•?•-, vj§fcBjf,j^^j^^.yv.^"| ;--^; ^^,.,.^-j.i^ -"
CAMP DRESSER & McKEE INCPRIME CONTRACTOR ,
COOCCC3S
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I
CDManwnyv*wiuf MQine&s. scientist*.
A managefwnt consultant*
CAMP DRESSER & McKEE INC.executive Center Dr ive $ . • ' * 2?0
665 '
August 28, 1985
Mr. Robert E. Hannesschlager, P .E . ,Acting Chief, Superfund Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyRegion VI1201 Elm StreetDallas, Texas 75270Mr. John Cochran, Regional Site Project OfficerU .S . Environmental Protection AgencyRegion VI1201 Elm StreetDallas, Texas 75270Project: REM II - EPA Contract No. 68-01-6939/J.41/WP1Document No.: 141-WP1-EP-BKZD-1Subject: Work Plan
North Cavalcade StreetHouston, Texas
Dear Mr. Harinesschlager and Mr. Cochran:Camp Dresser & McKee inc. (CDM) is pleased to submit this final Work Planfor the North Cavalcade Street, Site. It consists of two volumes: Volume 1is the technical portion of the Work Plan; Volume 2, previously delivered,contains the costs. These costs are estimates, and they assume the use ofoutside, private analytical laboratories and subsurface contractors ap-proved for Basic Ordering Agreements under our REM II contract.The two volumes of the Work plan are accompanied by four other documents:an Interim Site Characterization Report, a Quality Assurance Project Plan,a Site Plan, and a Project Operations Plan (POP) . These documents havebeen revised based on written oral review comments received fromMr. Cochran.Call us if you have comments or questions.Sincerely,CAMP DRESSER & MCKEE INC. CftMPJMRESSER & McKEE INC.
Robert S. Kier, Ph.D.Site ManagerRSK/WFB/lnem
William F. Buchholz, Jr . , P,E.Region VI Manager
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INTERIM SITE CHARACTERIZATIONREPORT
FORNORTH CAVALCADE STREET
HOUSTON, TEXAS
REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION/FEASIBILITY STUDY
DOCUMENT NO. 141-WP1-AZZG-3AUGUST 28, 1985
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
II This interim Site Characterization Report, prepared by the REM II
Team in accordance with the items of USEPA Contract No. 68-01-6939 isCompany Confidential.Work Assignment No. : 45-6L78
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SECTION1 .02 .0
3 . 0
4 . 0
5 . 0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BACKGROUND. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1 Site Location and History. . . . . . . . . . .2 .2 Contamination Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 Description of Natural Features of the Site. .REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . .3 . 1 Soil Investigations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 . 2 Sediment Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .3 Shallow Soil Sanqpling. . . . . . . . . . . . .3 .4 Subsurface Soil Sampling . . . . . . . . . . .3 .5 Shallow Groundwater Sampling . . . . . . . . .3 .6 Production Well Sampling . . . . . . . . . . .POTENTIAL IMPACTS, EXPOSURE OR CONTAMINANT RELEASE.4.1 Surface and Near-Surface Contamination . . . .4.2 Shallow Groundwater Contamination. . . . . . .REFERENCE DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
I Well Logs from Previous InvestigationsII o Site Characterisation Memorandum
o Site Personnel Protection and Safety Evaluation Formso Expendable Equipment Request Forms
III Toxicology Information
PAGE1-12-12-12-62-63-13-23-33-53-53-53-54-14-1
IIIII
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FIGURE
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE2-1 Site Location Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22-2 Current Land Use, Property Ownership and Contaminant
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 - 32-3 Generalized Soil Profile, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-82-4 Shallow Sand Strata Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-102-5 Water Well Location Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-122-6 Pecore Fault Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-133-1 Previous Sampling Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
TABLE
3-1 Shallow Soil Sampling Analytical Results . . . . . . . . 3-63-2 Soil Boring Analytical Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-73-3 Shallow Observation Well Analytical Results . . . . . . . 3-8
II
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This Interim Site Characterization Report has been provided in accordancewith Task 1, Subtask 1.1 of the January 18, 1985, Work Plan Memorandumprepared by CDM for the North Cavalcade Street Site. The purpose of thissubtask is to provide a description of the current situation of the NorthCavalcade Street Site in relation to the site's Hazardous Ranking SystemScore of 37 . 1 on the National Priority List (NPL) . Data pertinent to thesite and its contamination problem were gathered, organized, and reviewed.
Major issues addressed in this report are as follows;
Site Background
Provides a summary of the regional location, pertinent area boundary fea-tures, existing ownership and use (subdivision of the property), and thegeneral physiography, hydrology, and geology of the site, from secondarysources.
Mature and Extent of _Problem
Summarizes the actual and potential onsite and offsite health and environ-mental effects that can be anticipated from pre-remedial investigationsources. This may include, but is not limited to, the types, physicalcharacterization and amounts of any hazardous substances; and the potentialpathways of exposure, contaminant release, and human exposure.
History and Response Actions
Describes any previous response oc remedial actions conducted by eitherlocal, state, federal, or private parties, including site inspection, tech-nical reports and their results.
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2.0 BACKGROUND
2.1 SITE LOCATION AND HISTORY
The North Cavalcade Street Site is located within the incorporated bound-aries of the City of Houston, Texas, the state's largest city and the fifthlargest in the nation.
The site covers about 21 acres in northeast Houston, about one mile west cfthe intersection of Interstate Loop 610 North and U .S . Route 59 (Figure2-1) . The site is bounded on the north by Loop 610, on the south byCavalcade Street, on the west by the Houston Belt and Terminal (HB&T)Railroad Passenger Main and Maury Street, and on the east by the HB&TFreight Main (now the Missouri and Pacific R .R . ) . The site is triangularin shape, with its base about 600 feet in length along Cavalcade Street andits apex ^bout 3 ,000 feet to the north.
The North Cavalcade Site was undeveloped land until after World War II. In1946, a Mr. Leon Aaron acquired the site and established a small wood pre-servative business, Houston Creosoting, Inc. (HCI ) , on about ten acres ofthe southern portion of the site just north of the present location of Cav-alcade Street. The HCI facility included initially creosote wood preserva-tive operations, wood storage and pole peeling areas, a treatment plantwith storage tanks and pressure cylinders, a blow-down area and waste pit,and other support facilities. In about 1955, HCI operations apparentlyexpanded to include pentachlorophenol (PCP) preservative services andadditional storage tanks and treatment facilities were added.
At least two waste pond areas, designated on Figure 2-2 as ContaminantAreas 1 and 2, have been identified from aerial photos of the period, andfrom an interview with a former HCI employee, Mr. Lloyd Martin. Contam-inant area No* 1, includes one or more small open pits near the HB&T R.R.along the east side of the site that were used to dispose of process blow-down wastes from both creosote and PCP preserving operations. A largertriangular shaped pit, Contaminant Area No. 2 on Figure 2-2, was used to
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NORTHCAVALCADE45) SITE
MAJORBUSINESSDISTRICT
MAJORFREEWAYDRAINAGE
FIGURE 2- 1SITE LOCATION MAP
CAMP DRESSER & MCKbE INC.
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GREAT SOUTHERN LIFE--INSURANCE GO.1 .60 AC.
-COASTAL CAST INGSERVICE CO.2 9B AC.
H 8. 8 T R.Y. CO.
iLtQ<jO
5t214 *!'
i
,.„.. i iUi—vt; 6r
i;; l
H
RD .E 1CHENOUR |3 .94 AC !
i
— — -~~~~^
n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 n n t M • 111 la 1 1 1 1 it t tt i >t 11 iYi ,Y f - l ' » » » f iI 1 5 t iO ' * I | * *m _ ^
D DOVER(0.04 A.C.
CONTAMINANT AREAS
COASTAL CASTING—SERVICE CO.2 S? AC. 0 290 580 FEET
F IGURE 2-2CURRENT LAND USE
PROPERTY OWNERSHIPAND
CONTAMINANT AREASC A M P D R E S S E R & M C K E E I NC .
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contain creosote and other waste products from HCI operations, includingused (waste) petroleum products such as motor oil and industrial lubricantsintroduced into HCI operations.
In 1961, the End End Bank of Houston foreclosed a mortgage on HCI. Theoperation's of the firm apparently continued, however, for another two orthree years under a lease-back arrangement with the bank. The woodtreatment operations at the North Cavalcade Site were discontinued about1964.
Subsequently, the property was divided into smaller tracts and sold to avariety of current owners. The Great Southern Life Insurance Company(GSLI) acquired a small property tract of about 1.6 acres in the southwestcorner of the site, and constructed a building that occupies most of itsproperty. The Coastal Casting Services Company (CCS) now owns two smalltracts in the southern portion of the site (Figure 2-2) . The CCS tractsencompass the two previously identified waste pit contaminant areas. Twoother tracts, as shown on Figurs 2-2, are owned by R. D. Eichenour and A.D. Dover, and occupy the remainder of the site.
The Harris County Flood Control District (HCFCD) has a 60-foot easement anddrainage ditch along the property line separating the Eichenour tract fromthe A. D. Dover property. This drainage ditch not only provides surfacedrainage to most of the North Cavalcade Site, but also drains a part of theresidential area to the northwest of the site. The HCFCD ditch drains tothe east into Hunting Bayou, a tributory to the Houston Ship Channel.
The Houston Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA), as part of its proposedMETRO Stage One Regional Rail System (RRS) study, investigated the feasi-bility of including the property designated in this report as the NorthCavalcade Street Site as a yard, shop and terminal facility for the RRS.Under contract to the Houston Transit Consultants (HTC) , prime contractorto the MTA, the firm McClelland Engineers, Inc. (MEI) performed a geo-tschnical investigation of the site. During the course of that investiga-tion, obeervations were made of probable contamination of the site withtoxic waste materials from previous commercial or industrial users.
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Early in 1983 the state agency responsible for hazardous waste control, theTexas Department of Water Resources (TCWR), was notified of the probablecontamination of the site. The TDWR then initiated the state's process ofinvestigating the nature and extent of the problem, the present and priorownership and use of the site, and the possibility of voluntary compliancewith remedial clean-up operations at the site.
At the same time, the Houston MTA, acting through HTC and its geotechnicalconsultant MEI, contracted with Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. (COM) to performa comprehensive contaminant survey of the site. A CDM report entitled"Cavalcade Contaminant Survey" in three volumes, dated July 11, 1983, pro-vided the first detailed assessment of the extent and nature of hazardouscontamination at the Cavalcade Site.
i
In response to initiatives by the TDWR to secure remedial measures by cur-rent owners of the site, two of the owners, GSLI and CCS, each retainedconsultants to conduct site investigations. Those investigations were com-pleted in October 1983. The consultants of GSLI, William F. Guyton Asso-ciates and Southwestern Laboratories, both of Houston, concluded that nosignificant contamination existed on the GSLI property and that no remedialactions were needed. The consultant for CCS, McClelland Enginners, Inc. ofHouston, relied upon the information collected previously for the HoustonMTA and recommended further investigation of the CCS properties to morefully ascertain the contaminant problems and any remedial needs.
In April 1984, the TDWH recommended the site to the U.S. Environmentalprotection Agency (EPA) for inclusion on the National Priority List (NPL)of hazardous waste sites. On October 2, 1984, the North Cavalcade Site wasplaced on the NPL, with EPA taking the lead responsibility for subsequentRemedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) efforts. The site hasbeen assigned a Hazardous Ranking System score of 37. 1 on the NPL.
in December, 1984, EPA authorized a work assignment for an RI/FS on theNorth Cavalcade street Site to COM under project REM II - EPA Contract No.68-01-6939/141/WPl, Document Control No. 141-WPl-EP-APMU-l. A Work Plan
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Memorandum by CDM for RI/FS on the North Cavalcade Street Site, datedJanuary 18, 1985, has been submitted to the EPA.
2.2 CONTAMINATION PROBLEM
The North Cavalcade Street Site has over a 30-year history of industrial/coiamercial use with potential for long-term contaminant pollution of thesite. A report "Cavalcade Contaminant Survey", in three volumes by CampDresser & McKee, Inc. dated July 11, 1983, first documents the generalnature and extent of site pollution. Section 3.0 presents review of datain this report.
2.3 DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL FEATURES OF THE SITE
Present Land Use
The present land use ot the North Cavalcade Street Site is predominatelycommercial, made up of several small tracts as shown on Figure 2-2. Thearea around the North Cavalcade Site is mixed residential, commercial andindustrial. The nearest residential area is located to the west, an old,low-income neighborhood. Commercial properties are located mainly alongmajor thoroughfares, including Cavalcade Street, Loop 610 North, and U.S.Highway 59.
The area has a previous history of industrial and coiranercial use. Raillines have served the area since the late 1800's, supporting a variety ofindustries over the years. Industries reported to have operated in thevicinity in tiie past, or are still in operation (denoted with an asterisk,*. below) include:
ii
1. Rendering plants2. Liquid fertilizer company*3. Chemical companies*4. Matal processing plants*5* Matal recycling plants*6. Liquid feed plant*
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7. Wood treatment and preserving facilities8. Coal tar distillation facilities9. Cotton seed oil plant10. Industrial gas manufacturing plant*11. Trucking companies*12. Petroleum products distribution facilities*
Physiography
The general physiography of the site is a relatively flat plain with a verygentle slope to the south and east. Elevations range from about 59 .0 feetmean sea level (msl) on the north to about 52, 1 feet msl along CavalcadeStreet on the south, an average slope of about 0.2 percent. Drainage isgenerally to the south and east to local tributaries of Buffalo Bayou andthe Houston Ship Channel.
Soils
Local soil conditions have previously been investigated at the NorthCavalcade Site (see McClelland Engineers Report No. 0182-0282, Volume II,dated May 20, 1983) . A generalized soil profile of the site shows fourdistinct soil strata. Figure 2-3 depicts the soil conditions throughoutthe site based on reconnaissance borings. Although there are variations instrata elevation and thickness, the following generalized soil strataappear to the present throughout the site:
StrataIIIinIV
Depth, ft.0-22-10
10-2020-80
_pescriptionFill: silty fine sandSoft to very stiff sandy clay
and clayey sandMedium dense to very dense fine
sandVery stiff to hard clay andsilty clay, with sand andsilt layers
Figure 2-3 also indicates the presence, at the time of the reconnaissancesoil borings in early 1983, of shallow water table conditions at depths ofone to five feet beneath the surface throughout the site. The shallow sand
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KM-I/ KM It KK-h HM-l i
SIltAIUM IV
Note:tilo»matton prcsentfi hers was obumedWcCieliand Enginec-s Ficpoft No. O l S 1 -Q5 <6 -2dated Septem^ef 30. 1982.
cuocerniny sut>5urfice cund i t lof t s tuvc I>et-fi obt . i.it |jof iiiij luc. it iuits t ) f i l y . Actu . i I comli t ions <il lac:. it
c i i tmri' . i js mjy d i / f c r from ttit; t ju ' i cr . i l i/cd j t r d ftil J {.'
^0
• .0
10
HJjlHihSt r a t um ISI f tt t urn II
M rdtuin 11 1S t r d t urn ] V
: f i l l: Sof t to Very S t i f f Sandy CLAY
to C l i t y c y SAND: Mi j i i i um '>oise to Very (Jcnse l i n e SANDi Very S t i f f tu Hard ClAV 4n(l5 i l t > C L A Y w i t h Sdnd a n d S l i t
10
0 H)(i«) ( t - o t
Sc. i l c-
RM-!
5OO IOOOFEET
RM -JO~-~"
• 'CALVACADE
F IGURE 2-3GENERAL IZED SOIL PROF ILE
C A M P D R E S S E R & M C K E E I NC .
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strata (Strata III in Figure 2-3) appear to be consistently present thesite and to have a regional extent and significance off-site as well(Figure 2 -4 ) . Typical shallow sand layers common to the Texas Gulf Coastarea usually contain various amounts of silt. The relative permeability ofthe sand strata depends largely on the silt content, which varies signifi-cantly from place to place. Permeabilities will need to be determined on asite-by-site basis.
The geologic strata underlying the Nort,-. Cavalcade Site consist principallyof interbedded sands, silts, and clays of the Beaumont Formation, depositedin fluvial (river) and deltaic environments of the Pleistocene Epoch, Clayar..: silt materials predominate in the upper 200 to 300 feet of the BeaumontFormation, with thin discontinuous layers of sand occurring randomly.Thicker, more continuous sand deposits occur in deeper parts of the Beau-mont. Ttie Lissie Formation, underlying the Beaumont, also shows extensivesand deposits i. the upper strata cf the formation.
Hydrology
Both the Lissie Formation and the lower Beaumont Formation a:e common sour-res of groundwatpr SULplies in the Houston area, although yields are smallno considered inadequa --- for major exploitation. The deeper sands of the
Chicote and Evangeline Aquifers, at depths of over 1 ,000 feet, are thelocal sources for major groundwater supplies.
Thf> Beaumont Formation dips generally to the southeast. The regional dipof the strata and the presence of the interbedding sands and clays influ-ence the regional hydrogeology of the entire area. Published geologic lit-erature indicate that the principal areas of recharge for the Chicote andEvangeline Aquifers occur several miles north of the site area.
The predominately clay and silty soils in the upper strata of the BeaumontFormation, in conjunction with the southeastward dip of the formation,serve as a confining layer for the underlying Chicote Aquifer, producing
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NORTHCAVALCADE
SITE
SOUTHCAVALCADES ITE
N
No t e .Shaded area i n d i c a t e s known a r ea !e x t e n t o f s h a l l ow sand layer , asde t e rm ined :h rough exp l o r a t o ryb o r i n g s . Dashed l i n e r e p r e s e n t s• n t e r p c l a t e d sha l low sand layerarea .
Informal id. t 0rrscn iPd hei? was oufained liom^incers Rcpofl No. Otfll-0!H&-2September 30,
0 . 5 ' Mi l e
FIGURE 2-4SHALLOW SAND STRATA MAP
CAMP DRESSER & WCKEE INC.
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artesian groundwater conditions in the aquifer. Discontinuous sand layersin the overlying Beaumont are considered too limited for effective rechargeto the deeper aquifers.
Drainage
Surface drainage from the site consists of a system of poorly defined sur-face ditches. Host surface drainage internal to the site is conveyed tothe Harris County Flood Control District (HCFCD) ditch that bisects thesite west to east (Figure 2-2) . The undeveloped northern parts of the siteare poorly drained, with surface ditches draining to runoff ditches alongthe east and west property borders in the railroad right-of-ways. Theextension of the HCFCD ditch drains much of the site into Hunting Bayou tothe east and ultimately into the Houston Ship Channel several miles down-stream of the site.
Groundwater
A survey of existing water wells in the vicinity of the North CavalcadeSite was conducted for the earlier McClelland Engineers study (report No.0131-0546-2, dated September 30, 1982) . Figure 2-5 depicts the location ofknown wells in relation to the site. Three common strata used forgroundwater supplies in the site area were identified. The more shallow ofthe local aquifers is located at elevations of about 170 to 220 feet belowground surface. This aquifer does not have a high yield and is restrictedprimarily to domestic uses. The second aquifer is found approximately atdepths of 400 to 600 feet. This aquifer is developed locally mainly forindustrial purposes. A third aquifer is located typically below 1 ,000 feetand is used primarily as a municipal supply for the City of Houston.
Faulting
The Pecore Fault is the only known active fault in the vicinity of theNorth Cavalcade Site. The fault trends approximately east-west and inter-sects the surface just north of. Cavalcade street (Figure 2-6). Thepredicted annual differential movements across the fault are about 0.4
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LEGEND:Sampled Water WellExis t ing Water Well
0 2000 WOO FeetNot a:
FIG U R F 9 — *5 Information presented here was obtained from< ^w » i t _ £. ^ McClelland Engmoe,s Rcporl No. 0181-0546-2dated September 30. 1982.
WATER WELL LOCATION MAP-» CAMP DRESSER a MCKEE INC. «——
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i presentfd here «*.is obtained fro<"McClelland Engineers Report N.J O t 8 1 - O i J 6 - 2dated September 30 1962
FIGURE 2-6PECORE FAULT LOCATION
CAMP D R E S S E R & MCKEE INC
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inches vertical and 0.1 inch horizontal. Many faults in the Houston areatend to act as partial hydrogeologic barriers to groundwater movements,isolated portions of an aquifer may thus have different hydrogeologiccharacteristics due to local faulting. The extensive withdrawal of ground-water and petroleum supplies in the Greater Houston Area, resulting inactive land subsidence, has caused accelerated fault movements duringrecent years.
I
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3.0 REVIEW OF EXISTING INFORMATION
A preliminary description of contaminants found at the North Cavalcade Siteduring previous investigations provides a basis for future remedial inves-tigations. Any actual or potential health or environmental hazards alreadyidentified will be described as to types, physical characteristics andquantities, if known. The most probable pathways of exposure and escape ofhazardous materials will also be described.
Recent 1982-83 investigations of the North Cavalcade Street Site for theHouston Metropolitan Transit Authority (MTA) revealed areas of localizedsoil and shallow groundwator contamination. McClelland Engineers, Inc.(MEI) performed a reconnaissance geotechnical survey in 1982 for MTA inrelation to then pending plans for a Metro Regional Rail System (RRS) . TheMEI survey included general soil borings and preliminary foundation inves-tigations for the proposed RRS yard and shop facility at the CavalcadeSite.
Creosote odors were detected during the MEI investigations and soil andgroundwater samples were collected for analysis. Trace amounts of naptha-lene and phenanthrene were identified, and it was subsequently determinedthat the site was contaminated from previous wood preserving operations.It was recommended to MTA that additional investigations be conducted toassess the extent of the contamination problem.
In April of 1983, Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. (COM) performed a contaminantsurvey of the Cavalcade Site. A COM report, entitled "Cavalcade Contami-nant Survey", and dated July 11, 1983, provides a comprehensive assessmentof theii environmental study. CDM's cite investigation program consistedof the following types and number of samples for the North Cavalcade Site:
TASKSediment SamplingSurface Soil SamplingSubsurface Soil SamplesShallow Observation WellsProduction Well Sampling
PREFIXSDSLSLcwPW
NUMBER COMPLETEDi3233
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I
In addition to CDM's soil sampling program, three soil borings were madealong the northern edge of the Great Southern Life Insurance Company (GSLI ;property. A consortium of consultants, including William F. Guyton Associ-ates, Inc., Southwestern Laboratories, Inc., and Randy V. Dormon, consul-tant, performed soil investigations and analysis to determine the natureand extent of any contaminant problems on the GSLI property.
Two reports, entitled 1) "Geotechnical and Environmental Testing at 2001Cavalcade Street, Houston, Texas" by Southwestern Laboratories, dated Sep-tember 1983, and 2) "investigation of Shallow Subsurface Conditions at 2001Cavalcade Street, Houston, Texas" by William F. Guyton Associates, datedJanuary 1984, summarize the results of those investigations. In general,no significant level of contamination was found on the GSLI property. Theonly indication of contamination was a slight creosote odor detected in asample obtained between 19.5 and 2 0 . 5 fset in one of the three test holesdrilled by Southwestern Laboratories near the northern boundary of the GSLIproperty. The remaining two test borings along the north edge of the GSLIproperty indicated no contamination detectable by visual or olfactoryobservations.
Comprehensive investigative results, methods and documentation are avail-able in the three-volume report "Cavalcade Contaminant Survey" by CDM, inassociation with MEI, dated July 11, 1983. Results of the CDM contaminantsurvey are summarized in the following paragraphs. Well logs from previousinvestigations are included in Appendix I. Also included are Site Charac-terization Memorandum, Site Personnel Protection and Safety Forms, SiteExpendable Equipment Forms (Appendix II) and pertinent toxicological infor-mation (Appendix III). The most complete set of toxicological informationis in Appendix III of the Project Operations Plan - Volume II.
3.1 SOIL INVESTIGATIONS
Soil borings at areas related to the locations of earlier wood treatmentfacilities during the 1946-1964 period were made to investigate subsurfacecontamination and migration of contaminants in the near-surface soil pro-file. Figure 2-3 exhibits the Locations of the soil boring localities.
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In all cases, rotary drilling rigs were employed in conjunction with 3 inchthin wall Shelby tube samplers, 2 feet in length, which were attached tothe bottom of the drill stem. Samples were taken by pressing the tube intoundisturbed material at selected depths. The soil sampling analysis dis-closed contamination with both organic and inorganic compounds in the vic-inity of suspected disposal areas, particularly near the soil surface.Concentrations of contaminants consistently decreased with depth in thesoil profile.
CDM's soil boring program also provided visual and clfactory evidence ofcontamination in subsurface soil samples. Observations of soil contamin-ants were limited mainly to areas of previously known or suspected wastedisposal, with the exception of two off-site borings designated as SL-26and SL-27 on Figure 3-1. These observations are probably not related tothe previous users of the North Cavalcade Site, but to other commercial orindustrial sources in the area.
3.2 SEDIMENT SAMPLING
i Bottom sediment samples were collected from surface drainage areas at theHCFCD ditch, indicated as SD-05 on Figure 3-1 . Detailed analytical resultsof the sediment sampling for toxic compounds are presented in Section 6 . 3 ,Vol. I of the CDM report. The only findings of significance were the pre-sence of low-level refractory organic compounds, floranthene (32Q ppb) andpyrene, (260 ppb) and a volatile organic-methylene chloride (39 ppb).These results are consistent with the site's history of wood preservingoperations. Toxic metal contamination detected was: arsenic (As -1.5 ppm),beryllium (Be -0 .2 ppm), chromium (Cr -6 .8 ppm), copper (Cu -21 .0 ppm),lead (Pb -20 .0 ppm), mercury (Hg -0.006 ppm), nickel (Ni -2 .7 ppm), andzinc (Zn -30 .0 ppm). The low-level toxic metal/inorganic contamination maybe due in some cases to naturally occurring concentrations of some metalsin local soils.
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FIGURE 3- 1PRHV lC lUS SAMPL ING LOCAT IONS
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3.3 SHALLOW SOIL SAMPLING
Two shallow soil sampling locations, designated SL-06 and 07 on Figure 3-1were inspected for contamination. All samples were collected at locationssuspecced of prior use for disposal of creosote or other wood preservingproducts. Contaminant analysis results from these samples were not in-cluded in the original CDM/MEI reports due to the emphasis on the SouthCavalcade Street Site; however, analytical results for sites SL-06 and 07are shown in Table 3-1.
3.4 SUBSURFACE SOIL SAMPLING •-"'" ,
One deep onsite soil boring (SL-05) was drilled. Its location is shown onFigure 3-1 with analytical results in Table 3-2. Two off-site soilborings, designated SL-26 and 27 on Figure 3-1, were made. Only visual andolfactory evidence of contamination were sought, and no laboratory analyseswere made of samples from these borings. No observable contaminants weredetected. Details of the subsurface soil sampling program are found inSection 6.6 of the CDM report. (Cavalcade Contaminant Survey, Volume 1,July 11, 1 983 . )
3.5 SHALLOW J3RQUNDWATER SAMPLING
Three shallow groundwater observation wells (CW-03, -04 and -05) werelocaced on the North Cavalcade Site to determine the extent of groundwatercontamination in the upper (shallowest) aquifer beneath the site and todetermine the direction of flow of the local groundwater system. The wellswere sampled for contamination. Contaminant analysis results for shallowgroundwater samples at the North Cavalcade Site locations are shown onTable 3-3.
3.6 PRODUCTION HELL SAMPLING
Selected production wells located within close proximity to the site weresampled to determine the extent of any external migration of contaminants.Production well depths ranged from 300 to 500 feet below ground surface.
3-5
001319
IIIIIIIIIIIII
TABLE 3-1SHALLOW SOIL SAMPLING ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Sample No.Sample Horizon (ft. below groundsurface)COfEAMINANTS:Organics (ppb)AcenaphtheneBenzo(A) anthraceneBenzo(A) pyrene3,4-BenzofluroantheneBenzo(K)fluorantheneChryseneEthy/BenzeneFluorantneneFluoreneMethylene ChlorideNaphthalenePentachlorophenolPhenanthrene
HMetals/Inorganics (ppm)Arsenic (As)Beryllium (Be )Cadmium (Cd)Chromium (Cr )Copper (Cu)Lead (Pb)Mercury (Hg)Nickel (Ni)Silver (Ag)Zinc (Zn)
SL-06d
( 2 . 5 )
17000.4000.
NDNONDNDND
40000.17000.
33 .27000.56000.
.530
. 300
.56040 .000
3 .5005.800
.04424 .000ND
9.500
SL-07(2 .75 )
16000.8600.2200.8600.8600.7800.
20.130000.
16000.28.
33000.720.
54000.
.260
.300ND
3 .500150 .000
3.600.006
6 .300.6005 .400
i
Values indicate highest concentration of two duplicate samplesLaboratory data reported for metals and inorganics may reflect anerror in number of significant digits
3-6
001320
IIIIIIIIIIIII
TABLE 3-2SOIL BORING ANALYTICAL RESULTS
SITE NO. : SL-OSSample No.Interval Depth
(ft below ground surface)CONTAMINANTS:Organ!cs (ppb)Methylene ChlorideAcenaphthe-\eAcenaphthy1eneAnthraceneBenzo(A)anthraceneBenzo(A)pyrene3,4-BenzofluorantheneBenzo(K)fluorantheneBis(2-Ethylhexyl) PhthalateChryseneDibenzo(A,H)anthraceneDi-r.-butyl PhthalateDi-n-octyl PhthalateFluorantheneFluoreneNapthalenePhenanthrenePyrene1,2,4-TrichlorobenzeneMetals and Inorganics'3 {ppm}Arsenic (As)Beryllium (Be)Cadmium (cd)Chromium (Cr )Copper (Cu)Lead (Pb)Mercury (Hg)Nickel (N i )Silver (Ag)Zinc (Zn ).Other (ppb)PCB-1260
05011-2
05027-8
050321-23
050428-30
050533-35
18.NDND
5000.17000.1 1000.25000.25000.
310.17000.1000.
400 .420.
9300.240.NDNDND
1 10000.
2300a
47 .— .———————— .——. ——————
. 480.240
ND3 .700
.8104 . 0 0 0
.0102 .500
.4104 .200
23.NDNDNDNDND
240,240.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
.250.660.660
5 .7005 .600
10 .000,011
19 .000.940
22 .000
28.22000.
360.ND
2400.ND
2200.220C.
ND1700.
ND14000.
ND24000.18000.30000.54000.18000.
ND
ND.310.410
4 . 6 0 03.2006 .500
.0073.700
,82014 .000
41.NDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
.420
.710
.6107 . 4 0 05 .700
10 .000.007
23 .000.920
25.000
NDand ND ND ND
(™) Indicates no measurement taken.ND indicates none detected
i001321
IIIIIIIIIIII
TABLE 3-3SHALLOW OBSERVATION WELLS ANALYTICAL RESULTS3
Well No.Screen Depth (ft . below ground
surface)CONTAMINANTS!Qrganics (ppb)AcenaphtheneAcenaphthyleneAnthraceneBenzeneBi s(2-Ethylhexyl} PhthalateButyl Benzyl PhthalateEthyl BenzeneFluoreneNapthalenePhenanthreneTolyene2,4-DimethylphenolMetals/Inorganics0 (ppm)Arsenic (As)Beryllium (Be)Cadmium (Cd)Chromium ' 'r)Copper (Ct;Lead (Pb)Mercury (Hg)Nickel (Ni )Silver (Ag)Zinc (Zn)Total Cyanides
CW-03( 1 1 .5- 18.5)
450 .ND96.63 .ND20.68 .
260.770 .180.130.210.
NDND
.020NDNDNDNDNDND
.450.010
OW-0410.5-19.5)
250.13.94 .18.NDND17.
100.7300 .150.
38.1800.
.050NDNDNDNDNDNDNDND
. 360.050
OW-G5"(7 . - 14 . )
NDNDNDND25.NDNDNDND11.NDND
.940
.2001 .0005.700
30.0004 4 4 . 0 0 0
.0234 . 3 0 01 .600
23 .000ND
reas'ons" *eaSUrements taken °ther than HNu readings for health and safetyValues indicate highest concentration ot two samples
I3-8
001322
IIIIIIIIIII
Sampled production wells, labeled PW~01, -02, and -03 on Figure 2-5, provedto be uncontaminated with any detectable organics. Inorganic concentra-tions in excess of primary drinking water standards were observed in PW-01for lead ( 0 . 3 6 ppm), in PW-02 for both cadmium ( 0 . 0 4 ppm) and lead ( 0 . 3 5ppm), and in PW-03 for lead ( 0 . 3 0 ppm).
I
II3-9
001323
IIIIIIIIII
I
4.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS, EXPOSURE OR CONTAMINANT RELEASE
A preliminary assessment of the available site characterization data sum-marized above can provide useful direction to the prediction of potentialonsite and off-site impacts of possible contaminant exposure or release toother environments. Two principal hazard areas of potential health or en*vironmental impacts can be identified from preliminary assessment of thedata. These are the surface and near-surface contamination of the soilmaterials in the immediate vicinity of previously identified disposalareas, and the associated shallow groundwater contamination observed in thesame general areas. Surface water impacts are probably not significanthealth or environmental concerns based upon preliminary findings and cur-rent conditions, use and location. Deep percolation and contamination oflocal groundwater aquifers used for domestic, industrial or municipal watersupplies are also likely not to be threatening to public health or theenvironment.
4.1 SURFACE AND NEAR-SURFACE CONTAMIMATION
Residual contaminants from earlier wood preserving activities at this siteare restricted mainly to surface and near-surface (10-foot depths, or less)contamination with both organic (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) andinorganic (toxic metal) compounds in the immediate vicinity of previousdisposal areas.
The potential impacts of the surface and near-surface soil contamination inthese areas are as sources of continued shallow groundwater contamination,and as sources of contaminant release to local environments from futuredevelopment or use of the site. The soil contaminants do not appear to bean imminent threat to health or the environment due to volatilization, dir-ect contact, or surface runoff exposures under present conditions.
001324
4.2 SHALLCM GRQUNCWATER CONTAMINATION
IlIl
The groundwater sampling program conducted by CDM indicated tnat the shal-low water table aquifer at the site (see Table 3-3) is locally contaminatedwith both PAH and toxic metal coinpounds. This is consistent with thesurface soil contamination observed in and near the previous disposalareas. The aerial extent of present groundwater contamination is not yetknown, however, due to the limited groundwater sampling carried out duringthe CDM contaminant survey. It is possible that the shallow groundwatercontamination extends off-site. More comprehensive sampling of localgroundwater conditions is necessary to determine the extent and rate ofmigration of contaminants in the shallow groundwater in and near the site.It was not evident at the time of CDH's work that the contamination of theshallow groundwater in the vicinity of the Worth Cavalcade Site poses anyimminent threat to public health or the environment. There are no knownusers of the shallow groundwater, and no known surface exposures such asponds or standing water.
It is very likely that the shallow groundwater is also contaminated by avariety of local urban and industrial sources. Contamination of the deeperaquifers in the area, which are known to be used for domestic, industrialor municipal water supplies, was not then considered by CDM to be a sig-nificant thiitat to public health or the environment.
i4-2
001325
IIIIIIIIIIIII
5,0 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
1. U.S. EPA Region VI File Documents. Copies of relevant EPA filedocuments on the North Cavalcade Site have been provided, to COM,
2.
3.
Texas Department of Water Resources File Documents. Pertinentinformation on file with the TDWR in relation to state regulatoryactions for the site are included in a comprehensive microfiche filemade available to CDM by TDWR. Files include correspondence, telephonememos, site summary, report excerpt, TDWR site investigation report andether documentation.
Texasjjatural Rgspurces Information System. Physical site data, remotesensing data, and other relevant site characterization information isreadily available to CDM from the TNRXS Austin, Texas facilities. Anindex of available aerial photographic coverage of the site has beensecured from TNRIS and appropriate photos selected and ordered.
4. U .S . Geological Survey. Recent USGS 7 . 5 1 quad sheets for the site andimmediately surrounding areas have been obtained by CDM.
•*• City of Houston. Land use and stonVsanitary sewer maps of the area ofthe site have been obtained from the Houston Public Works Department.
6. COM Report and Files. The report "Cavalcade Contaminant Survey" inthree volumes, dated July 11, 1903 , is on-hand at CDM's Austin office,along with original data base for the report.
7. HcClejllajgdjangineers Reports.. The MEI report "ReconnaissanceGeotechnical study, Proposed Cavalcade Yard Site" No. 0882-0282, datedMay 20, 1983 is on-hand at CDM's Austin office. Their follow-up reportto Coastal Casting services dated October 25, 1984, is also on-hand atCDM,
5-1
001326
IIIIIIII1III
8. William_F. Guyton Associates, inc. The Guyton Report, "Investigationof Shallow Subsurface Conditions at 2001 Cavalcade Street, Houston,Texas", dated January, 1984, co the Great Southern Life insuranceCompany is on-hand at CDK.
9. Southwestern Laboratories, Znc. The report, "Geotechnical andEnvironmental Testing at 2001 Cavalcade Street, Houston, Texas", datedSeptember, 1983, for the GSLI Company, is on-hand at CDM.
5-2
001327
IIIIIIIIIII
APPENDIX I
WELL LOGS FROM PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS
II
001328
TERMS AND SYMBOLS USED ON BORING LOGS
Sand
Sand
SOIL TYPESSilt
SAMPLER TYPESClay Grauei
ClayeySand
SandyStlt
ClayeySilt
Cloy
SillyClay
SOIL GRAIN SIZEUS STANDARD iffVE
10 4C
Thin-wailedTube
Split-barrel
200
Auuer
RockCore
Denison
Pitcher
Piston
NoRecovery
BOULDERS COBBLES GRAVELCOAKSE FINE
SANDCOARSE MEDIUM FINE SILT CLAY
152 76.2 J9.1 4.76 2.CO 0420SO/L GRAIN SIZE IN M1LUMETEXS
0074 0.002
STRENGTH OF COHESIVE SOILS ( l )
UndramedShear Strength.Kips Per Sq Ft
DENSITY OF GRANULAR SOILS (2.2)
DescriptiveTerm
* RelativeDensity, %
Verv Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . less than 0.25 Very Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . less than 15Soft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.25 to 0.50 Loose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 to 35hinti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.50 to 1.00 Medium Dense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 to 65Stiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 .00 to 2.00 Dense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 to 85Very Stiff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.00 to 4.00 Very Dense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grealer than 85Hard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . greater than 4.00 ... , , . ,'Estimated irom sampler driving record
SPLIT-BARREL SAMPLER DRIVING RECORDBlows Per Fool ____________ Descriptor
25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 blows drove sampler 12 inches, after initial 6 inches of seating.5 0 / 7 " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO blows drove sampler 7 inches, aficr initial 6 inches of seating.Ret. 3" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 blows drove sampler 3 mches dunng initial 6-inch seating iniervai.
Noic . To avoid damage to sar.iphng :oo!s. d.ivmg is limited to 50 blows dunng or after seating interval.
SOIL STRUCTURE !1)
Slickensidud . . . . . . . . . . . . Having planes of weakness ihat appear slick and glossy. The degree of shckensidedness depends upontne spacing of siickensiut; d ihe ease of breaking along (hese planes.
Fissured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Containing shnnkage or relief cracks, olten filled vulth fine sand or silt; usually more or less vertical.Pocket .. . . , . . , , . . . Inclusion o( material of different texture that is smaller than the diameter of the sampleParting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inclusion Jess than i/8 inch Snick extending through the sampleS e a m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inclusion 1/8 inch to 3 inches ihick extending through the sample.Layer ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inclusion greater than 3 inches thick extending 'hrough the sample.Laminated , . . . . . , , . . . . Soil sample composed of alternating part;ngs or (teams of different soil type.Inter!ay«r^d . . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil sample composed of alternating layers o( different soil type.Intermixed . . . . . . . . . . . . Soil sample composed of pockets of different soil type and layered or lamma id structure is not evident.C a l c a r e o u s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Having appreciable quantities ot carbonate.
REFERENCES :(1) ASTA5 D 2488(2) ASCE Manual 56 (1976)(3) ASTM D 2W9
Information on each bonng log is o compt/orton o/ subsurface conditions and soil or rocke/ossi/(cafions obfoined irom Ihe field as wett os from laboratory testing n) samples. Strata hove beeninterpreted by commonly accepted procedures The stratum tines on tho logs mov be transitional andapproximate irt nature. Water level measurements retcr only to those observed at the times ana placesindicated, and may uaiy with time, geologic condition or construction activity.
M u C L C L l A M B< « 6 I H fl e II • PLATE 6-27
001329
LOG OF BORING NO. CAV-OW-03CAVALCADE CONTAMINANT SURVEY
METRO-STAGE ONE, REGIONAL RAIL SYSTEMHOUSTON, TEXAS
£ i i IIn; ! crt i <
LOCATION- t i 73 ( i .3?? ; £ 3 . 1 5 7 .96)
SURFACE ELVO | Clay * ith creosote
XX' »
II1-4 ^.o^SS!r:'/.'/;;'l ; Rro«n and 'jrdy fine
„, - S>-t rc »n ci. i i , •', i j cKers s ioec
30
<*0
JOB NO 0183-0008COMPLETION DEPTH 1 9 . 0 'DATE : February 7, nq jDEPTH TO WATER IN BORING . ' - 7 *DATE : Hay 17. 178.1
WAT£R CONTENT. % SHEAR STRENGTH i-iUouidLimit Natural Umtt+__M_._^T,_ _ _ __iv ——^ -p
20 40 60
KIPS PEP SO FT05 1 .0 1 5 2 .0 2 . 5
•-1
SAMPLER : NO sdmples t.ikcn
DRILLING METHOD . *ct a0tdr>
KILOPiiCALS
topon tyrnOait above indicate remolded ttstti•4* Ton/an*IS Hand Penairomaie'
t • o i * i i • tCAMP OrttaSER A Me KEC
PLATE
001330
IIIIII1IIIII
LOG OF BORING NO. CAV-OW-04CAVALCADE CONTAMINANT SURVEY
METRO-STAGE ONE, REGIONAL RAIL SYSTEMHOUSTON, TEXAS
i LOCATION. N 7 3 ^ , 7 7 3 ; E 3
" [J SiSURFACE EL 5 1 . 1
'0 i
JOB NO. 0!SJ-OOOftCOMPLETiCN DEPTH 1 9 . yDATE: February 6 , t ' J8 )DEPTH TO WATER IN OOmNGDATE . May 17, 1 9 * )
M . C L I I L 4 N D' » « ' « I « • I
WATER CONTENT. %Plastic UfluiaLimit Natural Limit
40 60
UNDRAiNED SHEAR STRENGTHKIPS PER SOFT
0-5 10 15 2 .0 25KILOPASCALf
SO 75 tOO
if
i
i j !ii|
i
i
ii
! ii
samples tdhcn
HOD *<rt Rotary
!i__j
iii
i1
4 — > —
c
I fI
tiI
!
;iiii!i ifI 1
.STfl
* UnconfinodA UiconioiidiComD'OJ!!^ Miniature \jtOpen ifnfTO'i 4fy fnrvanoS Hand Piineif
STRENGTH LEGENDCompreisioi*IPd-Unoramed Tn.
sion
PLATE
001331
IIIIIII
III
LOG OF BORING NO. CAV-OW-05CAVALCADE CONTAMINANT SURVEY
METRO-STAGE ONE. REGIONAL RAIL SYSTEMHOUSTON, TEXAS
LOCATION: H 735 .MJ , E 3 . 1 5 7 . 5 5 7WATEP CONTENT . S | UNORAlNEO 5HEAR STRENGTH
KIPS PER SO FT0.5 1.0 1 .5 2.0 2.5
SURFACE EL 5 1 . 0 '
-asphalt fil l to O . i -
JOB NO. : 0183-0008COMPLETION DEPTHDATE : February 7 ,DEPTH TO WATER IN GORING
SAMPLER. Ho swplcj t
DRILLING METHOD -' ftot,ir
< « 0 I H I , , tGAMP ontxui t Me see PLATE
001332
IIIIIIIIIIIII
I
BORING NCONTAMINANT SURVEYME. REGIONAL RAIL
HOUSTON. TEXAS
JOB NO. : O I S l -OOOSCOMPLETION DEPTH . M).DATE .febni-irv >, 199 ) |
DEPTH TO WATER IN SORING Grouted upon [ DRILLING METHOD »etroniolir mn '
SAMPLER r thinned tu(«
001333
LOG OF BORING NO. CAV-SL-26CAVALCADE CONTAMINANT SURVEY
METRO-STAGE ONE, REGIONAL RAIL SYSTEMHOUSTON, TEXAS
LOCATION N
SURFACE EL 5 1 . 2 *
; £ 3 , ! 5 7 . ) 5 5 c> WATER CONTENT SPtasttc LiquidLimit Natural4*U_.^..^_A_.^._«..*
20 40 60
UNORAINED S rRSNGTH ~KIPS PSfl SO PT
05 1 0 1.5 2.0 25
fill: GravelCray and frown sandy cia>
1 5
P-. i.*i. i
1900
?JDO*
isc
JOB NO. : 019J-0090COMPLETION DtPTH 10 .0 'DATE May 7, 19S3DEPTH TO WATER IN BORING Grouted upon
completion
SAMPLER : J" thln-*dl lefl tune
DPILLING METHOD Ory Auu
STRENGTH LEGENDUn con'med Compfession
Com press ionmiBiu'e Vanssymoau ttiovt matcait mnoliteO titui
Hand peneiromatar
o i « f I * 1
001334
LOG OF BORING NO. CAV-SL-27CAVALCADE CONTAMINANT SURVEY
METRO-STAGE ONE. REGIONAL RAIL SYSTEMHOUSTON, TEXAS
LOCATION H 73 - * . 900; € 3 . r j7 . ) n < .
SURPACE EL 50. 9 1 I i # i i IEAATEH CONTENT S
Plastic Uouidifiit Natural Umit^—————*—————j.20 40 60
UNDP^/NeD SHEAR S*«6NO*« | =KIPS ?ER SG PT
C 5 TO T 5 20 2 5
15 SO '5 '00Fill; Grave l dno clar* grav sjndv clay
c \
50
o
JOB NO. 01 * 1 -01 )90COMPLETION DEPTH , , , _0 .DATE . May *. 1983DEPTH i O WATER IN BOF1ING : Crouied uoon
comoieticn
SAMPLER: i" thtn- »««; i cd tuoe
DRILLING METHOD . Dry Auger
STRENGTH LEGENCUnconlinaa CompressionUnconsolidatoa-UndrainM T-aictiCompassionMiniature vanssn symoo's anove maieate wnaiaeO leTorvanaHand
M * C L I L I . 4 M Di M e i * i i • iC*MP Dflt*S*fl A Ud HW
001335
IS _XAT~T_CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS
lt*H« • '• #>««ih*4 ** !•• (HI
>• I h
(11-. ^. I — .
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~'H » ' .-..~,
o_METRO"STAG6 ONE, BBS
nt* TO W SCRiPTiOn ftNO
OF
001336
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r o rn Z r O Z rt r- m f r~ o > STRENGTH LE5ENB ;• UNCOrJF IWED C O M D f f e S S I O NA UNCONSOL10ATEO-UNDRA1NED
T R I A X I A L COMPaESS ION<t* TOflVANEB HAND PENETf tOHETER
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001337
IIIIIIII
I
McOeHand engineer* UQG QF BORING ICONT'D) = o f l,N& NC
-50-
-60-
3s'?
!OH
1 1H
135
SOIL CLASS I F ICAT IONASD RE
interiayerea. st i ff , jilty CLAY and C."uitfi nuwerous slit jna sand partings
f*ara, reddish Drown an« arecnls^, slightly st tckens ided
Stiff, iigr-t qrav and oruwnisnsilty CLAV (CD
Hird, . igri* orown, CI.AY wiferrous stains, s ' l q n t l v(CH)
fEfir
ENPA
S SIN p n
-f--"*-" —20 '-Q -.1
St i f f , light Drown ana brcr*nisf yeiisanoy CLAV with trace to little ^1(CL-HL)
-with fr*auent sano seams Oelow
Very dense, iignt gray, silty fine(SM)
( 5 1 . 0trf——————————-——'—————————————————•O very s t i f f , rtoaish brown. CLA1 (Oi l ,-with occasional greenish gray vert lcJi j
and horizontal silt partings to 5?p
-highly sHccensioed. with occasionalsand poc««ls ( 1 /2 " ) to 61'
IbH
16H
•sand layer, 61' to 62'-moderately s l i cKens iCed ,
1 -slightly slickensided. Alt' to 69'-wi th freouent said ojrt lr if ls , &'*' to 72
75
35
SAMPLE I D E N T I F I C A T I O N :S - SPLIT BAHRELM - THIN-WALLED TUBE (HOUSTON > NOTES:O3 REFER TO SHEET 1 FOR BO»! *G LEGEND.C23 REPER TO PLATE 1? fOB ngv TO
D E S C R I P T I O N AND C L A S S I F I C A T I O NOF 5UBSUBPACE MATERIALS .
KIPSi . c : . 50. * * .3 . 0 ( 4 , 0
"•«• 0*
4-a*
O UNCONP1NEO COMPflESSfONA UNCONSOLIDATGD-^NDaAINED
TRIAXIAL COMPft eSS ION4- TORVANEH HAND
001338
IIIIIIIIIIII
McCJeltand engineers LOG OF BORING ( .CONT'D)
Very s t i f f , retwisr, crown, CLAV-sJigftt ly sJickens ided. 6* . ' to-*itn fr«uer,t s.,,,,. Mrtinos
angle, 6* ' to 70'Crown, 69' to 7?'
reddish bro*n ana iig^t graytrace silt belo* "2 1
Bottom or Boring at SC.
LE- S P L I T BARBEL- THIN-WALLED TUBE(HOUSTON)
N O T E S :CD REFER TO SHEET 1
B OR I f J G LEf iEND A UNCONSOUDATED-UNOBAINEDT R I A X I A L COMPRESS IONTORVAWE
BC23 REFER TO PLATE 19 FOR K Ev TO
OESCR I P T I O N A N D C L A S S I F I C A T I O NOF SUBSUBFACE MATER IALS
001339
III
IIII
!3 McOeiUnd engineers LOG OF BORING° RCJECT •'«coni-.jjijance ityOv - MtTHC1 - Staoe une . Kf*S . Houston, ienjsC ^ : E •^T "ousion trans i t Consu l tant sD R I L L I N G 8V »*cClei Jand Engineers£Qj r BWJ;%* _5£2 f d i i i n a ,'6. truCK tiountea _^,asif«G D R I L L c ° £w••- .«.M-. ..„ n,-. .,..,„„ -, „,._.., , MM- .-«. —— H. TYPE iicet Df tJLLSR i - - - - -^ETMOD OF SOREHOLe ADVANCEMENT .. ____ s j^g "7""«"TT'" ~ENC~l"N^?g —
nu.i-.~i . —— - ——— ._ . - ... —— _ ———— . ————— . —— . —— . t p^
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» SOIL CLASSIFICATION'. AND REMABKS£1S•*tXn
. .; TILL: Dark gray and brown, silly fine- •• SAND with iittl* fine to medium gravel; ana shells and roots ., 0, ,j ,^— . ——— . ————— „ —————— — ——————— . — ——
y> Finn, dart gray and Brownish vellow,Vs sandy CLAY (CL )
1Oij -with crawfish hole, 5 r to 6'Ss,NJ -light gray and brownish yello* wltn^y frequent sand pockets ana ferrousOS, nodules ( 1 / 8 " to 1 /4 " ) Below 6'Vs -stiff below 7- ( 8 - 0 ' ;Xsj Light gray and brownish yellow cijyey§jj SAND «ith freouent f-rrous noduies^ d/S" to I/ * " ) ISO ( 10 . 0".i-jfj Light gray, fine 5A»D with trace silt (£
'-'-•.''
-;.;.-.; -greenish gray, Silty clay seam below
N^j Very Stiff, reddish brown and greenishOO gray CLAV (CH )
1y\J ( 18 .0 'Hecdisi orown ana greenun qra> ( 1 6 . 8 '
^^^__^SIL]T_.»'[_i.th_trjjce to U.ttjet^_iav_ji-j^__^[t_f\\j Very st i ff , reootsri Drown, silcy ( 1 9 . 7 ' )
f" CLAV *itf- trace sand and frequent f~
calcareous foduics M '9" ) (CD 1Very stiff, reudisn brown, CLAl aitn
freoue^t calcareous nodules ( !/«") (CHJ
S^ ( 2 3 . 0 ' J• .|,J flefldisn t>ro*r> ana greenish gray, s i l tv;|.| fine S«(D (SH)4''| ( 2 5 . 0 ' t>O1 Very s t i f f , reflflisn brown, si lty CLAV (CDx 0;
( 28 .5 ' )O\ \ery st iff, reddish brown ^nd brownishV\, yellow, CLAV with frequem silt o^rtlnos
(]RV
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STRENGTH LEGEND :» L 'NCONF INFO COMPRESS IONA. UNCONSOL IOA1KD-UNORA1NEO
T R I A X i A L COMPRESS ION-•£ • TORVANE
fiORINS NO. flH-?i— r-r-rirni i i i i nin.ii •
001340
IIIIIII
II
Meoeaam; «ig,nee«
.(SS
L.OG OF BORING (CONT'D) 3 - B [ M f t H 0 .
t?'X.
Iff
SOIL CLASS IF ICATIONAND REMARKS.
10H
ry st iff, reddisn bro*n and bro*oisnyftilow. CLAY «ttn frea-jent silt partingsand calcareous nodules ( 1 / S " to I/a" )
Very s t i f f , greerusn gray and briwusnyello*. silty CLAY with trace fin*sand (CD
-with freauent calcareous nodule* ( 1 / 8to 1M" ) , 38' to f cO '
-iittle fine sand beio* 36'
-greenisn gray and reddish Orown D«io»1ZM
13H
IftH
ISM
Reddish brown, sandy SILT (KL)
ar W
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. 2 00
L IM IT
w I Q'J I D
SO .i .o ?. : =T,* * . f l
T 1 3
1 1 3
{ very s t i f f . redOisn brown and greenish{ gray, O.AY (CH)-*itn occasional sandy silt pockets anc
frequent ca]c^reou^ nodules ( 1 /8 " to1/t" ) to 55'
( -redaisii Drotun, siJty day seam, 59 . ? 'to 5? !
-with frequent si lty fine sand anosilt B-iftiniji, 63' to (,<*'
Laminated, reddish brown clay andlioht orav sandy
SAMPLE ICENT IP ICATION:S - SPLIT BARRELH - TMlN-WAtLED TUBE ( HOUSTON )
*
f',5
NOTES:( 1 ) REFER TO SHEET 1 FOB BOf tJNG LEGEND.C2) REPEf t TO PLATE 1 19 "OK KEY TOD E S C R I P T I O N AND CLA55 1 P ! CAT IONOF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS .
LiuuND.# UNCOWPINED COMPRgSSlONA UNCONSOUDATED-LJNnRA^ED
tf t lAXJAt. COMPRESSION•$• TORVAN50 MANOBORING HI. JJ?("?,
001341
IIIIIII
I
BORING
^y st i ff , reddisn brown, CLAy «tnfreou«nt fl silt partings, cl es f l / 9 " to
i /Vcrv stlf! ' . reddjsrr brown, s t J t v CLAVwith sane sami (CL i
»l caal3^ Orown. n 4vs i itv <-l j , W
001342
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001343
iiiiiiiiiiii
|3 McOeiUand engineer*
DRI LL INS
econnaissd^ce 6tudv - H£TSO - Sta^eousto" rr jns i t Cc)f>»'j;;jnts9yMeCleJ; i^c tnnmeers
-M £f«02 OF BOREHOLE ADVANCEMENT _____ 5*«: S . ^ t a r t - 3 7 / 6 " bottom Oiscr iaroe bit M-_ IT" W
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LOG„- • , «RS
OF BORING la-^ jN^ . N O . C U - "- Houston, r-n^s
VSC
flMMFR
C*S ivi6" • ; 5'Push
D^ I L L ;-?-ENGINEKV
SOI L -LA3S I^ I CAT IONAND 3EMARKS
TILL: Oaric Brown. san<jy CLAY with freauentsfwtll fragments, roots and sand poc«ets-silty fine saruS to 0 .3 '-with shell i and graw«l, 1' to 2'-dark brown and Oark gray, sandy ciay
Celo* 2 'f f c .O ' l
\Ny\ rirw. light gray ano brownisn yello>*,\XN sanay CLAV *>tf> roots ana freouentN^Oi sa.it; Doc*t«ts (Ct iv\V; -*it:i frequeit ferrous nodules l I/f t "vS\ 1 /2 " ) Delo* 6'$^'-v^r; Interff ixeo, ciavev .IAHU^v»
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w.'tP some clay and frecm«nt ferrousnooules O/ft") to 1/2" )
"&>&ft
"> 1'•-::::.r| Vfcry sense, light gray, fine 5^0 *itn::':':'.
:;3 little silt and freouent ferrous:'f.:-:-'-'-3 noOyles ( 1/2" ) ISH)
x^r
II'
SAMPLE lO&'nr i F ICAT j ON :H - THTN-WALLfD TUBE ("HC
• * itn occasional sandv clay pofixetsbelc« 19'
Sot tort of Boring at 20.5 '
WATER LEVELDATEUSTON) TT^nnv
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TR IAX IAL COMPRESSIONTORVANEHAND PENETBOMETERRING «n. R"- 1 1 .. . . . . . .
PLATE 14
001344
iiiiiiiiiiiii
L.OG OF-' BORING- it*0- '.. *"TS - "0.5
_ - J N i B r 'jet! ie ij ana £n-S£0 ,>!>C.
ADVANCEMENTV3' sott-v aisenjroe oi
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( 1/8" ) and sand sea*s ttelow 1 3 . 5
St i ff , gremisft 5rav , . . * • » itn ' rpsandy ilii DOCKetS ano occasionalclayey si it partingi i^Hi
Bottom of Boring at 23 .C
SAMPLE5 - SPLIT BABBELH - TMIN-fc.A4.LE3 TUB£ ^HOUSTON)
TU i
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TIME or BOTTQ COMPRESS IONA JNCONSOL JO*T £0-UNO( t * INEO
COMPRESSION0 HAND PENE
I PLATE 15
001345
iiiiiiiiiiiii
P McClelland engineersC _ 1 E
-~~ "eeoinai isance ii^ov - *t ISO•JT ic.j itort Tansu Consultant*-IN, Bv HcCiei iJio trvgjneers
£ q v ; * » £NT j igs i:j*n«, ;*,. txjoo* -"ET-OD 0* 60MMCLE ADVANCEMENTn-f f i3Ja r\ - J 7 ' * ' " notion discnaroe
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LOG OF BORINGwe. WC5 - "oustoi, iti^i
C A S I N G J * L - :9 ; .T p £ Stp- ; D » I L L £ »
SOIL CLASSIF ICATIONAND REMARKS
Darn gray to oiacx. silty fine SV40 wit.;rootl * v* -trace ara»e , 1" ' to 1' _r
Ver* loose. a*r* grav, ciavev fi^e SA/iO($C)-witfi roots to 3'
U . 5 ' )Finn, light grav and orcwusn ve i iow,
san«Jy CLAY intertilled *ltf> clayey >andawj $anfl (C-.'SC/SP)-• it^ frequent ferrous nodules ( 1 / 8 " to
3/8") oeio* i,'-with vertical sand sean at T-Hgnt <?ray «?xt oro*nlsn yeUou with
f'ftOuent Ciivtfy sand and sand
Reddisn oro«n. fine SANO *itn little toscan clay fSP-SH)-with occasional S««X!Y clay Dockets to-with little silt pelo. 10 .5 '
-light gray b«lo* !* • '
»efy s t i f f , reaaisn oro»n ana greenisni g r a y aAV (CM)
-•ooeratsiy slicKeniioed to 19. S'-fregueit clayey silt seans beiow 1 9 . 5 '
Botto»
SAHPLE I D E N T I F I C A T I O N :S - S P L I T BARRELH - THIN-WALLED TUBE ("HOUSTON )
of Boring at 20.0'
DATE' i - - 1 .1 J . ! T • S.l Z -20-5 t
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001352
IIIIII APPENDIX II
o NORTH CAVALCADE SITE CHARACTERIZATION MEMORANDUMO SITE PERSONNEL PROTECTION AND SAFETY FORMS
O EXPENDABLE EQUIPMENT REQUEST FORMS
II
I001353
IIIIIIIIIIIII
TO:FROM:DATE:SUBJECT:CONTRACT NO.:DOCUMENT CONTROL NO.:ACTION:
M E M O R A N D U M
R.A. Kier CDM/AustinJ .D. Gram CDM/Boston7 February 1985Cavalcade North - Site Characterization68-01-6939141-WPl-lO-ASTC-l
Objectives: The objective of the site inspection was to confirm the sitedescription contained in the 1983 CDM report and identify any changes insite conditions which may have occurred since that time. Prior to con-ducting the site inspection the available site information was reviewed.The Interim Site Characterization Report was not available for review priorto conducting the initial site characterization inspection because the siteinspection request was made by EPA-Region VI to coincide with the TATinspections. Therefore, a complete review of available information on siteactivities could not be conducted.
Introduction
A site inspection was performed at the Cavalcade Yard-North USEPA NPL siteon January 16, 1984, This site is located in Houston, Harris County,Texas. The site is triangular in shape, occupies approximately 21 acresand is bounded by Cavalcade Street to the south, Houston Belt and Terminalrailroad passenger line to the east and Missouri Pacific railroad freightline to the west. The site is located approximately 1 mile south west ofthe intersection between U.S. Interstate 610 (North Loop) and U.S. Highway59 (Eastex Freeway). The site presently consists of two warehouses andvacant land, but was formerly the site of a creosote and wood preservingfacility.
A small firm by the name of Houston Creosote began wood treating operationson about 9 acres of defined site between 1944 and 1953. In addition tooffice areas, the facility consisted of a creosote and pentachlorophenol(PCP) storage area, pressure vessels, a treatment plant, drying and storageareas and two surface impoundments that contained process blowdown wastesand creosote sometime between 1957 and 1964, Sometime after 1964, the
001354
I
IIIIIIIII
I
southwest portion of the site was developed for two warehouses, one prop-erty owned by Great Southern Life Insurance Company and the other occupiedby Coastal Casting Service Company. R.D. Eichenour and Dover TruckingCompany, Inc. own additional portions of the site.
In the early 1980's , the Harris County Metropolitan Transit Authority (HTA)became interested in the site for a combined railyard, shop, and stationfor a proposed light rail transit system. During routine geotechnical in-vestigations by McClelland Engineers Inc. (MEI) for preliminary designpurposes, several localized areas were found to be contaminated withcreosote waste products. Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. (COM) was then retainedto perform a contaminant survey and to develop remedial measures that wouldmitigate the contamination and allow use of the land by MTA. CDM's report,"Cavalcade Contaminant Survey", dated July 11, 1983 and other submittalsdocumented the presence of soil groundwater contaminated with creosotewaste products and heavy metals. Failure of a bond issue that would havefinanced the light rail system however resulted in the termination of CDM'swork.
Health and Safety
Limited existing data on past site disposal practices were assembled andreviewed prior to conducting the site characterization inspection. Infor-mation obtained was then used to complete the Site Evaluation Form (SEF)prior to conducting the site characterization. Based upon the SEF and thesite history, it was determined that initial entrance to the site could beconducted using Level D personal protective equipment and monitoring usingthe HNu photoanalyzer with a 10 .2 ionization potential lamp probe, AIDHydrocarbon analyzer, and the Ludlum radiological meter instrumentation.
ii001355
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I
Personnel and Responsibilities
The site characterization was performed using the following approved CDMsite team individuals:
Jeffrey D. Gram - CDH/BostonRichard S. Lawlis - CDH/Austin
Also presented at the site during the site characterizations were thefollowing individuals:
John Cochran - USEPA - Region Vl/DallasKevin Jackson - R .F . Weston - IAT/DallasWarren Zehner - R .F . Weston -- TAT/Houston
Prior to going on-site it was determined that REM-II contractor teammembers were responsible to perform all monitoring with the specified on--site instrumentation. Based upon the SEF for the site, Jeffrey D. Gramconducted a briefing on potential site health and safety concerns, previousremedial investigation activities, identified site hazards and site in-spection procedures before going on-site. It was determined that RichardS. Lawlis was designated to perform monitoring with the HNu photoanalyzerand Jeffrey Grain would monitor with the AID and Ludlura meters, respec-tively. All other personnel present during the inspection had no on-siteresponsibilities and were observers only.
Equipment
Personnel monitoring instruments used during the investigation consisted ofusing the HNu photoanalyzer with a 10 .2 ionization potential lamp, AIDHydrocarbon Analyzer with a flame ionization detector, and a Ludlum radio-logical monitoring instrument with a Beta/Gamma pancake probe. Poorweather during the investigation restricted the use of both the AID Hydro-carbon Analyzer and the radiological monitoring instrument. Prior to goingon~site, background levels were measured with the instruments. Initialreadings with the HNu indicated that Level D would be satisfactory to
I001356
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conduct the site characterization. The site characterization was thenundertaken throughout the boundaries of the site. Areas of concern identified in the previous investigation were examined with the HNu to determine potential impact to the surrounding ambient environment.
Account of Site Inspection
site characterization was performed using the previously mentionedpersonal protection criteria. Weather restricted use of the AID Hydro-carbon analyzer and the Ludlum radiological meter; thus, limiting the HNuphotoionization meter as the primary monitoring instrument.
The site was entered from south of the east-west drainage ditch thatcrosses the property. The site inspection team traveled north up a road-way, until it ended, and then walked the center of the site parallel to thewestern railroad tracks, to the northern end of the site. No elevated HNureadings, above the established background, were noted during the sitecharacterization.
Itie site currently consists of two warehouses with concrete drivewaysservicing both warehouses. The area of the site to the east of thesewarehouses was covered with heavy brush. As indicated, north of the ware-house parking areas, a large drainage ditch trasverses the site from westto east. A drainage ditch parallels the eastern railroad tracks and aditch also parallels the railroad tracks to the north on the west side ofthe site. No elevated readings above background were observed using theHNu meter. The site inspection team then exited the site following thewestern tracks. Recent site grading activity was noticable when travelingto the northern boundry of the site.
Summary
Based upon observations made during the initial site characterizations thefollowing site characteristics can be noted:
001357
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Topography - The site is currently level with only one distinct depressedarea, the drainage channel, which tranverses center of the site west toeast. Recent site grading activity have reduced any small scale depres-sions or elevated areas. Based upon the USGS 7.5 minute topopgraphic mapthat encompasses the site, the site slopes to the southwest with a maximumelevation of 60 feet at the northern end of the site and a minimum eleva-tion of 55 feet just south of the site on Cavalcade Road.
Geology - Surfically, exposed soils within the North Cavalcade site con-sisted of brown/gray sandy clay. During previous remedial investigationactivities conducted by Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc. A total of ten subsur-face soil boring were made at various locations throughout the site. Theseborings were drilled to various depths ranging from 15 to 80 feet below thesurface elevation. Although there are some variations in the elevationsand thickness of the strata, the following generalized soil strata appearto be continuous throughout the site.
Stratum
IIIIIIV
Depth0-22-1010-2020-80
DescriptionFill: Silty fine sandSandy clay and clayey sandVery dense fine sandVery stiff clay and silty clay
Hydrogeology - As part of the previous remedial investigation, a total ofthree shallow groundwater monitoring wells were installed on the site.Previous groundwater investigation activities indicate that three primarywater bearing aquifers located at depths approximately 20, 250 , and 550feet below the surface exist. All of these groundwater aquifers are partof the Beaumont Formation, which is generally found in the Texas Gulf Coastarea. All on-site monitoring wells installed were screened into the upperwater bearing layer. Measurements of water level elevations in these on-site monitoring wells indicate that groundwater in the shallow aquiferslopes from east to west.
Surface Hydrology - Surface water drainage in the southern portion of thebite is primarily provided by drainage ditchs which drain north to theHarris County Flood Control Ditch. The HCFCD ditch follows the western
001358
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boundary of the northern half of the site and then traverses the site fromwest to east in the center. This drainage ditch eventually discharges toHunting Bayou which drains in turn to the Houston Ship Channel.
Air Quality - Air quality at and in the vicinity of the North CavalcadeStreet Site appears to be representative of regional air quality. Moni-toring, performed during previous remedial investigation and during theinitial site inspection with an HWu Photoanalyzer indicated no levels abovebackground throughout the site. During the subsurface investigation con-ducted as part of the remedial investigation, elevated readings wereobserved from visually contaminated soils. The current regrading processalso covered over known surface soil contamination areas therefore, nopotential exists for atmospheric contamination from the site unless sub-surface soils are exposed.
Land Use - Two warehouse operations currently exist on the southern por-tion; the remainder of the site is vacant. To west of the site and therailroad tracks, is a densely populated residential area. To the south ofthe site lies the South Cavalcade Street Site. The area to the east wasbecoming developed for commercial purposes. To the north of the site isU.S . interstate 610 (North Loop).
Site Contamination - Based upon information obtained during the initialsite characterization and the previous remedial investigation the followingareas of contamination can be identified:
i 1) Surficial Contamination - Previous remedial investigation indicateda disposal/lagoon area with noticable contaminated soils and aheavy creosote odor. During the site inspection this area couldnot be identified due to the recent grading activity. No othercontamination areas of surface soils or surface waters wereevident.
2) Subsurface Soil Contamination - Based upon the previous remedialInvestigations and site history data, these are two areas on thesite in which extensive subsurface contamination may exist. These
i001359
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I
areas are: 1) The former operational facility located in thesouthwest corner of the site and; 2) A suspected disposal trenchin which waste products were deposited. This area is located alongthe eastern boundry of the site in the southern portion of thesite. The potential for subsurface contamination also exists inthe identified lagoon area in the northern end of the site.
3) Groundwater Contamination - Analytical results from monitoringwells in the shallow aquifer indicate extensive groundwater con-tamination. Compounds identified from this analysis indicate con-tamination by creosote and wood preserving products. No on-siteanalytical results are available for the lower water bearinglayers. Analyses cf groundwater collected from off-site deeperwells indicated no contamination of the deeper aquifers.
Recommendations
Based upon the limited remedial investigation conducted at the North Caval-cade Street Site, site remediation alternatives were identified. Therecommendation of the limited feasibility analysis performed for the NorthCavalcade Street site was to excavate known contamination areas and cap thesite with compacted clay and clean fill. Other site remediation alterna-tives identified during the feasibility study consisted of:
o No Actiono In-Situ Chemical Fixationo Incinerationo Removal Disposal
The feasibility study evaluated these proposed remedial action for appro-priateness against specified criteria and concluded the recommended alter-native to be most acceptable considering the intended use of the site.
Observations made during the site characterization reveal that any surfaceactivitiaa for the remedial investigation can be conducted in Level D
001360
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personnel protection provided adequate foot and hand protection is pro-vided. Subsurface activities should be performed in Level C with the con-tingency to upgrade or downgrade as appropriate. Air monitoring with the
should be performed during all future activities.
cc. EH3 FileDocument Control - NPMO/Annandale
Attachment: SEP.
001361
SIFE PERSONNEL PROTECTION & SAFETY EVALUATION FORMEPA WA NO. „ . . _ . .
PAGE 1 OF 6REM ifl DOC. NO..
SiTE__?lvalcdde : .NortfJ & South _ .„ _ _ _ .LOCATION Cava l cade and Muary St. - Houston^ Texas
EPA REGIONEVALUATOR
. V LJ. Gram
SITE DESCRIPTION -I"Qrmer..wQad. treating operation oo A-9 . acre i4te-f row. 1943 toSuspected contaminants inc lude : creosote , pentach loropheno l , and heavy me ta l s . Presentlyno surface contaminat ion source e x i s t s .
SITE MAPS ATTACHED E,l Pro.iect p lan from 1983 COM report.
Al l subsurfaceBACKGROUND ENVIRONMENT^A(R__No contamination noted ^dur ing s i t e
survey on 1/1983SURFACE
- subsurface contaminat ion ex i s t sthrou£hout_Uie foundries o_f the s i te^
S t ™r™t]y
._^,^,^tf,rcn Evidence of groundwater c on t am i n a t i o nGROUNDUVftrtR __ - ... . . , _ . . ....._.,_.......... _^ . _ - ... _ _ - - . - . _ _observed dur ing monitor ing wel l sampl ing - 4/ 1983
HAZARDS ON-S.TE and truck ing operation
INFORMATIONAL SOURCES USED CUM report - 7/83
001362
SITE PERSONNEL PROTECTION & SAFtT* EVALUAiiON ^MUME HMMHI ^ BWBB ^^^••P ^^^^^^^w i ^^^^B ____LPSu t 2ui- 6REM li DOC. NO.________
FIELD iNVESTIGATION ACTIVITIES COVERED UNDER THIS SEF POP DOCUMENT CONTROL NO,
TASK NO DESCREFTION _____A In it ia l s ite character izat ion
PRELIMINARYSCHEDULE
1 / 16/85
001363
SITE PERSONMEL PROTECTSON & SAFETY .EVALUATION FORM PAGE 3 OF 6BEM II DOC. WO.
CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN
CONTAMINANTGUIDELINE
SHEETATTACHED
^.15^5 I^HO]Pentachlorophenol
I D LHtPPM\
1 0
SOURCE/QUANTtTY ROUTE OF SYMPTOMS OFCHARACTERISTICS EXPOSURE ACUTE EXPOSURE1000 ppb/ so i ruj
Napthalene700 ppb/ soil A b s , ! nh , I ng Irrt
7300 ppb/soi lFluorantheneTrichlorobenzeneBis(chlorometh]}etherEthyl benzeneTolueneBenzene
24 ,000 ppb/sc i lH0,000 ppb/soi l I n h f l n9 Irrt sk in . eyes
74 ppb/ water Con ' inh
6.i ppb/ water I n h » I n n ,Con Irr^ eye s^ sk i nJ30 pph/water A b s » I n g , I n h Fa t i g u e , d i z z on e s63 ppb/water Ab b > I f ih , Ing Irrt. eyes ,sk ir\
INSTRUMENT RESPONSEFACTORS
PID*
NRNR8 . 1 2NRNRNR
8 . 1 2
F(D l
. N R . . . .
NRNRm
OTHEH
100 __
10S.ISO- --
1 tONtZAHON POTENTIALZ % AS CM*
001364
SBTE PERSONNEL PROTECTION & SAFETY EVALUATION FORM PAGE 4__OF 6REM II DOC. NO._______
SiTE PERSONNELPERSONNEL
NAME
SiTE ACTIVITY _ . . . _ InHl4L. i i te . .Charactef izat ipn .
as. NOJeffrey 0,
_.. .Law Lis. ...162 _ . . .ZB .3974
FIRM
£DM_.CDM
REGION
NGR
LEVEL OFPROTECTION
0a
CONTINGENCY _yER|FY
c _ . . . . . . . _ ( >*~. c . . . . . . .. (
( )( )
PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTAcid Res i s tant Covera l l s _ __Undergloves
VERIFYC V
Stee l Toe £ Shank Boot s (Buty] Bootcovers ___ ___ (Respirator - QCH Cartridge ji_Contjmjency(Svran Suit - Contingency _______ ('
FIELD MONITORING EQUIPMENTH-Nu
VEIRIFY
FID Hydrocarbon AnalyzerGeiy e r Counter w/ Pancake probe
DECON___Hispose.of alt expendables onslte
001365
SITE PERSONNEL PROTECTION & SAFETY EVALUATION FORMREM fi DOC. NO..
CONTINGENCY CONTACTS DENOTF-S REQUIRED INFORMATION
_ _AGENCY
9 FIRE DEPARTMENT
POL»CE DEPARTMENT
HEALTH DEPARTMENT• POfSON CONTROL
CENTER• STATE
ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCY
CONTACT
City of HoustonCity of HoustonHarris County
CONTACT
TQHR• EPA REGIONAL OFFICE Jfihfl
• EPA EHT, (COM• STATE SPILL
CONTRACTOR _. ..
PHONE NO AGENCY( 7 1 3 ) . 227-_?323 . STATE POUCE ..( / B ) . 2 2 2 : 3 1 3 1 F A A .(/ !3)J42-86Hb CIVIL DEFENSE
£7U 16J > _4 - ]701 . .ON S.TE COORDINATOR
( / i 3 }4?9 -596 1 ^4-Hour Hot l i ne Agathd Corp.(214)767-2630
PHONE NO
..(213)
( 2 14 ) 767-2630
1 - (800)
MEDICAL EMERGENCYNAMEOFHOSPfTAL Ci t i z ea General Hospital ADDRESS 7407 Worth freeway - Houston-— -PHONE NO I'-.-'
OF CONTACT. ADDRESS ...„__._ PHONE NO. _.__ ___ - -_... -Oft ROUTE TO HOSPITAL Tdke Cdvalcade east to Route 59. Route 59 to 610 west. Route 610 west to North Freeway
ex i t at L i t t l e Vork Stree t . Take right on Mol ly, Hosp i ta l on left.
TRVB/EL TIMEFROM SITE (MfNUTES)
DISTANCE TOHOSPITAL (MILES} 10 NAME OF 24 MR
AMBULANCE SERVfCE (7 13 ) 222-3434
001366
SITE PERSONNEL PROTECTION & SAFETY EVALUATION FORM PAGE 6 OF 6REM II DOC. NO..
SEF REVIEW
SHSC SIGNATURE
COMMENTS:
I have read, understood, and agreed with the information set forth in (his Personnel Protection and Safety Evaluation Foim (andattachments) and discussed in Presrte Visit Health and Safety briefing
SfTE PERSONNEL_ Jeffrey D. Gram _____Richard S. Lawl l s
DATE R H S S SIGNATURE
COMMENTS.
DATE
SfTE H & S BRIEFING
CONDUCTED At On-StteB y J . O . Gram
TOPICS . _Issues. & Site Inspection Protocol
REM U N A S INPUI BY DATE
001367
001368
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001369
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F- V*: Name:-\ • * r.LJC1* - > t .
NON-E *P £NOABLE EQUIPMENT REQUEST FORH
Office:Title:
Date Required: . l t &
provide tne follow tug non-*xo*ntUble items of e<iufoment wrrlch arefor: "
Has Healtf i A Safety Plan been approved? YES/NO ( c i r c l e one)
D E S t - R I P T t G N ISc ID « 3ate neturneaPhotoioni ;-er Source
: er 1 1 . . " ev Source!a s " ° cn '-. i j rv» ' j 1 ! -;rr » • ' dO ' 3 . 01!
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AH1 -3
001370
III«•-
I1IIIIIIIIIIII
TO: Name:F30M: Name:
EXPENDABLE^EOUIPMNT _R£QU£_ST_FORH
_____ Office: _£ffTit le: 1?rt
ItITPlea s e provide tne fo l lowing expendaole items of equipment wtiic&for: ."!lSITE: W . A . : /4/AHas Hea l t h A Safety P l a n been approved? Y E S / M O ( c i r c l e one)
DESCRIPTION REQUIRED INT ID «Kna o o Ste ^ l - r . o ed Sa f e t y Boots Z II
° ioocs , 9" Bu tv iVT * :OP ^ 1L a t e x C l o v e s 7:
"we" ~ - j i tMSA 'J
[ 3 a s eD a i 1 Can s
i I
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Add i t i o n a l types of MSA chemica l car tr idges ava i l a b l e on spec ia lrequest
AHl -8
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NOLWHHQJNI A9010DIXO&III XKUffldV
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
001372
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
qurred a-* H-hour etoosurc at about 6000 ppm (35* Q 1O killfour o* w« fats. Signs of gross overesposure were varyingdegrees ot ataxia, prostration, and respiratory distress rot-(owed br narcosis. Those that survived appeared (o recoverwithout vgntficam signs of exposure.'1*
Shell Chermcal Corporation1" presents the followingobservations in respect to sensofv responses reported byunconduioned personnel during or following 5-minute ex-posures 10 (he vapor:
fhre***old> odor 6 ppm5PS Tfiresheid, eyff irritation 50 pom50% Threshold, nose irritation SO ppm
No modem* of ilfngss caused hv industrial handling of§AK have been reported. Workers may complain of odor
and transient eye irritation when handled inbttd areas when the concentration exceed"espenence shows that tram,eni respond Jsignificant system(C effects."'comf^'S*' the UV Ot 2S PPm is
comfort level for uncondoned workers.as
ETHYL BENZENEPhenylethyleneC8H.,UV, 100 ppm ( ^ 435 mg/m j)STEl, 115 ppm ( =y 54$ mg/mj)
fthvi nenzefle >•> d colorless.caor It /us <i molecular ivp
<c gravitv 01 0.86258 Jt 2i° C and jmm HS; jf 20° C The vdoor density
cy/a w*r/7 jnof ,'616 *6. j spear-
Dre*n,re of ~ 13 r t<me-> thai ot «.</•
ihf vjpor ,if .'5* C mm /,
<<,cuo f/dSA point is to]* f8W° f jna /s a t,re /•,?*" ' ffhv/ f^r-ene (> onivsoluble '.r .vj/er jf IS* C (14 mg, /OO.-rrU. 6uf s
J'co"o/ and emerrh, s coTiDound -s empin-ved as a so ven i ana as an . n t e r -;d iatc ,r ihe prooucnon 01 styrenef t h\ t benzene tox.otv 's characterizeo bv us rr l t ancv to? <K ' n .nd tess markedly, ro !he r-uCOus ^emr-ranes
-opncaiion ot (he liquid to ;he v k . n ., f r,,bbitsand some exrouanon ann busrermg^ '
_ . . . . . . _.-.^..«a ethvl benzene j s rhe -"ost severeirritant of ;ne benzene series.
On the eves and nose, the vaoor a; 5000 opm rause-,mtoieMBit- rntat.on; at 2000 ppm. eve -rntat-or , and tatn-mai.on are .mmod.ate and severe, and are accomoamed bvmoaeraie rasal irr.iat.on, decreasing somewnat .n <everalm.nuies. at 1000 ppm. irritation and tearing Out loierancedevelops rdD.alv, and ai 200 ppm, the vapor has a transientirritant on human eves.1"
L-ke benzene, its acute (o^ciiv is tow. the dose fatal togu.nea pigs .n a few minuses was 10,000 ppm"' and 5000ppm dangerous to lire in .10 to 60 minutes; animals dying
CH,CH ;~
o:
t concem-anons rrom 400 pom ro 2PPm. ,ev,n Io eiB_m .ours ,,v. hve lJdvvTeek7or *°t :vr::;TiprorcT no pnpcts <n«t. wh.cn showed a s l . gnr ncrease ,n ,hp we,«hts o- innk'dnevs and i . v e r s . on the .^dlte m- thn caDom rnr IRK -, -u Ke ' 'o r m°se Posea ar J(j()pom ,0r iBh oavs i he .n .eshgdiors concluded that ampom was the oegsnn.ne < > < • < > < • ^VP. -nr -«or the '. '° tnron'c
References:
l. M.A. « a1 OrtW, H, -vc/*- V,m. W.P.. Sch,.Bh. H.H, Wane. CP
( T
A PA" Pub Heallh
II 176
001373
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ski er a'1'01 reported thai 25% ol 68 worker* handling chlo-roTorm m a chemical plant had enlarged livers. The 'engths01 employment were between 1 and 4 years. Concentra-tions or chiorororm m air ranged from 10 to 200 pom.
In (he view of recent reports on carctnogentcttv andembrvotoxicilv ot chloroform, (he Committee recommen-dation lor TIV chloroform is 10 pom as TWA and cfassifica-(ton as an industrial Substance Suspect of Qrcmogervr Po-tent-at for Man |A2). A concentration ol lOppm is one itfthOt the concentration ai which organ injury wa$ observedand fs had ol the concen;ratton which would be derivedcomparing the toxicity of other organic solvent s."-'nMOSH recommended in T974 a TlV 10 pom as TVVA'1-' andm 1976 lowered the value to 2 ppm because of susoectedcarcinogenic potential of chloroform '"'
foreign Industrial Air Standards (taken from Reference12 ) ; Bulgaria, 10 ppm; Chechoslovakia. 10 oom. for nnefe<oosures. 50 ppm Finland, 50 ppm; Hungary, 4 ppm rorbrief exposures. 20 ppm: Upan. 50 ppm Poland. iQ cpm;Rumania. 10 ppm; Yugoslavia, 50 ppm West Germany. 10ppm ( 1978)References:1. Moms, I.E.: Cmicji Anevr
itor I F \r(u»o, D 24-41 . fPA ( 1%J)
a *ne<tn?nc',_ ed-Ddvis Como^nv.
2. IteH, K-f-. Bcid. W.O., StpW. I-C. et J/: fxp Mo*. Pathol. W215-229 (T973)
3. Kylm. 8., KercHard, H, Sume i, I. *f af- ACM Pfiarmacol. etToxiCOl 4V16-26 O%3).
4. Torkctson, 1.&,. Oven, f., Rowe, V.K.: Am. Ind. Hvg. Atioc I-J/697-70S (1976)
5. Schwetx, 8J*>, teang, B.K.I., Gehrmg, P.f,: Tox. A0pi. Pharm.
6. Esehenbr«nner. A.8.: /.' /Vat Oncer /n«, £251 (i9*5»7. Nationaf Cancer litititute: tffoort on Csfctnogeiws Sioassiv
ot Cfttoraro/m, (march i. 19'M.8. Roe. F.J.C; Pr-itm. Rept ol Long-term Tesifof Chtoroiorm m
MICB. Raw and Oogs. 5oc.«» Tox. Ana. Meetings. Atlanta. CA(MjfCn 18, 1976).
4. Chjllen. P.I.R., Hickiih, O.E., Sedfor, |.: 8nt. I Ind \ied 15:243 (I95fl»
10. Botnfki, H.. Saboiemkj, A., Strabowsbi, A.: Arch Cewerbe-
11. von Octtin((en, W.F.: The Hafonenaied Hvdrocjfboni TheirToxicity and Potential Dangers U5. Public Mejim 5erv So//.•1U(212} 46-65 ( 19551
12. UtidjMn. H.M.D.: / Occuo ved W 253 (1976113. MOSH: Cr-teru For 3 Seco^m^naea Standard — O
(Mjrcn 1977)
bis(CHLOROMElHYL) ETHERbisCMEC!CH :OCH_C1TLV. 0.001 ppm < ^ 0.005 mg/m 1). Appendix A1aRecogni2ed Cjrcinogen
nitlfilv cotcrte?fi
^•js a .TO'es .u . ' j r acii jnf «i? ? M 9^ d 5oec . " 'C r d v/ fv c/ ' ^jf *'L'J C. d <rif*it,nn pomr or —i 1.5° C jna J bourne comr'')*)' C .: .i jn ./'jwierffif comvouna %ener<irea -n >production and utt? or CV'f, which, m tne
n\aro%en or nvdroxvi <ons <*na traces o>njies 10 .iidehvdes jntf rnern/j/ -,\nich >n ' jrn.recomotne ro form tjisC-^t It /s sfj 'ub/e -^ J" oroaorforn
•n alcohol jnrf ether, out is (Jecompoivfj b\> J ^r <mo ny-drogen cnionae .u-u/ torm^idch^ac
Bt sCME ^ no ionner used 'or cMorome(hvi , ; t ion m in-dustry. but is used as the "-onnonni; ind i cator for CME.because or HS greater stabi l ity in vvorkroom air. and as jnmtefmediate m armmic exchange ^trong-bJse resms o> thequaternarv ammonium tvpe
The caronogenn: potencv of bisCME is greater thanCME. Attent ion w.is f i r s t called 10 the a!pha-rulo-eir iers asa lkv latmg carc inogens bv Van Ouu'en ef d/. (" biiC.ME was(ouncf to be J potent a lkv lJtmg carcinogen for mouse skin,more potent than c i ther the beta- l jctones {/3-prop io (ac-tonet or epoxides |1 diepo^vbutane). Sjbsequent lv, b i s-CME was reported in be a highly potent mducer ot tumorsm the respiratory IM< t m mic^ t J 1 and rats . " 1 Increased num-
bers of cu!mon<irv ai;eno r nJS ocr^TPrt <r mice uoon re-oeatea cJd-v exposures (^. Di <Cv. £ a; i npm ana scell f j rc i romas or 'he lung jna esth i jneurneot the oie'doorv epithel ium occurred m rats Following s im-i lar cond i t ions ot inhalat ion exposure at a reported 0.1 ppmbisCv.E
That oisC.ME could be caconogemc tor man was hrstobserved in 1%4 ann 1%5 foito-.v ing the deaths irom iun(?cancer 01 two 'tfattveiv youn^ emoiovees, aj?ed -iS and 35vears rp^oect i ' -e iv , ^ho had worked m chloromeihyiationoperat iuns ' - 1 1 L a t e r . i%7 a j9-vea r old ma'e chearst whohad workeo -.r>. botn th« ^esearch laborjtorvand pilot plantdurm? :ne renod ! Q 5 I to i%5 dieo 01 iung cancer. -\fourth lung cancer deain occufred in 1971 m a j^- '-ear oldempiovee wio .\,as f i r s t empioveea two vears earner . Th i semplovee ^ad, however, ^eporfecj lv \\orked m the ware-house ana tank iarm and thus '.vas re iat ivefv removed Fromdirect con iact w t t h ch loromethv l ether operat ions . Two ad-dit ional employees are cufeniiv auve. but wuh lung can-cer, one age *>0, had w< rkea m the research and devci-ODment laboratory, tne other, had worked for 1.J vears mihe warehouse and in the steam-tube drier operat ion mthe ion-exchange department. Although five OF the sis lungcancer employees were considered tobacco smokers, thisdistribution ot smokers is not too dissimilar from that ofthe general population. This tact , coupled wuh relativelyh'gh incidence of lung cancer, (6 of approximately 100 em-plovees), the relatively youthful age when the cancers ap-peared, and the demonstrated potency of the thlorornethylethers tor an ima l s 1 * 1 make these ethers highly suspicious olbeing carcinogenic for mar.
Further animal experimental evidence of the potentcancerigemoty 01 bisCME was provided in a report 16 1 ofthe finding that 98 of 111 rats had Ero» or microscopic
91
001374
IIIiiiiiiiiii
e standard, insoiar as the fLV can be denned assuch a vr*najrd. There is diiie evidence that exposure tobenzene dt concentrations below 25 ppm causes blooddvscrasws. or anv kmd. Setting the TLV at to ppm. as a time-werghteo average, provides an added margin 01 saietv
it the siandard is to be set at the lowest practicable de-tectaftle inme, it « the opinion of some member? or theComrmtree (hat a »-afu@ lower than f ppm should be select-ed- In the josence of interfering substances benzene vaoorCan be measured w*th reasonable accuracy in concentra-tions at le«i as low a* 0.1 ppm; m the presence of cenatfttHfefifefewe*. if iwaur be difficult to achieve the prescribedaccuracy and rehadrfitv even at concentrations somewhat
PP*"the errects (he fiv iv designed -o prevent are
chronic m nature, a ceiling designation is not appropriateand a ST£l of Z5 pom 15 recommended
Other rprommeftfations: AN$i (1969) 10 00m: Czecho-slovakia (J«)9I 16 pom; USSR (1972) 1.6 ppm; DOR (1973)16 ppm; Sweden (1975) 10 ppm; 8RD H974) 0 pprn (treat *as carcinogen).
References:I. Merck index. 9th ed . p. US, Merc* & Co., inc.. Rah way,
2. Gerarde, H.W.: Toitcologv & Biochemxtrv ot Aromas. cdfor.arbom, fhev.e* Publishing Co., NV f1960|.
1, Elkins, H.B.: Chemrtirv ot Industrial Toxicology, 0 103. W'& Sons. NY (1959)
4. Vigliam, E-C Saita. G.; New t>£. / Wed J,"J 872 (1%4).5. Legge, f.M.: / //id *v%. I 539 f!92016. G«*nburg, 1.: L-S ^yb//c Hw/fft ReoG'U 4H357 (1926)7. Bowditch. M., EItiivs. H.; / /ncf Hvg. & Tov J/.321 (1939)8. Hunt«r, F.T.: /ft/d., ^ 33 1 .9. Mjllorv r.S. el «*/: C'd., D 355
10. Greenburg, U <?f J^ 5id, p J9511. Hefmer, K.i^ ACtJ \-ft3. 5«/itf "?3 )S412. Sjviljhh, M,; /trcn C^tver^eoJtn u. Gewej-oertyg. 75. U 7
(1956i13. Koilov-a. JA., Volko*i. A.P.; (7-<. idn.-f J5 .19 !'9>/)| Ctctl bv
MOSH ^n ref j]14. Ju/WMk, f.. vied . P^emv/oivj *'4?67 .'t%9) /o*d.15. .Akiov, M. ef J» *r»r ; /nrt .MM t'»56 ( 1972)16. Aksovv, M. ef j/ S/ooo 4J83" < :974)17. Ikedi, M.: Pononini? Due :o 8en?ere jnd iis Subs t i t u t e s tn
nrernjtionji \',orktho0on tt>e toxicology ot Benzene.
20.2T.22.23.24.
18. - C.f.A.. / /nd !A6l)
27.
28.29.30.
31.
32.
33.34.33.36.
37.
38.
39.
40.41.
42.
43.
44.45.
4A.
47.48.
Heimjnn, H-. f o«*. C.B.: <"v K /nrf Hyg Bull., p. :24 {November19401Wilioft, R,H,: / tjtj. C/*fl Med. 2?\W (19J21Hard?, H.t., ffkins, M.S.: / /nrf H«e. * To* jtf'% (194fl|0ljnev, L.; Mtf Werf ,5 S*rff. '^227 (1910)Wallt(«v. f-f- er at Am intf. Hvg. AKOC. /. 22. 362 (t%l».Pj«noito. t.O. er /ftirf.. p 417PagnaOd, UD. (?( j/- Sentene Exoo-sure m the Rubber Coai^glodmtrv: a foltowue. Presented it theHvgieno C0n'Qferwe. New Orla-sn^ tMaiEfbhi*, H-B.r Significance 01 Sen/ene {xpofure ATIOO^ Work-er? m Rubber Sorejdtng Operations. Presented Jt tne /iweww-fionj/ t«ar#s/t0j> drt ;ns Tosncotogv ot 8emef*f Pans (197ft)FucHs, A.: rn Oocutnent3lr<yn of the MAC inPrague (?%9)Ockhmjrth, W.B. r a/: fox. Appl Pharm 5 201Nau, CA. ef a/: Arch ffiv. HeaHh J/382 (196A)Njhoruf Academy at Sciences: Hejith (tfecn cr
Sfdndjcd 'a/- Occupj-NIOSH: CnienJ 'or Jr»onj; fsposufff ro Benrene (1974)NIOSH: Revt&a Recommendation tof an Occuc~-'io,ijl t*po-$ufe S,jntt3r(J for Bemcne (Augusl 1976).McM.ehaet. A,|. e? j/: A Occup. Afecf- J6-453 f 19:^iAndjelkovic, O. ef a/ /fe;d. 18 387 (1976)Momon, R.R., Nafeano. K.K,r ,-lffi /. (pidem, 103 2Z4 (1976).OSHA: Emerflentv remoorafv Standard tor Occuwitonat Ex-posure to Benzene federal Ke$itrer J.?r22S1^ (^Uv 3, 1977)
, P.F. et ji- LeuKemij Among Worker* fspowd to 8en-A manuscript (19*^)
Younq, R, ef j.': Walk Through Stjrvev ot Cooa;ejr T.ie &Rubber Co. St. Mary's . OH A manustcioi ( 1977)Harris, R L Jr.: Tesimnortv berore OSHA hearings .zn the pro-
ras tor occuo^'-ionjl exposure to s. DC (Augusl 197T)
Tnorpe. |.,'.: ;. Occup. Med. 16 375 ( 1974) .Ott, M.G, et ar Mortjntv Among Indwitfu3l$(xowert to Benzene A mdnustnor (I?7> lFishbeck, W.A.: Testimony ber<xe OSHA hednngs cposed stjnd^ras tor occupational eiposure toWashington OC i^ugusi :977)Todjfo, G.J.. Huebncr, R.|.: /'roc Jf. Acad. 5(( 1972) Cited bv NIOSH m ret 31Toulon. I.M. et Jl: fur ' Cjncr.- 1> 49 tWQ)foint. A.; Report in tne ^'oceeoi^gs or !ntern^norf> Work-shop on the Toxicology a/ Benzene. Pans (1976)M-juqen, S., PoHt.ii, G.; 8en;en<; Hdemcpjtv: Ceiiu jr Oam-di;e jnd Chromosome Changes. Personal Researcr^i /o*dOeGowm, R.U i.A .vi A 13$ Ma (1%3)IVuhaui, R.: Proceedings or [he XI International Career Con-grew, florence. Italy (l'^4)
001375
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II
• ncfudini? ;eukemia, was round to be higher than :n theHenera) pcoutauon amonsj certain groups or rubber work-c's. Monsofl and Nakanc|Ji> found 55 cases ot leukemia vs•43 expected, among rubber workers. It was noted thai ben-zene has been used extensively m the rubber industry, butis no longer empfoved. although M is a contaminant ot ex-tensively used naphtha solvents. The degree 01 exposure tobenzene m the rubber mdustrv during the tint hah ot the'.940-1950 decacie mav well have been excessive. WHson1'01
has noteo deaths and blood abnormalities among workerstn the rubber industry during (he war vea« who were ex-posed, on ihe average, to eofteefttrafiom of benzene vaporof 100 ppm Neither Momon-Nakano or other authors orttmilar paom quoted in rhg NiOSH update mentionwhether or not aplaMic anemt^ or other blood dyscrasias.apart from leukemia, occurred in the groups of workersthat were studied.
Nevertheless OSHA. m 1977, issued an Emergency Tem-porary Standard (ETS)' * ' establishing a fVVA limit ot 1 pprnfor benzene vapor (Enforcement ot this standard was void-ed bv the courts) . Mucn 01 the evidence substantiating thisacuon w,as the same as that quoted m the NIOSH updateHowever, one addit ional paper was cued bv Infante erj^ 'J' i t n which nine 'eukemia deaths were reported tramtwo rubber f i lm cast ing plants wneie benzene vapor con-centrations allegedly ranged from 0 to 15 ppm. This reportwas cnncai iv examined :n OSHA hearings on a permanentstandard, with esssniullv ihe same provisions as the ETS,which were neid during the summer ot 1977. The data onoenzene exoosure m the two plants m question, especiallydunng the f i r s t part 01 the ten vear employment period(19-30 fo 1950) covered bv the stuov, were tound to be in-complete, unreliable dnd contradictory. Even m 1976 aNiOSH report or one or the plants involved, or its succes-sof, showeo concentrations in excess of 15 ppm at severallocat ions ' • " ' ' A studv bv Harr i s el at™ m 1973 .and 1974revealed sirmiar findings, although the overall average orait sarnie resu l t s vds sl ightly anove 1 ppm. During thepe-icd "NO to 194$ or -so. when manv o' the involvedworner-, were emoloved ;he permissible concentrat ion torbenzene e^oosure IA5 ;A standard! was 100 ppm. In com-mon wnh ire oaoers c »f <?d bv ihe NlOSH update, no infor-mation on c ;ner olooo abnormal i t i e s was given m the In-rante report
Epidemio iog ic studies ot workers exposed to measuredlow concentrations ot benzene vapor have yielded nega-t ive or inconclusive r (?sui is Thorpe 1"01 a l t e r studying ;heoccurrence ot leukemia ;n a population 01 38.000 workersm a var i e ty or European Detroieurn and petrxnemtc . ) ! op-erat ions, some ot whom were exooseo at leveis of benzenethat occasional ly rpacned 20 oorn. over a period or tenyears, lound that deaths irom leukemia 'were not abnor-mal" tor the countries involved (18 >/s. 2J 23 expected!
Retrospect ive studies ot employees o? .1 large chemicalcompany, exposed !oi manv \-ears to ben/ene, mostly atlow levels, revealed no excess morta l i ty ' "4 J i A cohort ot594 workmen w«»r*> divided into tour exposure groups verylow exposures, less than i ppm as time weighted average(TVVA), low exposures. 2-9 ppm: moderate exposures, 9-24pprn; ..nd high exposures, above 25 ppm In many areasthere was exposure (o other chemicals ds well as to ben-zene The duration of exposure was also divided into tourgroup*, with :8fa workers having m excess 01 20 years.
Of 102 deaths, two were due to anemia, two to leuke-mia, ana one had leukemia & a complication Of these livecases, only one. an autopsy-confirmed pernicious anemia,involved a previous exposure to benzene ot significance,5520 ppm monihs. The other anemia death, diagnosed asbeing or the aolasnc tvpe, was of a worker with 453 ppmmonths of bervzene exposure. Two of the leukemia casesmvolvpd exposures of 545 and 305 ppm months, ce-spectivetv. while the third was of a worker w»th ontv 18ppm monihs benzene exposure,
To put these exposure data; m perspective, three of thedeceased woifcers had had exposures to ben^ene equiva-lent to 40 years' employment m concentrations stighHvabove or below I ppm; the exposure ot >he fourth, ifspread over 30 vears, wou'd have been at a concentrationot 0.05 opm.
The predicted deaths from anemia and leukemia were0.2 and 1 respectively The fact thai, apart rrom the perni-cious anemia death, mere appeared to have oeen no doseresponse relationship, apparently led to Ihe conclusion titthe authors rhat 'no mortality findings directly d/.'riOuf jo'e;fo benzene exposure were observed"
The NlOSH update mentions the consistent observa-t ions oi chromosomal aberrations associated with benzeneexposure, but further comments that the implications ofthese tindmgs with respect to benzene leukemia are stilinot clear. The possbil itv of a chromosomal instabi l ity act-ing as a stimulus for a latent leukemogemc virus has beenspeculated upon'41 1 This question was discussed at somelength at (he international Workshop on the Toxicology ofBenzene neld in Pans in November 1976. Tough1"1 hadpreviously reponed that marked aberrations were foundonly m plants where concentrations ol benzene vaporwere beneved to be between 25 and 230 opm. and that nos ign i f i cant changes were observed at 12 ppm Forni , '^ >howeve'. s lated that rhere had been a tew oosmve. as wei!as negative, reports at levels between 5 and 25 ppm Theconsensus or op in ion was (hat (he s .gntncance oi the f ind-ing of mcrejsed chromosome aberrations lor the occur-rence of benzene leukemia was sti l l not clear V.augen andPolhni '- 1 * 1 reported l. iat among luiian shoe workers "almostail the cjses ot haemcoJthv due to tiemoi vtmcfc lead todeath snow -'edfures of terminal leukemia. . . and nhe leu-kemus) were j/wjvs nreceded bv apustic conditions '
Opinions ot the workshop part i c ipants refat ive to theappropriate TLV tor benzene were varied. The final recom-mendat.on was to reta in K) ppm as a permis^iole TWAwhich must not be exceeded ';ut it was also specif ied tha tbenzene should not be employed when suost i tute mate-r ia l s were available.
DeGowm's report"'1 of a case of leukemia following anapparent benzene-induced .iplastic anemia contains .1 dis-cussion which implies that there is evidence that dplasticanemia per se mav lead to leukemia, and that delayedcases of this disease are not confined to aplascc anemiadue to benzene.
It is the opinion of the Committee that the charaaerua-tion ot benzene as a leukemogen, by NlOSH, is. in esseme,valid, although benzene mav be what Truhaut has de-scribed as a "secondary caronogen '. I48V An A2 notationshould be applied to benzene in fhe TLV listings.
On the other hand, the Committee does not agree withthe NlOSH recommendation of 1 ppm as an occupational
39
001376
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
r.jiS organic chemicals li ;* found mtrace «trr.cunt5 to as much as 30% concentration m some
II
As an acute poison benzene produces narcoticcomoarjc1*' ro those ot toluene; it is a more potent narcot-ic than rr* atones or naohrhenes ot similar boiling points.But the effect or chronic exposure 10 this compouna is hvtat the inoy serious dnea*<? caused hv anv of the commonhvdroca'oon solvents. Its action on the bone marrow mavresult m dieiecudle alterations, and. m some instance?.jpLisuc *r»emia. The reported LDv» orally in young dduilraffs « it mt/B-8.i'»
M is unique amonij hvdroca/bon* as A mvetotoxiram '-'More ifuri UO fatal cases o» benzene* potsonrng had beenrecorded swior to 1959 IJt Vighani J^d S«wa'J> listed 26deaths trncn chronic benzene poisonmg m two provincesm Italy heM.veen i960 and 1%J. Eleven of these were diag-nosed as '•eukemia. which mav develop several years aftercessation n* exposure to benzene
Most ceaths from ben/ene have resulted from expo-sures 01 r^re order of 200 opm or more. !n a tew instancesconcents ons of 1000 or even 2000 ppm have been rpr-orded in 'A-orkpiaces where deaths occurred Some ot th**seare Le^ce '>> 210 to !050 npm. Green our {;,">' 7Q ro J800PD'". wan over naif aboi/e 200; flowonch.1''' TOO to 200 +measured one leukemia case described bv Hunter*1 -inrtMallorv''" *. * years after exposure at over 200 ppm; Green-burg."01 25 to 1000 ppm m tour rooms, Helmer.'" 1 UO to200 ppm j; :er improvements. Sav i l ah t i . ' 1 ' 1 3 18 . 433 and 470ppm; Koz i c •.<!,'»'' 47 to 3 10 ppm, Vigf iam -•" 190 to hhO opma r t e r four -ear s death from leukemia, )uzwiak . ' " > 31 to 356pom, Ak*c » . " > ' 150 to b50 opm. and 210 to tnO pom ''^ ?6pat ients . v - * h acu te leukemia or nreieukemia. ikeda. '"" ! 100ro 800 por« -"* deaths, all females, none from leukemia
WmsiOrt Sl however, reported olood changes tn workers wnere con c en t r a t i o n s 01 benzenp vaoor hytow 1 00 ppm.%ere 'ounc: Heimann .ind Fora" 1" touna one death andf^ree cases .\ > th blood changes wnere air ana lvS'- . tor b^n-zene shCAea a concentrat ion or 105 ppm. W.Kon'^1 tc-
* ' a ta i cases in a plant where the average con-:' benzene vaoor was 1 00 ppm in a f t r t h room.\'ih benzene no i son-n^ . Green burg 1 '01 fount] 1 1So tar as can be determined ;he lowest me,i-
concentrat ion of oenzenp vapor associated wan ,jratal case or benzene intoxitMtion taue 10 apldiitc anemia)o-as the ^0 om reported bv H.irdv and Elkms in 1948. -M| <na piani \,vn**nt? repealed air analvses were made, and a num.bor ot otne-' workers showed vime blooa abnormalities
Blanev^ 'ound little evidence of benzene intoxicationtn a group OE 90 workers regut.mv exposed to benzene fordbout 1 3 vejrs Concentranoni wpre generally low. bu( ur i-iar\ pheno? measurements inHicatcd some exposures 01ihe ord<?f ot 25 ppm 1-' 1 1 A tollowup several years latershowed no evidence or per^rinj? blood dvscrasias. NO-ases ot leukemia are known lo have occurred in this•oun of wooers P.ignotto ei . i/ 1- 1 1 found workers in rub-•r -oreadmg operations involving naphtha with a re la >•?lv M.gn Oen^ene content utposed (o ben/ene m con-
t rat ions which were for thM most pan between 6 jnd 25-i A rH,mrier of blood studios shewed a few . ihnormjttbut onty two were oetOui 10 warrant special considcr-•> 'n one rase the possibi l i ty ot leukemia was ra i sed ,>n Demg removed trorn his job and given iron therapy
ooned i*'centrano"•o 5~ ppm
•he wcrner recovered Secau^-? or several joD changes ni$benzene e.xoosu/e could not be reitjblv e^itmared
The other worker was in a »?rouO studied intensivelyover a Dcnod 01 several years bv Pagnotio 1 '51 He nad A redcount betow to-jr miifion a hemoafobm below iweivegrams and suffered from nose bleeds. HIS benzene expo-sure, as estimated from several unn^rv phenol determina-tions, was to about 40 opm After his exposure to benzenewa* terminated, his blood picture gradually returned fonormal The iS workers m ibis plant were followed up ror15 year? aMfir (he me of naphtha comamirtg benzene wasdiscontinued. None showed any signs ol n«vmanent bloodabnormalttie* There were three death?, nemo bem^ tromleukemia. It was concluded that 25 ppm of benzene vaooris safe tor most workers, but that since the margin of sa'etvis smail, a l"LV ot 10 pnm was re com manned lri) Elkins'-"" ina summarv ot the findings in the r. oner spreading mdustrv.came to a similar conclusion
These conclusions were conoisienf with (hose ofFuchs1"1 m l%9, who found variations in the hiooa dc-tures or three workers but did not consider :hat thechanges were proved to result trom ineir benzen** p<oo-surcs of 19, 28 and 43 ppm. rcsppctivetv HP also stated rr-arhe could imd no data m the literature on proved benzenepoisoning m concentrations below 16 ppm nor could hefind any Soviet report which cited reasons tor decreasingme Russ ian MAC !c •') ppm.
Two mv*^figators have studied fhe effects on rats o:exposures at relatively low levels 01 benzene vapor extend-ed periods Deichmar.n er d/ 1281 found ( ha t after 5 to 8weeks of 5 hour/dav. 5 days/week exposure at 44 ana 47ppm, ran. developed a moderate degree of leukopenia. buttnai none resulted frcm 15 to 31 ppm Sau et df<"> found adecrease m ihe white blocd cell counts 01 rats fol lowing756 hours of exposure at 50 ppm of nenzene on a scheduleof fl hours/dav. 5 davs/week. Reduced amounts ot ONA -nthe white cel ls , a depression m mveloc-nc a c t s v nv , and anincrease ;n the re lat ive numbers ot red ceil precursors inthe bone irarrow were also ooservcd
There have been numerous reviews of ihe l i t e ra ture 01benzene intoxicat ion Noteworthy are those ot the \a-donal Academv of Sciences m I976"31 anrt the MO5Hcr i ter ia document on benzene, publ isnprj m 19"4 '•' \$ 4resu/: OF ( h i s extremely thorough fpv iew, \iO5H recom-mended a workplace t ime weighted average standard 01 10ppm with a ceilmg of 25 ppm.
In !97f) however \IO5H i-iued .1 revised rpcommpnda-tion for an occupational exposure standard for oen/ene ' i ;'The key to this recommendation is (he statement in the
that "fli>c<tuse it *s not j/ present f)oss*6/e ;ovoasivre /eve/ tor ,i cjrcmngen. the A-/OSH
recommendation is ro restrict exposure to KW low levelswhich cjn {//// /)(? feebly measured in the workplace ' *number ot references <ire given, primarily to support thecharacterization ot benzene as a carcinogen (leukemogen)Thus most relate to leukemia cases associated with heavybenzene exposures, either measured or interred from asso-ciation with numerous cases ol aplast ic anemia or otherblood dvscrasias. Others are epiriennoiogic studies on can-cer m which no evidence 01 the degree, or pven tact. 01benzene exposure is c i ted- Thus in at least (wo 01 thesepap e r s , ' 1 1 1 4 ' fhe word "ben/ene ' does not appear In theseand oiher papers the incidence ot various types ot cancer.
001377
IIIIIIIIIIIII
BENOMYLMethvl l-BenfeteC.H..N-0,TIV, tOSTEl, 15 mg/m*
a whir^ emrstff/wr f ofltt whteb has a mo/e-evlar weight of 290132, /( decomposes without melting andha* a negtrg&le vapor pressuf&. mttrcatmy ex&osure wouldbe in paniculate form. Verv sliehth soluble m water, it issoluble m svtene, acetone, dimethvltormamide and ch/oro-form.1" fluorometrrc and co/onmefric^'and liquid chroma-(Ofjrapmc1" procedures tor determining residues of faeno-mvl have been published.
Benomvt >s the common name for this iungtode andascanode
The acute oral LD» 'or the rale is £ 10.000 rn«/kg. Theacute *km atworption LDto (or the rabbit ts > 10,000 mg/kg.Apolicauon to me snaved intact sktn ot ten male guineaD"gs , at each level as aaueous suspensions containing 3,i2,5 and 25% benomy* as the active ingredient m a 50%wettaOle powder, resulted m negligible irritation. One otten gu«nea pigs nad mild erythema two ttavs alter applica-tion at the high rate All guinea pigs at the two lower ratesand m a control showed no irritation alter two davs. | J * In-stillation into the eves of rapbits ot 10 ms> of dry $0% pow-der or 01 ml of 10% suspension m mineral o>l caused only[emnorarv mild coniunctivat irr i tat ion V The acute inhala-tion iC« ^ >2000 rng/m» (> I mg/U for ran" and tsequivalent to >82S mg.'nV (> 0.825 mg/L) for dog'*> 'or(our-hour exposures Histo ioSicaHv, there was reduction ofspermatogemc act ivity m some animals With regard to thisaet . t f t tv . no-etfect levets for benomvl for tour-hour expo-sures are equivalent to >100 <4lO mg, m* <> 0 ' <041mg -L ) tor me rat and > J25 <825 mg/m' ( > O.J2S <0825mg/t) ror the dog. -Vdditionallv nfteen (our-hour inhala-tion exposure* at !hp equivalent or 100 mg/m l (0 . 1 m g/L jof benomvi over a ponod of three weeks produced no elm-ical or hutopatnoiogic ind icat ion ot accumulat ive e f f e c t sm the rat. 4|
A low oraer of lox i c i tv has been fount) m chronic studies !n two-vear teeOrng studies no-effect levels in the cjiciAte 2500 ppm (025% ) ror rats (hignest level fed) jna 50(J
CONHfCH-^CH,.N
fOOS^f for dogs. rVsiicirJe residue tolerances havebeen established "t many food crops. They arc « high a*15 0pm tor stone fruits and food jddmve tolerances are a*.high a* 50 ppm for raijim.'1' 'n j three-generation rat re-production sludv no compound-related reoroductiqn-orlanatson differences were observed among corrrol andlest grouos even at 2500 ppm (025%). the highest ti.etarvtevel fed. tn a teratogemc study in rat neither me outcomeat pregnancy nor embrvonai development was effectedeven at 5000 ppm fO 50%), the highest dietary lev^i fed. In adominant lethal mutagenie study m the rat, fcencmvl wasnot mutagemc at 2500 ppm (0 25%J. the highest dietary lev-el fed '"'
Cardmer p( at*- showed that rat and dog eliminated>99% ot smgle. oral doses of 2-"C benomyl via the unneano (eces wiihm 72 hours. The maior metaboi'te was me-thyl 5-hvdroxy-2-benzirmdaiOie-carbamate which waspresent m the unne as glucuromde and/or sulfate conni-gates. Residue data on dog and rat tissues from :wo-yearchrome feeding siudies demonstrated thai benomy; and itsmetabol ites cto not accumulate m animal t issues
In view ot the fow order of acute and chrorn; -oxicitvthe TLV of 10 mg/m' jnd the STEL ot 15 mg/rm appearappropriate.References:1. E.I. du Pont He Nemours & Co.. Inc.: Technical data \r.t>ei (June
1974).1 Pejse, H.L. Holt, R,r.: / ASIOC. Qfdc. Ann Crtem.
S4<fa 1199-1402 (197H3. KirkMnd. M-, Hoi*. R.f.. Pease, H.L,; /. Agr. f<jrj,j Oem
*'(^U68-J71 ( 197JJ .4. t.l. du Pont (Je Nemour* & Co.. Inc.; Lnoublishet] r] j r j5. Shemun, H., Culik, R., Jackion, ff.A.; Tox. AofJl. Phjrm 12 J05-
J ! 5 ( I 9 7 5 ) .6. Gjrdiner. |A, Kirlcljnd. M-, Kloppinti H.t.: / Agr food Chert.
'
II
BENZFNi:
TIV, 10 ppm ( =s 30 mg/m j). Appendix A2 — SuspectedCarcinogenSTEl. 25 ppm ( ^ 75 mg/m j), Appendix A2
Benzene is a colorless, non-polar liquid, with jn odorcharacteristic ot afomatic hydrocarbons. It has a rrolecular*eit>ht ot 78.11. a botitnq po'fit ot 00.1" C. J melttnq pointot 55 °C , d vapor pressure ol 75 mm Hg at 20" C and a
specific gravity of 087865 at the same temperature 8&n-zene hjs a flash point ot - n. 7" C (closed cuo, 12° f>, mak-ing il d dangerous tire hazard, If was formerly denied al-most exclusively bv distillation of coai tar, but now comesprimarily frcm petroleum, either bv extraction or bv deaik-ylation of toluene. Benzene is slightly soluble m water, butsoluble in dil proportions in alcohol, acetone Ji-d ether.
At one time benzene was an important solvent, espe-cially 'or rubber, as a diluent m lacquers, and m paint rem-overs. At present sucti uses are minimal; most benzene >sconsumed m the chemical industry, as a raw material for
001378
IIIIIIIIIiIIIIIIII
4. *»*/. H.L, f'tttutnek, MS.. Scheet. LO^ titot or 5ur%*v ci"*ctcw/u« aufflg 50/J* Acoiffjf'orf or Po'vvfc-
f<3ttn Qtv o* OCCU0. Health (VQ$H|. Ciftorwun OH
5. Kon<«n. R.8» Craft, t.f., Scfetfef, LD* Corthi. CM. -^m in<jMrf >*»K>f / .*121 (l%6t
& Sruckncr, H.C. Awfv, 5.8- SftiitM. OJU.. Dodion, v.N, R«.
METHYLENE CHLORIDEOithlarometfuneCH.CI,UV, tOO ppm ( * 3SQSfH, 500 ppm ( * 1700
••nowflJ 9J. a
r de is
chloride >* J co'orleit votetits i<auid.bv m?'i?nf. &ur comD'^re'
orgjn>c so/v^n^s /f ftjj j sweefsrt odor, Mehydrocarbons the motecutjf we-gpr •$
/s l JJ5, ootimf point >•> 40* Cdn<3 -/-95* C. VV//n /rs mg/r vjocr" orewtjre (J13 mm
. 23 5* O iu*tjnnjt corteentr<t?iontieved \vhpvever rrptnvtene cno-
Qr toteaa out over d large surface, even -r> jce (hat i1* nor C'os^ 'v conrmed. n ,-s non-tijrr.mjoie Ov
fe sr s . buf «•"' Ourn ^
< i solvent for custi'of jero^oi lorjvs jr*a
"re odor >s "or d «;ooa PG*a:ions 01 'CO
or e»oo*ure <
samruion i^e *tm Dns A nurn can
vom the e'-es ana s- . .n T"ec jfp oral LOyi 'Or fJt? 'S aDout ,000 '"g/ka
and f 'urv , 1 " ' '^e^t ^arco^>s cr--yHJO to o iQU porn m several soet^e^ or anir«,m "hp
<n i^e eves or^_ o :h ing or cd-n i remove' '• ; -s not
-- dnoui ! '•> -ijO oom • ' Jts. ; j . f a: MIX) ppm -no^ynre "i;i 'ounn ar 50 n j » s ' Crfi "-00 upm for 'our wt>e<i
ana t iver c 'Tanges Heooe' and• ( , • . . no mat ijjnv seven-nour exposures at 5(XXJ opm 'monms haa no rjiscerm jle efiec! on doijs ana rjDh<;»on^v reduchon in PO rate o' growth of guinea D I?S *r!0 000 opm four hours a dav. for seven ana one-n^ir weekscjoas and guinea on?s. but not monfcevs, rabDt i s or rats de-vi'toped l iver m.urv Moikowit/ and Shapiro 1 ' 1 reportedfour cases or poisoning with one faf4l)(v aoodrenov due tonarcotic action. Collier1"1 reported two cases 01 poisoningm DA'nters who sutured trom headache, giddiness, stupor.mtabihtv. numbness and ( sng l tnf i t m the hmos. Kuzetovamd vtasak 1 '* 1 noted compla ints ot headache, fat igue and•mation of the eves and respiratorv passages bv workers<posed at concentrat ions up to 5000 ppm \eurastnemcsorders were tound .r ^0%. and digestive disturbances m% oi the persons exposed Three acute ooisor.mas, one• otvmg loss of consciousness, were recorded without
enous
m
excesses
Wcisv*1 <taie<J ihji a chenwi j(t«f i year s esocsure developed tox*c encepnaioin witn jcousticjt anatuiioni jnd njiluCinacons Concemranomcccded 500 com: vjiw«5 Of 660 ppm. 800 oom and rw theMoor. 3600 ppm were noted
and (UmcnttflOva** found10 memvi*ne chfonn« and
which mcv Jtrnooted to Ihe former esDOiurc ccicentra-tiom were no* reported.
In the eartv i9-K)*s nctnviene cnfondc «•« c-^sider^dthe iea*i tone 01 tne cnlormated fvdrocaroon so'venfswhen a sdte industrial air limit of 500 pom was proooieo ^vHeooel ef a/.'*' -*"d later adootea bv me IV. Cor^^mee atprotecttve enough to prevent anv significant -arcjdc *M-*ec[s or ttver miurv
Sufcseauennv Stewart et j/"°' reconed TMF i ai if icantquant i t i e s ot caroon monoxide andwere produced m rt jmans ''5fX)-lOOO oom 01 metnv ienei j iODin concentrat ions ceoorfed DV : ;e i .v jrt(hose considered ooiecticn^oie ii out- rof)on r**onoti'.:e.
viore tri( * >nstxe etaminjdon or CO c.e vvas later rpoorteo DVvo lunteers f^po-ea 'o '
fJe Jf 'COO r;om for two nours rCOOO Dom-n( the C; r.errnitfed for jn d-nour etoot^resulted >* cirnoxyne-nogiooin :eve i soerrr.iced m 'nauscrv r.-orrt exposure to CO dione
TH IS 'rnd;n? ot ;ne oodv s cacacuv ;oinvierie cmoride 10 CO was ronr.rmea DVjnd E'k in i " •' n j srraii sjrouo of worne's e<oosea200 DDm rnp'nv.e^e cnicnae ^ucn rja^v .-eoeaieo -'oo-• • j r e * 'v^u irpd n eaui i ifc ir ium oiood ca"rerrrat ions ;' car-f;o<vnemo«'Oi) in 01 ":', t - j f dcc'easea • ' • • r ^ . r r ra i .^ ^e r ,\r-e*t cjav i - ; a r f or ^orx ^'-p c j i r r * ? r p n t tm Pr-eme n : "* c^r-!.?-; f. if3ox',m?rnoi i 'On.n rjt 4 j% from ,1 aav i exn i * -^ . 'L ' j(ifiO ro JOO oom or rrPimip'ie cniorirte -s dcoroxim.j ie v :.ip^rrn- js injt '.'^ve'oceu ''."rn a ud U -^DO^ure ro CO ii 'tsnv 01 50
^re at 5t'X)exces s ^'
:£0 to
ai rumans v»no^eo ro : > , ' i om•Tiethvieoe cn .ouGe 'or <j nours nao a t i i rooxvnemcg ornn(COHbt value ot J 2* ± 0 2J%. whereis an (i-hour (?xoo-sure ai 150 ppm produced 3 J9a
a r OOh^ ievei d.-i,; ^n a-hour exposure at 200 ppm resulted m COMb tevei u! oB*«± 065%
in an extensive itudv several heaiihv adults or bot^ sex-es were evoosed 'rorn 2 - ' 0 times to methviene cr:onoevapor concentrations or 050 100. 250 or 500 ppm for oe-nods o' 1. 3 and ."5 hours in a control led env ironmentchamoer These stud ies were des igned to simulate the u0eot exposures encounrere-J in the industr ia l s e t t i ng anc con-s isted ot both steadv. non-tiuctuatmg vapor concentra-tions Exoosure resulted tn a prompt elevation ot caroaxvhemogioom The elevation persisted longer man COHbfrom CO alone since metabolism ot (he absorbed metnv-
001379
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
fh,, »,.COHb .< apparently added to the bodv bur-den of cjroon mono,,d« uer.ved (rom omer sources
fh,* ,i«lv corroborate prev.ous ,,nf.e exposure srud-^ ,n ma: no deleterious erfecH upon .he heat-h or perfor-mance - heaithv adult* could be detected when theywere rtnejtcdlv etpowd to 250 0pm or less for 7 S hour*ppr dav i.ve daw o*r wee* rOr 2 week,, or m the e«e ortne ma.* subiccr* to 50Q 00m on iwo consecutive dav* ""Among ;ne parameters ,,uUlcd were comole(crcnini. iim,c«l c*mi«iv tSMA U|, SKG.**« M.HJ.J mutt <uQiect,ve t.*m and svmoionn u,,na.M« iC>mn,«.,i unnarv urob.l.nogen. n«uroio«,cal iIEC. w^*[ *vok«| response. puimondrv function andna.,ve a--fl W». -me Mi,m«,on. cooro.nanon.and
he -creaw ,„ *as ^a.ed to the magnitude orme vao. .r closure Bom cJurat.on o. e*oo*ure and warconcer«'ar,on were racson Seven and one-nalt hour e*oo-
-rn .-ed ,n CThP oao. -« not,ecrs couid noi n
Smrc v ie IOK .CSub-
|Ow ^s 100 Dpm ror 5(JDou ( 5 percen, ,noruo.e a. JSO pom and r
.t at 50 or 100 ppmOF mernvi«»ne cnlonde a^e due -n
oar. ro r> ccrve's-on to carbon mono»,de !hev would pre« au^^ea =v -P DrMenre of cjroon rp- ;no«-3 l f poder Pf d , i ! - . -nund '"p -rrpcf s 01 CO jnrt:r, ,m r-e.fn-e«H , nior.( ie 10 i-.e a c r t . n .P ,n .
or
-- . . . a rp U' ^ j cc t-O'
onai -^ j > u-e ",on ts bjsea ^oon3 ,e5 ,K r
Af >e"-pr -r not :-
T. V , , ;-;0 QDrn ,s r(?coryi
, . n ,Or- (-o ,n the .insenre Or occ.narccn rronnx.rte *h , s recrm-r.enna-
data oOMmea mm non-eep COHb
ODm ,s r
.f ; jrnun nnr^.,;. . ,„ nn^,rai d l ; . , . [ , . ,V i i ; rp«uiro
•> ncm >/.ovi^Sl I i"Vf| ^X)
References;1. Khmann. k.B., florv. f, : :t,.
pp. , ) . , J 8 .V.«M w,.lun,
I »ew Octtm^en. W (.: Hvd'ocarixxii fo*«cifv
3.
4.
5.
6.r.
//id
I5-<1 09SSJ.|.t.. Hf'^hnun, 8.. Afford, W.C. van O«rttrnj«rt, W.F^
v TOT _>9J82 (i<Mn«l. ?Jt, Perrm, T.L, Orr. N.L, f*ort*riteld, V.T.:.'68 (19441
Mdtkowitr. S», SHjpiro, M.: ^rc/t /nd Hvg. & OfCuo
Colli«r, H™- tint** 1 594
m S€ientn,c Keoom onMfljjei MW*PH, c.: Zentrjt&jtr
jna
u AfOemtchutt '/J829.
10.
11.
12.13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
. (.£.. Saretta,
, V.P.:US. USSR (1%J)Sl*wjrt, R.O.. fi*h#f, I.N.. Hoiho. ).).,tO., Oodd. H.C ; 5c/ence 1 76 95 ( 1972).S(*wart, B.O.. f «h«, I.N., Hjsfcj, M.f., Pet«r5On. I.E.,E.D.. Oodd. H.C; vert Inv Hvjith t$.Ul ( 19?2 ) .
, 8.S.. We^mart, O.H.. Elkinj. H.8.; ifrd :8 22J . i9~4t, Robert t., M.D.: Le t ' e c feoon rrom O^ec or "ji in itdtjoraiorv. ^ji/run ^oa^k Co^Ddnv. *ocr<>^ei-. sYJ. T9?5), R.O.. Hake. C.L., Former. H.V,. letirun. A.I,. Pelerion,
I.E., Wu, A.; ,v*«ifnv(*»rt<» C^laf-nt*- Oevplocment or j dio'o^icStjndJfd tor trip (ncfu*mj/ VVO'-kec ?7v BffJth ^n j 'v i ' *Foder. C.G-. P')|*njr, 0., Schliokoter M.W.: C^^CK-'M.-J^ COForiMiion nv IncorDOfJ'Cd HdlOt;enjt?(l Mvd'nCd'r.ons o* r«i?
\ s t j u o - f t e ' n r > J i t Lull J.J 260-.1SI i : 9 ' J i: C'/fe'M 'oc j ttptommf'nfJed StJnajffJ — Occucj/.on-
d' fTDOiure f (y \,tet*v>ene Cf-'onao. O VV HEW 'uoncdJ'on^o (MOSHi "i-iia ivijrcn iQ^)5lc»irt. 8.O.. fortlfr H W., Hjks. C.L. Lebrun, A.|.. Peterson.I.E.: Murpjn tfpiDonie* ID Con/roi'cd fjrDOsufei Of
^eoort so s iOSH-. OeDt or
18. . G..Cdrt)cn \:ifio*>'iePp<"oymjncp C X
o.* Cr.ionae8 1 i ae Cfoot 3s
QI'^n \o i \ iO r > H i 'i.'lh CD 1
Cenier <o' O'St 'Jve Ccn iro i MO5H : ',^7^\Hjke. C.L. S(ew*rt. R.D.. For^ief, H.V.. lebrun. A.(., Pe erjon.J.E.. Wu. A.' i?fsu'f( u/ Controlled itooitjre ot
of VWftwpn*? dliftnele i^coo't NoC-r4- i The xiearcai Coiie«e or '.v.
1 E
' c^r-";. '^- H-u"*""en- '^("""^»Wort ;.iv Hej//rt ; 9 5 - ;
001380
fIIII
3. Grandwafl, E er j/- Arch tnd. Health 114426 441 (1956).4. Dile. S^ Scjnd / Keso O«S- 5^JJ:16B-1«4 (1973).
5. National Cineef Institute: S«oJi«v o/ Titanium Dtoxiae forPossible Cjfcmogenicitv, DHEW Pub. NO. (NIH) 78-1347,Bethedsa, MO (1978),
IIIIIIIII
TOLUENEToluof
SkinTtV, 1SI1L 130 ppm ( « 560
,3 colorless liquid with a tvpical aromatic by-dfocardort odor, its molecular weight and specific gravityare 92.13 *t*d 0.866, respectively. The boiling point is110.7* C and solidifies at -95* C Ai 25' C, (he vapor pfes-
obtainedand
Hg, The closed CUD flash point is 40° F. it tswater, but mtscibie with most organic solvents.derived solely from coal tar. toluene ts nowieHv from petroleum, and ts present m gasolinepetroleum solvents. It is used as a solvent m
pamts ana coatings, for rubber, otls, resins, etc.; as a rawmaterial for rhe manufacture of benzene and a host ofother chemicais, including TNT, TDI, and ingredients ofdetergents dves and drugs.
Bet. use or its wide industrial use and chemical similari-ty to benzene, Ihe literature of industrial toxicology andindustrial medicine, particularly the latter, record numer-ous investigations of the toxic effects of toluene. Accord-ing to Party 1 the concentrations of toluene and benzenereauirea to cause prostration of mice are apparently 3000ppm and 4700 ppm, respectively. Death rrom acute potson-mg results from 10,000 ppm toluene compared witn 14,000ppm of benzene. Several incidents of workers oemg over-come bv :on.ene vapor, usually m confined spaces, havebeen reported Longley and co-workers^1 describe such anevent ancarc! ship wnere 26 men were overcome Therewere no cea;^s or senous afterenects. No irr i tat ion o' evesor resp!fa:cr f passages was ooserved.
From the standpoint of chronic poisoning, toluene doesnot cause ;ne severe miurv to ihe bone marrow character-istic of ben/ene poisoning Gerarde iJ) staiea that the my-dotoxicifv of oenzene was completely absent m tolueneand other aik».i derivatives of benzene. Von Geumgen etjA" founc mat exposure of rats at 2500 to 5000 ppm oftoluene caused a temporary decrease in the white-cellcount, but no evidence of miury to blood-forming organsor liver Oeenburg and co-workers'5' studied a group ofpainters exposed !0 toluene m concentrations rangingfrom 100 to 1 100 ppm. Their findings included enlargementof the liver, macrocvtosis, moderate decrease m erythocvtecount and absolute ivmphocytosis, but no leukopema.
Wilson*** found 'hat among workers exposed at ,'sssthan 200 ppm of toluene there were some complaints ofheadache, lassitude and nausea, but physical findings wereessentially negative. At concentrations between 200 and500 ppm impairment of coordination, momentary loss ofmemory and anorexia were also present Between 500 and1500 ppm palpitation, extreme weakness, pronounced loss
o' coordination and impairment of reaction time were not-ed. The red cell count fell m m^ny instances, and therewere two cases of apiastic anemia, in which recover* fol-lowed intensive hospital treatment. A later ccmmenr byWilson.i*) however, suggests that he did not rule out thepossibility thai some or the above effects were due to abenzene >mpuritv in the toluene usad.
According to farrttaff,<n severe exp^ure tp toluene mayrvstriftft'* pmnouncsd drbp^ irf iftr ntf ttUrtl and partialdestruction of !he blood-forming elements of the bonemarrow. However, Gerardew stated thai esfensive animalstudies clearly indicate that toluene is not a bone marrowpoison. While there have been occasional reports of aplas-tic anemia attributed to toluene,'" in some instances thepresence of benzene was not precluded, and there havebeen no "epidemics" of this disease among toluene work-ers comparable to those which have resulted from ben-zene, Powars'10' reported six cases of aplasnc anemia, oneof them fatal, among glue sniffers. Although toluene wasthe solvent chiefly used, no analysis was given of the glueinvolved in the fatal case. Exposures m these cases aremuch greater than would normally arise trom occupationaluse of toluene. Thus Knox and Nelsom'" described an in-stance of permanent encephalopathy involving a man whoinnaled totuene regularly for over 14 years.
Von Oeiliogen and co-workers'*' found that humansubiects exposed at 200 ppm suffered sl ight but definitechanges in muscular coordination. They concluded 'ha'such concentrations were uniikeiy to have anv discernibleuntoward effects on health. Cerarde 19 ' however, believedthat von Oetungen s work did not justify the 200 ppm iim-M. Ogata et a/* 1 Z | found that experimental human subiectsexposed at 200 ppm for seven hours showed prolongationof reaction time, d^r^ase m pulse rate and m svstohcblood pressure. The • consider 200 ppm too high as (heMAC. Takeuchi < !" exposed rats o.t 200 ppm and higher con-centrations of toluene ror 32 weeks and 'hen to benzenefor 19 davs On tne bas.s of dinerences round between ihetoluene-exposed animals and controls, eg. change* >nweight of adrenai glands, he suggested that the UAC o'200 ppm for toluene should be reconsidered
SmyCh er <i/ reported an oral LD$o. administered to rats.to be 7.53 mL/kg . ' 1 ' 1
On the basis o' the above data, a reduction in the TLVfor toluene trom 200 ppm to 100 ppm is recommended,with a SHL of ISO ppm
Other recommendations. Cook (1945) 200 ppm. Smyth(1956) comments that this hrnit may permn early signs 01narcosis Elkms (1959) 200 ppm; ANSI (1967} 200 ppm USSR(1967) 14 ppm, Czechoslovakia (1969) 50 ppm; West Ger-many (1974) 200 ppm; Sweden ( 19751 100 ppm; East Ger-many (1973) SO ppm; NIOSH (1973) 100 ppm.References:1. Patty. F-S-: Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology, 2nd ed . Vul !l, p
1226. Imerscienee, NY (1963).1 longlcy, E.Q., (one, A.T.. lomaev. O.: Arch, fnv Health ?J Jfll
400
001381
IIIi-.-i.'.IIII
II
I
lene c*^'ooc5e connnued after evnosure ceased Th:$ sof-veni-irtouced COHb is aoparemtv added to the body bur-uen cf carcon monoxide derived from other sources.
This studv corroborated previous single exposure stud-ies m that no defetenous ejects upon the health or perfor-mance of healthy adults could be detected when theywere repealediv exposed to 250 ppm or less for 7.5 hoursper day, five davs per week for 2 weeks, or m the case ofthe mate subfect*, IO SOQ ppm on two consecutive days.""Among the tuftmercn studied were comptele bloodcount, clinic*, tbemistry (SMA 121. IKG, serum trt^yeef-tdes, Wood pre«u/f, 5abiectiv*sii«s arv^ 3jrt«g|0mfe«riR^tvsii £Comb)5Hv> imnarv ucobtNrtoftan, rteurofogteaf tests.fPG. visbaf evoked response, pulmonary function and cog-nitive, j term ess, i«n» estimation, coordtrutKW anthmefw:and tnsgscifon resw
The increase in COHb was related 10 the magnitude ofrhe vapo/ exposure. Both duration of exposure and vapor
were factors. Seven and one-half hour expo-io contemrahorts as low as 100 ppm for 5 davs resurr-
ed m COHb elevations about 5 percent in noi smokers,The aaor was nof objectionable at 250 ppm and manv sub-jects coufd noi detect if at 50 or 100 ppm
Since rhe toxic effects of methvfene chionde are due mpan 10 »?$ conversion to carbon monoxide, thev wouid ore-sumabiv be augmented by the presence or carbon monox-ide m me 3*r Poder et $A'*' found (he ejects of CO andrhe COHb from methylene chloride to be additive >n }-hour exposure resis with rats Therefore, whenever there isa combined exposure ro the vaf?rs or metnyfen* chlorideand caroon monoxide, the appropriate eauat'cn ror mr * .tures shoved be used, m determining vvn^^f or not :^e
van
•\ lime-weighted a.orage Uv of TOO com >< recom-mended for methyiene chloride m the absence of occupa-tional exposure io carbcn monoxide. This recommenca-fion is based upon exDenmenta' data obtained from non-smoking males at rest, and should keep COHb levels weiibelow 5 percent \ STf t of 500 pom -s reconirnenoeo sircedata indicate t^at rei'her uncJesiraoie C^S *?iponses no'COHb values are imeiv to ocrur with sucn enoosures ;o
cniortrje '" I7 rtl Concurrent exposure to otneroi carbon monoxide or pnvsical activifv wiJi reauire
assessment or !hp overall exposure and adjustment for thecombined effect
Other recommenaahonc NiOSM (19^6) 75 pom We;'Cermanv (19~9) and Eikms (1959) 200 ppm, -\\SI (i%9| 500ppm; USSR (-970) 15 opm; East Germany ( '973 ) , Romans( 197$) . Yugosiav.a i'9~^) and C^ychos.'ovdk^a ( '976) 140pom; Sweden (1974} :QO ppm, otners 200 or 250 ppm.References:1, lehmaftn. K.J..
Solvents.(1943)
19.
Dangers, PuE>. Heattn Service Publication a4',4_ op35-41 it955).3. Svirb*fv, I.L., Hlghnun, 3,, Afford, W.C, von O«tfrng«n, W.P.
/ ftttf. Hvg. & TOM. &3S2 (1C47)4. Heppe/, LA., N^tL PA, Puffin, f.l« Orr, N.L, Porf*fff*W, V.r.f1944).
Jtz, 5.,6. Coffdcr, H,r
8*9,
10.
11.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
, V.Pj Hygiene * Sanitation 29T.N.,
Sefemiffe Kg&9sifn"lfi&atn*l HygieneOissJi&t in Cxgehostovakia. p. 69, Prague (1*9661
W*(», &* Zafifrtfbtetf Affaifsmad u. Afkentsehutz 172820967).Gofubowlm, I.I.,:145. USSR (l%4).Slewart, «.&O-, Dodd, H.C.:Sf*t*art, e.0» fiih*f, r.fy., Haslu,E.O« Oddd. H.C.: ^rc/i fnv H&iih 25 34? (T972).ftilnev, BJu W«gman, O.H.. Elfcini.fc)f«f'gh, fiofxrt L, M.O.: Letter report 'torn Director. Health &Safety laboratory, Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester. NY(April J, !97$tSf«wjrf, R.D., Hafc#, CL, Forster, M.V., Itbron, A./,, Pef*rtOft./.£„ Wu, A,: Metliytene Chloride. Oevetooment of a BiologicStandard tor rhe industrial Worker by Breath Anjlywfodcr, G.C., Prafjftjf, O., SchJiptoter, H.W.: fndogenous CO
bv incccporated H^iogertdted Hydrocarbons of (heSe"e5. SUut>~8finhjlt Lufl 33 260-26) (1973)
NIOSH: Cftiem fora tiecofnmenaed Standjrd^ -Occuoaaon-at (xposure io wethviene Chionde. UW HfW PublicationNo (MOSH) ;^-i38 (March '976J,Stewirt, R.O., f o«ier. H.W., H<k#, CL. lebrun, A.(., Petenon.I.E.; Human tfesponsos ro Controlled Ixposures of ' Methvten*Chloride \iaoor Reaort No ^lO5H-MCOW-£NVM-wC-'3-/Th? Med'Cai College of Wisconsin, Dept ofviedtc'ie, M<mauKee, Wl (December t9?J)Winneke, C.: Behavioral fffects of Methviene ChiondeCjrfton \4oncxtde di Assessed bv Sensory andPerformance, C Xintaras. B t to^nson, I de Groot, fdsftj^*cwj/ Toxicoioffy — (jriv Detection of Occupationala«ls Mfv\ Puo No (VOSH) 74.126, DP 130-I-W, U SCenter lor Drs^ase Control MOSH (19^J)Hake. C.I.. Stewjrf, S.D., Forjter, H.V., lebrun. A.J., Peterscn,(.£., Wu, A.: Result* or Controlled Exposure oi Hyrnjn fe-mates io Vaoor of Meihyifne Chloride Reoon No NIOSH-MCOw-fNV.M-viC-"J-3, the Medical College ot Wisconsin,Deoi o' Environmentjl Medic*ne, MiiwauRee. Wl (March
20. G»mbar*te. f., Annwall, 8.A. Hultengrffn, M,; Exposure toMeinviene Chloride — if. Psychological functions ScancS. /.Work fnv Health i 95-103 (1975)
, f.; Toxicology &13- 1 .8, *
•Of Of8altim<xe. MO
276
001382
IIIIX
IIIIIIIIII
XYLENEo-, m-, p'TIV, 100 ppffl ( as 43S
OO
Xylene is a dear. flarnmabls liquid with an aromatic hy><ff8C8ftetft otter and a motocidtf weight of 106.16. Coot"marical gyfarte « a mixture of fh«g faomtn, ortfto, meteand pan. with the trteta form usually the principal compo-nent. According to Gerantejw 6 to 15% of ethyl benzenemat also t>* present. The phystochemical properties of thethree .jjonw«, m*fa, ortho, pars, respectively, are; specificgrav'ty, 0 8634.0.388O1 and 0.86104; boiling point, 13&8, 144jnd 138.5° C; melting point. -474. -25 3fld -12 to *14* C.The vapor pressure *t 25* C is between ? and 9 mm Hg. Theboiling ranges And flash points of the commercial productdepends on its grade; the 10% grade boils between J35 <tnd145° C, dosed cup flash points are from Ql to over 100" ?.Xylene /s insoluble in water, but miscible with a&sotutealcohol, ether and other organic solvents.
Xylene is present m gasolin. and many petroleum sol-vents. It >s used extensively 3S a solvent in pa mis and othercoatings, especially the alky' re:m type, and m rubber ce-ments. Meta-xvtene is an intermediate m the preparationof isophthalic Kid; ortho-xyiene in the manufacture ofphihalic anhydride; para-xylene so the synthes i s of tere-phthalic acid. Alt isomers are used ;n making drugs, dyesand insect ic ides.
Fairhai l^ ' considered the effects of xvlene s imi lar tothose ot toluene, but Cerarde* l j ( stated that me acute tox-iC : t y of the xyienes was higher.
Faore and Trunaut'" exposed rats and rabbits to <; mix-ture of *viene comers af a concentration or about 690 comfor e'gm «ou'i a dav, si- days a wee* After 130 davs nos ign if icant devotions from normal m the peripheral bloodwere fou^d A lecre jse >n red and white cell counts ana anincrease n the platelet count m the blood of rabbits ;oi-iowed similar exposures at 1 150 ppm -or 55 days. Reversiblelesions in the cornei of cats exposed to xviene were ob-served.
Gerarae 1 ' 1 luted headache, fat igue , lassitude, irruaui i i tyand gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, anorexiaand flatulence as the most frequent symptoms amongworkers exposed to xvlene. A report which suggested thatxylene might .nfect the heart and vascular system was C i t -ed.
Brownmgi*i also recorded reports of gastrointestinal a*well as neurological disturbances, and injury to heart, liver,kidneys and the nervous system *mong workers with xylene exposure. In addition, she noted a number of reportsof blood dyscrasias, some of them fatal , associated withexposure to xylene. Oe Oliveira 1* ' described the death fromaplasnc anemia of a lithographer who used fyiene tor sev-eral years; and Cold's'71 reported a patient who had an
apparent epliepnform seizure following relatively brief exposure to xylene vapor.
Cerarcle.'1! however, considered (hat industrial exparfence confirmed the anim.v experimentation evidence (haxylene i? not a mye(otoxicant. Goldwater ' was of (he optnon that xyten« was Ot'QCablv fiis tcxic than ;oluana (& (hibaws imarfSw. W Most of the dissfdf bfeod disease associa ted with xytene. the presence of beriyne as an impuntwas not rutect out.
Nelson and assocratas'^ found 3DO ppm of xylene deftnitefy irritating to the eves, nose and throat of expenmental human subiects. Greenburg and Moscowitz(10t suggested a maximum allowaole concentration of 200 ppcrCook/"' Smylh,'1*) EUcinst") and Cerarde<« all considersthis value too high, and Cerarde suggested 100 ppm asmore acceptable limit.
Ihe MlOSH criteria document on xvlene, published '1975,n<t refers to a report by Morfev et jA 1" m which ren.impairment and some evidence of disturbance of livefunction were noted in three workers who were overcorrby a gross overexposure to xylene (estimated concents(ion, 10,000 ppm); one worker died, rhe others sutferefrom amnesia and d;d recover, slowly however. A paper tMatthaus describe; corneal changes m furniture ooltsheexposed to xvlene m unknown concentrat ions. i ' <- »
In a study of various hydrocarbon solvents, Orpentcra/' 1' 1 found the 4.hour LC» 'or rats to be 6700 ppm Thno-'ll-efrect concentration tor rats and dogs, following tdays (6 hours/dav, 5 days/week) was 800 Dpm. Sensory nsponse experiments with human subjects indicated a hgiemc standard or around 200 ppm.
The TLV of 100 ppm. first adopted in 1%7. ><> retatntwith a STEL of >50 npm it is believed that irr i tant erfecwill be minimal, and thai no significant degree of narco-;or chrome iniunes wiil result ^om continued occupattorexposure at mat ievet
NlOSH' 1 * ' also recommencied a wont place environmefal standard o' 'CO opm. as a TAA, with a ^en mmute ceing of 200 ppm
Other -ecommendations. ANSI (1970) 100 ppm; WeGermany ( 1974) 200 oom; Sweden ( 1975) !00 pprCzechoslovakia ( 1969) and East Cermanv ( 1973 ) 45 opfUSSR ( 1 9 7 > J 11 ppm
References:1. GerardP, M.W : Toxicology A 9'oc/iemiifn/ of Aromatic H
drowbam, PD 1/1-180. tlsevtcr, Amsterdam (1%0|2. fairftatl, LT.: Industrial Toxicology, 2nd ed.. p 358, Williams
Wilkmi, Baltimore, MD ( 1957V3. Patty, f^.: Industrial Hygiene A Toxicology. 2nd ed.. Vol. II,
1234, Inteficiene. NV (1%3).4. fabre. a,, Tnihaut. 8.; Ccflgtetso Intermtiomie de Medici
del Lavoro, Njpoii ( 1954 ) . Ci'.ed by Cerjfde in rcf i5. Browning, L; Toxicny & Meuboiism ot Organic Solvent;, c
77-fl9, £lsevi«r, Amiterdatn
001383
IBI
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
TRICHLOROACETIC ACIDTCACO.COOHTlV, 1 ppm ( ^s 5 mg/m>)
forms deliquescent crvttato with doi J6J.40 and d specific gravity of 1.6298. It if 4
s/ro/ig #tr<£ nrirtfft, alette J« 57$* C fthb •*-. TCA n totubte in water, «i/-
ft i§ wsfid iR medicine, phranscv. «JS £ reagent ror albu-min detection and in man mi? herbicides.
Trichloroace'tc acid was itrti placed on the Notice or(mended Chance in I97B at 1 mg/mj This value had beencarried ior t979 ana transferred to the adopter] list m 1980This value was in error The TLV 075 ppm ( ^ 5 rmj/m').which appeared on page 4/6 of the 1978 SupplementalDocumentation v, was the vaiuo irwiallv given CCA, and«as to have been rounded off to 1 pom. bv analogy with2.2!-dichloroproDrQnic acid (TtV 1 ppmt The numeral onewas then inadvertently placed in the mg/rrv column in-
stead or me ppm column, and "his error was nor discov-ered untu now Fhe correct adopted TlV is I com ( % 5mg/nvi and this correction witf be made <n tre secondprimmfl or the 1980 TLV booklet The foilowints cocumen-(ation rejects this vatue
The oral LDw has been reported as 3.3 g/ti? tor rats;"Jifor mice. 5.64 fj/kg,'" Bv mtrapeofoneal Jdmtrnstfjuon. 500
ratal io mice.<>»TCA is co/rostve to (he sfcm and eye. bui f«>i
ihmugH the skm. Medical renews Of a^aiaer'-c« sft^v^cl mil 10 rno<Jcr.ii(? $fc»h and eve burns.
A iimi'-woKjhied TLV or 1 ppm ts suggested, basedlargely on anadegy 10 2,2-dicftNwooroptrjrnfe aC(d. and theabove meager data.
Other recommendations: USSR (1976) 075 ppm
References:1. Merck index, 9th ed, D. 1236. Merck & Co.. Inc.. Rahw.iv. N[
,'197612. Dow Chemical Compjny; Coitwnunicattor* to Commnree
(1977}3. NIOSH: Registry ot TOXIC Elffdt of Chemical
( 1977)
CEIL1MG LIMIT, 5 ppm ( ^ 40
A colorless, swo/e liquid at room ivmocrstvfe, with jnodor similar to tfet or o-dichtofobemene, i.J.-t-tnchioro-
has J moiecuUr weight of ''81.-46 jnci d specificor 1.463-t Jt 25" C U rneHs at l?* C. boiis a; 2U° C
jnc/ has a reported flash oomt of 213 tf f It /<, combustiblejnrj so/uo/e in mosi organic solvents, but msoiuQie >n ivd-ter.
It .s used as ,1 dietecinc fluid, heat fransrer medium mlubricants, insect. does dnd organic svntnesu
A SEUOV of rhp acute jna suoacute mhaunon roxicuv otinchlorooen/ene |92% the 1Z4-.somerj tiv freon« ; ' indi-cated that the larget organs from non-iefhai exposures otcats. doi?s, rjts, rabbits and guinea pigs included (he hverkidnev, ganglion ceils at all bram ievets. ana mucous mem-branes. Local irritation or the lungs and 'unctional changesm respiration, e.g.. dyspnea, were noied *n dnirnais laterdying trom mhaUdon exposure
Brown et d/^i reported t.,?,4-!rirhlorobemene to nave adose acute oral LO« or 756 mi?Ag ror rats and Tfjfjtor mice. Fhe acute percutaneous lO<o 'or ra?s was
6139 mg/kg. Subli?thal doses arjmin'stered reoeatealv toguinea ptgs caused liver damage. *.cute -nd short term (15* o exposures, /0-2UO ppm) mhaljtion ^'udies tailed to killanimals, ana produced lethargy J^d retarded weight gainwith no organ pathology,'" Cameron *?r aA4) rnporsert thaithe trichiorobenzenes are less toxic to rats than ;hc mono-and dichlorobenjienes
The atorementioned studies are short term ones and in-formation needed to recommend an airoorne concentra-
to wrvrh workers may be repeatedly exposed during aworking hieume without adverse effects *s limited. Cuta-neous exposure to 1 2,4-tnchloroDenzene does not caus?chioracne or acnetorm dermatitis but can cause dermal ir-ritation wmch is probably attr ibutable to its degreasmg ac-tion, f*' industrial dara 'eport an odor threshold or .aoproxi-mately .1 ppm and minimal eve and throat irr itat ion at 3-5ppm m certain people.'* 1 Twenty male rats , 4 raoc i ts and 2male dogs were exposed at either 30 or 100 ppm ' 2 .4- t r i -chlorooer^ene (98.4% purity, 1 .4% 1,2,3-trichio,"Ooenzene|7 hours/day 5 days/week ror 30 closures m 44 davs. Noadverse effec t s were detectable at 30 ppm with the excep-tion ot an oievatton of urinary uroporpnvnn and ccDrooor-phynn m the 'ats onlv at 15 and 30 exposure davs No pa-iholotpc tesions could be attributed io the exposure mroughly iO different specmens examined tor eacn spe-cies.^' A second inhalation studv was oerrormed with9907% pure !.2,4-trichlorobenzene " hours/dav. 5 days-week fur ih conseculive weeks.''• Thirty rats, 16 rabbits,and 9 monkeys, all males, were exposed at zero. 25, 50 andTOO ppm. Pulmonary function ana operant benavior inmonkevs. opthamoscopic exammai-on m rabbits and mon-keyj =«nd boriv weight /neasuremenrv hematologv and se-ijm biochemical detc'mmations m all species were con-ducted prior to and during the exposure period; "o differ-ences were noted among the four exposure groups.Microscopic changes were seen in the parenchvmai cellsof livers ,ind kidneys from all groups of rats after 4 and Uweeks or exposure to )J.4-TC8, but no exposure-'e latcdabnormalit ies were seen otter 26 weeks of exposure m anyor (he three species understudy.
The abc/e data do not indicate a hiifh systemic toxic itvThe recommended ceiling limit ot 5 ppm, based on theirritating properties ot TCB. seems low in companion vvith
JOS
001384
IIIIthe limn* tor the Qrchtomoenzenes. For the present, thislimit is retained.
Other recommendations for fnchtorobenzertr Bulgaria,Poland. L S S.R., Yugoslavia, 1.4 ppm.References:1. Trton. |.: Unpublished resort ffam the Kettermg Laboratory,
University 01 Gncmnatt, OH (19501"L Brown. VJC.H., Mw, C, Thorps. U Ann. Occur*. Hvg. 12:209
(19WI.
3. Gage, |.C; 8nt /. tnd. Mett ZM (1970),4. Cimeron. O.R., Thomjf, |.C., Ashmare, A.S., Suchan, J.U Wjr-r««, 6.H. Hughes, A,W. / fjm. &cr, Voi 281 M937)5. Powe«. M.B., Coat*, WJ,, lewis, T.R.: Arcft. far. Health Jft1
%5 0975).6. ftowe, V.K.: P«vale communication (1975).7. toate, W.8., Schosnfisch, W.H., Sosev, W.M., |,swis, T.R.:
Chronic Inhalation fxooture of Rats. Rd&btts and Monxev* to
IIIIIIIIIIIIIII
1,1,1-TRlCHLGRGETHANeSee.
1,1,2-TRICHLORGETHANEVinyl trichlorideCH,aCHCi:SkinTIV, 10 ppm < ^ 45 mg/m j)STEL 20 ppm < ^ 90 mg/m')
-4 eoioriess, non-flammable liquid with a siveer odor,1,1,2~tnchlorQethane has a molecular weight or 133.4? and<j speonc g.-awrv o; 7.4J76 j/ JO" C. /( boih j( 113.7" C,free/esdf -J&d 1 1 Cd^dhas J por pressure or *9mm Hg jfJO" C. iMOtiible m vvafer. ;f /s miscibie wnh alcohol, etherand other organic solvents
It is usea as a solvent tor rats, resins, etc., and in organicsvntnesis
1 , 1 ,2-tnc r- toroe thane deoresses the central nervous svs-rem causing narco'^s. m \vhich respect it is considerablymore potent than cniorororm''' i 8v inhalation its acutetoxic itv ^ somewnat greaier for certain labOMtorv animalsfca is l than [hat ot cniorororm Narcot ic concentrations otl . l ,2-tncr ;nroetnane result m irritation to the eves andnose am; ~:ection or [he conjunctiva. Death occurs iromre sDira i cP. arrest Concentrat ions producing deep narcos isand deaifi are 01 the order ot 13.600 ppm for a two-hourexposure. rhe corresoondma concentration ior chlorotormis 30,000 to -JO.OOO ppm. 1 , 1 .2-tnch loroe thane is lethal nvoral ana suocutaneous administrat ion; 0.75 R/kR was lethalto dogs ov rnouth, compared with 2.25 g/kg lor chloro-
form.'" fatly degeneration of the liver was observed indogs dying two or moce day? following administration oftrichloroeihane, which is also absorbed through the intactsk in . <4 >
More recent data include the following1*!.- oral LDw, rat- 1140 mg/kg; mtraperitoneal iDw. mouse - 994, do? - 450mg/kg; subcutaneous LDW, mouse - 227 mg/kg. Exposureat 500 ppm for 8 hours was fatal (o rats.
The current TLV of 10 ppm was based on the toxicologi-<ra! resemblance to symmetric tetrachloroethane, and byanalogy with the HV for chloroform, which at thai timewas 50 ppm. tn view of the above comparisons of the tox-icity of 1,1,2-fnchloroethane with that of chiorotorm. a lim-it somewhat lower ihan 10 ppm. the TLV for the tatter com-pound might be in order for 1,1 ,2-tnchloroethane. for thepresent, the TLV of 10 ppm and STEL of 20 ppm areretained.
Other recommend jtions. Several western European na-tions and Japan had adopted the 10 ppm TLV, as ot 1977;Poland, with 22 ppm was thp only exception We« Ger-many ( 1979) considers .1 a potent ia l carcinogen.
References:1. li«rew, N.W.: Arch f*t>tl. Piih Pharmjxot 7-IM9 (1 < »29).2. Von Gettinsen, W.F.: The Haloeenated Hydrocarbons. Their
Toxicuv A Potent ia l DjngPrs, L>$PHS Pub Ho 414, pp IS 'S- ISb ,US Gov. Pnntmg Office , Wash i ng ton . DC ( 1955) .
3. Btnoum. C.5.. Saad. K... Q / Pharm A Phjrmjcot. 720S4. Burgi, t.: Uruxetles vied !?> !4JH ( 19)6)5. NJOSH: Kegistrv ol the Tontc Etfectf ot Chem.cjl
(1977)
TRICHLOROETHYLLNE
TLV, 50 ppm < ^ 270STEL T50 ppm { a» 805
Trich'nrnethvlenp is d nonr/dmmafj/f*. co/or/(?ss liquid otsweetish ooor it has j m.-j/ecu/jr weight ot 131.4 arid dspeC(/'C gravity oi 1 •***& Thp boiltnq point /> 87" C andsolidities At -34.8° C The vapof pressure jf 20" C eaua's 58mm H%. It is prdcncd//v imotuble m water, but highly solu-406
6/e m iipids. (Partition confident at 37° C. blood-air 9, oil-sir 943). tn the 0res<°nc<? or owgen and s/iorr ultravioletwavelength, trichioroethvlene <$ decomposed to phosgenejnc/ hydrochloric dc/o1
Trichloroeihvlene is used for degreasmq, dry cleaning,and as a solvent. In the past, trichloroethyiene was used asan extractant in food process ing (TQA had approved resi-due below 25 ppm m decaiteinated ground coffee and U)ppm for mstant cottee) , This was discontinued in 1975.when NCI issued an alert , warning that inchloroethvlcnemay be a carcinogen, Its use as an anesthetic was .i
001385
IIIIIIIIIIIIII
NNAPHTHASee, RUBBER SOLVENT
NAPHTHALENE
TIV, 10 ppm < *s 50 mg/nfjSni, 1S ppm < % 75 mg/mJj
occurs commonly ds white, crystallineflakes which have 3 strong co<j/ far odor H has a moie.uiarweight of 128.16 and A specific gravity of 1.1-15. tt melts atd02*C. boils at 21/96° C Ana has a vapor pressure at 25* Cof approximated 0GS7 mm Hg. The open cup flash point is'<~6° f dno closed CUD is 190° f. insoluble m water, it dis-solves in most organic solvents.
Crystalline naphthalene finds household use as a monthreoellent, scientific use in scintil lation counters !t is antmooriam raw material (or the manufacture of phthalicanhvdnde, naphthol. hvdrongenated naphthalenes andhaiogenated naphthalenes; it or its derivatives are envpU>ved m dves. explosives, lubricants, tanning agents ande^uision breakers
According (o flury and Zermki') and Patty, 1" the inhala-t ion of napmhalene vapor may cause headache, toss or ao-^etiie and nausea. Optical neuritis and injuries to the cor-rea and. in addition, kidnev damage have also beenreported Ghem and MjnanuJi reported opacit ies ol the>ns m 8 or 21 workers who had been exposed (o napmn.il-e-'e for about live vears Ingest ion ot naohtnalene tn re la-tively large amounts ha> reportedfv caused severe hemo-lytic anemia and hemog.obmuna l i | A hvpersusceptif iditv,^^obablv genencailv haseJ, is recognized.isi
The oral LD^ for ra t s 15 1"60 fr ig/kg. 1 * 1 * It was used as anantheimmtic tor many vean at dose levels, tor adults, or 0.1(O 0.5 gram three times a d.w.i" 1 several times h igher thanrhe lowest reported lethal dcse lor man o: 50 mg/ks^ » Aninc ident m which blankets conta in ing naphthalene causedacute hemoivt ic effect s in mUnts, m some cases fa t a l , hasbeen described.'3 '
Pat tv suggested .'$ upm as a tentat ive l imit tor naphtha l-ene vapor tn air HH noted that il'.ts corresponds to a satura-lion pressure or approximately 2S% at 25° C. This value hasbeen used at thy Los Alamos Laboratorres, according to
Hyatt and Mtlligan Robbins.<'°> however, repc • -\ thatconcentrations in excess of about 15 ppm resuiied notice-able irr i tat ion of the eves.
Gerarde"" also suggested 25 pprn as a tentat ive limn.noting that it rerxe^ots 25% of the concentration of na-phthalene vapor in a<r saturated at 25* C.
In view of the fact that irritation is experienced at 15ppm and that cont.n^ed exposure may result m 'airly seri-ous eve effects , a limit tower than 25 ppm would seem inorder The value or "C opm TLV and 15 ppm STEL are rec-ommended to prevent ocular effects, but possiblv notblood changes in nvsersusceptibles.
Other 'ecommercatiQrn West Germany, 10 ppm. Eas tGermany and USSR. •: opm
Case, D- 290. 1. Sprm^er . Benin
A Toxicology. \/oi II, p "~Q,
References:1. flurv. F., Zetnik. F.: Scf
( 1931 )2. Pattv, f.A.: it-i
Intersoence, NY . ' ^913. Ghctli, G., Marian.. L: \ted. d. isvoro J75J3 ( ' 956 14. Zuelzer. W.W., Apt, u / •* M.A. r - )M85 ( 1949 )5. Stokin^er, H.E., Mountun, J.T.; Arch En* Hejith n 495 (1%il6. NIOSM: Regntr\ z: r jr<c fleers of Chemical 5uOjfjnces
(1977)7. Am. Ind. Hyg. A«oc.: Hvg/emc Cu>ae
fl. Vjloej, f., Doxtjc is . S.vV.. Fasiis, P.: / fed. bJ 904 (1%i). Ct-cd in rpi 7
9. Hyalt. £.C. Mtlligjn, M.f.; Am Inct Hyg. Assoc. Q r 4 289( 1953i
10. Robbin*. M.Ci Arcn ma Hyg. & OCCL-O .vied. J85 (1951) .11. Gerardo. H.W.: 'oncology & Biaeherrritrv ot Aromatic Hy-
. p. 2JO 'Jtcvier fub. Co., NY 11%01
I293
001386
IIIIIIIIIII
The KV of 05 mg/m> is believed Jow enough to mini-mise the incidence ot chloracne and orcvem serious injuryto the liver However, in view of the fact thai hepaticchanges tn rats resulted 'ram 143 eighc-hour exposure* at1 44 mg/m*. of a mixture ot pema- and hexachlorona-phthaleftes.i5' the margin of safety of rheQSmg/nvtimit forpentachlorQitaahthalene may be rather small At this time,a STEl of 2 itis/rtV is suggested.References:1. vflr* Oertfogen, W.te The Hatagenated Hydtocstban*. Their
TOxidtv & Pot&tittal Dangers. Pubbc Heafttt Seroer Pub,p. 313 |W55>.
i Colter, t.H,: I.A.M.A. '25.273 09*4)3. Annual Report of tftc 0»te/ Inspector of Faaone* for 1933. 0.
67, H-M.S.O-, Un<3<OT O9»l.4. 0rlnfc«r. C.K., Warren, M.f., Bcmtelf. C.A,; / /od Hvg. A Tax.
19783 (1937)5. B«fmett, G.A., Orfnfc«r. CK,, Warren. M.F.; /6«rf A297 (1938)6. Drinker, CJC. Ibid. £K5 O939)1. Sell, W.8.; Vef. Merf. 45:133
PENTACHIOROPHENOLPCP; Chem-Tol; Permacide; Penla; Santophen 20;Dowtcide 7QHCI,O
TLV, 03 mg/m j
1 J
is 4 co/or/ess. noncombusnble solidwuh j pnenonf odor and a pungent rasre. The molecularw.ght <$26635, specific gravity is / 9^5 jr ^(7* Cjntf. ,5f fAjeyjme leTiperamre. the reported vjpor pressure of 0.00017mm Hs>. It is volatile wify s/ean ana nancorrosive (ometais us mctttng point is 790" C .v<?fr j boiling pom; of31G° C The compound ;s soluble m water to the extent of14 opm jt 20" C. Its soiubtiitv in organic solvents dependsgreanv on the nature of the solvent Bareiv soluble in at-kanes. pefltjcniorophpnoi -(s most soludie in methyl aico-hoi
It *s a contact hero;c:ae, fungicide, wood preservativeana motiusacae.
The most irnpoaant ef'ect ot PCP -nha la t 'Cn ;s acutepoisoning center ing in rr-e c i rcu lator/ svstem xvah accorn-panvfng heart fa i lure . Kence et a^- 'ou^a no evidence ofchronic poisoning in raooits. The smatiest lethal intrave-nous dose was 2.2 mg/kg. The comoounrj pene^ratos the
readily Physiologic miury is mamly vascular with heartIndustrial hygiene experience snows that PCP and
i'j sodium salt are capable ot inducing uiscomrors and lo-cal as well as svstemic enpcts . Dusts are oart icu iar iv i r r t t a t -in^ (o the eves ano nose m concentrations greater than 1m^.-miu i Some irr i tat ion of the nose mav occur at 0.3mR/nvJ' Hardened workers can toterale up to 2.4rng/m'^i PCP is highly poisonous with a wide range ofacute actton but no pronounced cumulative properties. l(has been demons! rai i*rj< J* that dermal penetration is themost dangerous pathway ot PCP exposure. The acute gas-tr ic LDso's 'or mice and rats are 130 and 184 rng/kg, re-spectively 'J> The derm.il L0% m rai5 is % m%/kg The mha-
lation L0» for rats is 335 mg/m* and for mice 225 mg/m j The rat embrvo was shown to be most susceptible to thetoxic erfects of PCP during the eariv pnases or organogen-esis i41 The world l i terature reveals about 51 cases o* PC?poisoning from its use as a herbrc.de. motluscicide orwood preservative or which 30 out or 51 resulted mdeath. <" The survivors of PCP intoxicat ion suffer with im-pairments m autonomic function, c irculat ion, visual dam-age and an acute type or scotoma '< > > Other damage includ-ed acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and char-actemticalJv shaped cornea) opaotv, corneal numb-ness and sl ight mvarias is . i " ' Other svmotoms involve exces-s ive sweating, tachycardia, lacnypnea, respiratory distress,hepatic enlargement and rnetaoolic acidosis,
The 05 rng/m' TLV and the STEL of 1 5 mg/m» are de-rived by analogy with other compounds of similar act ionand toxioty m addition to the specmc available informa-tion They dre bedeved low enough to p'evem vascular in-jury.
References:1. Kehoe, R.A., Dcichmann-Crueblcr, W, Kit^rfittlcr, k.V.: ;. Ind.
Hyg. & fox. M60 ( 1939 ) .2. Patty, F.A.: /nduifr/j/ Hygiene A Tautology, 2nd ed . Vot H, D.
1401 Intersciente, NY (1%3».3. D-imidcnko, N.M.: Cigienj ffuda i Prof Jabatevamv,* /J/9^58
0969).4. Scfiwetl. B^., Gehring, P.J.: Tax. Appl. Pharm 2-i(l) -155 ( 1973) .5. Anonymous: Calif. Health 27(12}M ( !9rQ).6. Imiiium, K.; Atwmt, N. Ginkat J/7):7'\7 (1971).
323
001387
III2. Daw Chemical ComfUriv: Comnninicatiofi 10 riv Committee
t. NfOSH: ro**c Suftsrjrtces tut. HtW Put) NO (NIO5H) "4-U4(197*)
PHENOLQH,OH
TtV, S ppm ( *gSTU* 10 ppm $ * 38II
IIII
II
Pure oftenol <s ,j so/id / room (emoeraruie and *s /'aui-bv rr<iietn$ with about 8% wjrer rht* mo'ecuter weignr
9-* n ind r/ie specific grivitv n 1071. ti /s wnce durrids j p/rt*'s/i hue resulting rrom impurities or evoo-
sure to isqht ana has 3 cfijtjctemftc 5w-eef . tarry odor Thej hotting pomt of 182 3 C and. tvheo free 'romcresois. it congests <9( Jf C jnd me*r$ if JJ" C
4f 25* C ;/ ftdS J yjoor pressure or 0 J5 mm H^ T<n wdfer jnd most or^jmc so'venrs jhjv>r;% J C/O5^O CUD ''Jin DO'flf O/ /-T° ^ :
its cn;ef use <s as a start ing oomt in, rhp manuiaciure orphenohc re^ms b^-onenoi-A caproiarum j^a rr-dnv oi^e--
and urutjs. n ss emoiovea .it ji paint > and as j s i nTiCiaei anrv ' rMDOdecJ resu l t s i i r dOto^.cn g ^ ^ n ea om \sfr*> sovcre 'v ir ; u .-pd Dv
phpnni ^ . . j cor j [ < . oni .c *f [ r a t i o n s ori rn«HU?m r-vioenc' * •;t" an < j k ianev <.\AI r .-
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A conc i i i fornnt? room ;orj--oestos -esu irect m markpt j : r n r j i i u n or me "ana eve* The a-.er.iee onenoi concentrat ion .n'A,js m Z3'.r\ j-tnou izn 'orm,in, jt 'rt\ne (8 nnmiono Lr . r - t? -utuu- ' . i l rOs wprt* "^ J f(i 8« r De^crs j: 're -am.p pi,mt ronnni jou-*^ c-tDos^a cju
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"O i (S l ow - . t i l i i t i l ' t v . [ jnpnoi i l OPS no tTue"" 1 . 1 ons t i ' j : e j • •enou* r e - j n i r j t i jtrv 1 ; F-ormer iv i :s uso as jn jn t i s en t u. • '
cases 01 s u t j - t i c u t s or chrordnd rheir aiiistanfs.i4' Ur irurv exc r e t i on s or J
grams per da. . DV pjt iyn is . have hp<»n ^(.on ot 2. (jrams 01 onpnoi rouicJ nnun
at aoout *) ppmmq to rhnm,i* dnd Bac k - 1 ' <hp riA nt S oprn nro-
a suff i c i en t ly i j tse ra c t o r or ia;e i > ro preventpoisoning i! skm absorption »s
| - *osorc-eien i hours
fn 1976 MIOSH rublisHed a crttena documeni m whicn[he (oxicolo^v ot phenol was reviewed.'1" The serious localand svsiemic enects o' contact ot the skm with ohenoi anaits concentraie-i soluiion^ were propenv emphasized Rela-tively l i iMc aocMional mrormatton on the effect s or inna ia-non. bearing on ;he TLV. however turned UD. A report DvPetrov'-"' 01 poisonings amoni? workers in Russ ia . A noquencneo cone with wasie water confaminu 0 i 'o 08 eot pnenoi per n'pr »<, dtscussec) ^«r mD'p-; inc i : catea sr-e-not vaoor concentrat ions ot the orner ot 2 to 3 ppm andme autnor uel-eved thai onpnoi mi^nr have been imp l i ca t -ed in fh< * minxicai ions -.\hich \\ere not nescrined.
The x iQSH rpcommcnnjnon or ^0 m^ 'm- as a ;:rne-stanoarn r, psspn i-anv ;he same j-, ^hef l J52 "hp MOSH cer lmg •; : ^u
i 18 i^2 -n - |oi ;or ""*• USSR . .-.n;cn has ^et an MAC jf ; > npm
or -t:e p^:)rf,nea nve iemc j tanrtards (Ea s t .inn \,\esiS'.vece^ Cz«cro > i o\ .dKia i are e r t hp r 19 or 29
or. tor oracrca i Purposes . 5
References:V Deichmann, A. 8.. KilzmiHer, K.V. . Withcrup, S.: *m ,' C ,n
L Connecticut Bur oi ind. Hvtt iene:3. Eifcini . H-8. : '"« <.-->-~^r. -' f^/ t
4 Pat tv . f A.; ' - - „ • . - . ' j. Hve.-e^p A '
5. rhnmji. A.A. . BJeh, i < .C.. • * ^*n
,-tjrj
,Tf(;c."Oifv. Jiri r-i . ' . n- ii :)
-peo ^'^ ' • l l le • ) i ^jce Co •' jio A ; ? O CM '6. MOSH- C'ff * * ' ' iJ 'of J -?econ*rv"vt,,a iVjn
e fa i''"fnoi HtW Hubncaiion NO
7. Petfov. V.! . ; C<nes of •'he^Oi vapor (taifonint; Ourtnj j5lak;ni{ wifh P"**noi vV^te^ tn Levine, B.S. (tfinsi: L >Sfi i. •.'«/•,!-rurt or> Air Conation jna RuiAtecl OccuDdiionjt OiseasesM lur-veif O S Deoi or Commerce ^Jiiondt r^chmcji 'mormjf.-oft5e»T'ce 8-219 ( '% ] ) (MIS 6J -H jTO) . Spr ing ! . e!tj. VA C.red r :vSlOSH m ret r>
II001388
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001390
IIIIIIII CIIIIIC
Occupational Health Guideline forPhenol
This gmdeime.fe intended as a sourea of information foremployees, employers, physicians, industrial hygienis!s,and ofher occupational health professionals who mayhave a need for sueh information. It does not attempt topresent ail data; rather, it presents pertinent informationand data in summary form.SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION« Formula: C,H,OH• Synonyms: Carbolic acid; monohydroxybenzene• Appearance and odor: Colorless to pink solid or thickliquid with a characteristic, sweet, ta* odor.PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL)The current OSHA standard for phenol is 5 parts ofphenol per million parts of air (ppm) averaged over aneight-hour work shift. This may also be expressed as 19milligrams of phenol per cubic meter of air (mg/m j)NIOSH has recommended that the permissible expo-sure limit be changed to 20 mg/m1 averaged over awork shift of up to 10 hours per day, 40 hours per week,wi:h a ceiling of 60 mg/m3 averaged over a 15-mmuteperiod. The NIOSH Criteria Document for Phenolshould be consumed for more detailed information.HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION '• Routes of exposurePhenol can affect ;he body if i». is inhaled, ^omes incontact with the eyes or skin, or is swallowed. It mayenter the body through the shin.• Effects of overexposure/. Short'term Exposure: Phenol has a marked corrosiveeffect on any tissue. When ii comes in contact with theeyes, it may cause severe damage and blindness. Oncontact with the skin, it does not cause pain but causes awhitening of the exposed area. If the chemical is notremoved promptly, it may ^ause a severe burn or
systemic poisoning. Systemic «$seis nay occur fromany route of exposure, especially after skin contact.Z Lang-term Exposure: Repeated or prolonged expo-sure to phenol may cause chronic phenol poisoning.The symptoms of chronic poisoning include vomiting,difficulty in swallowing, diarrhea, lack of appetite,headache, fainting, dizziness, dark urine, mental distur-bances, and possibly a skin rash. Liver damage arddiscoloration of th« skin may occur.J. Reporting Signs and Symptoms; A physician should becontacted if anyone develops any signs or symptomsand suspects that they are caused by exposure to phenol.* Recommended medical surveillanceThe following medical procedures should be madeavailable to each employee who is exposed to phenol atpotentially hazardous levels:/. Initial Medical Examination:
—A complete history and physical examination: Thepurpose is to detect pre-existing conditions that might-place the exposed employee at increased risk, and toestablish a baseline for future health monitoring. Per-sons with a history j( convulsive disorders or abnor-malities of the skin, respiratory tract, liver, or kidneyswould be expected to be at increased risk from expo-sure. Examination of the Mver, kidneys, and respiratorytract should be stressed. The skin should be examinedfor evidence ofchronic disorders.
—Urinalysis: Darkening of the urine has occurred inpersons exposed to phenol after accidental ingestion orskin contact. A urinaiysis should be performed, includ-ing at a minimum specific gravity, albumin, glucose, anaa microscopic on centrifugcd sediment. Urinary phenolis useful if good individual background levels are availa-ble.—Liver function tests: Since liver damage has been
observed in humans exposed 10 phenol, a profile of liverfunction should be performed by using a medicallyacceptable array of biochemical tests.
These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and thetr implementation willassist in achieving an effective occupational health progiam. However, (tiny may not be sufficient to acniovs compliancewith ail requirements ol OSHA regulations.
IU.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service Centers lor Disease ControlNational institute 'or Occupational Safaty and Heaiih
September 1970
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOROccuoaiional Safety and Health Aammistraiion
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£ Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementionedmedical examinations should be repeated OR an annualbasis.* Summary of toxicologyPhenol in the vapor form or in solution is an irritant tothe eyes, mucous membranes, and skin; systemic absorp^lion causes central nervous system effects a? w$|jjj*_.
ross ovcrexposure. In animals, prolonged• inha-lation of the v^pef St 30 fo 60 ppm mdiaeed respiratorydifficulty, lung damage, and paralysis. Systemic absorp-tion by animals eaassd muscle twitching and severeconvulsions. There are no reports of human fatalitiesfrom inhalation "of the vapor, although one case ofsevere poisoning has been reported. Ingestion of lethalamounts (as little as I g) cause severe burns of tnemouth and throat, marked abdominal pain, cyanosis,•muscular weakness, collapse, coma, and death; tremors,convulsions, or muscle twitching were occasionallyobserved but were not severe. A laboratory technicianrepeatedly exposed to unknown vapor concentrationsand liquid spilled on the skin developed anorexia,weight loss, weakness, muscle aches and pain, and darkurine; during several months of nonexposure there wasgradual improvement in his condition, but after briefreexposure he suffered an immediate worsening ofsymptoms with prompt darkening of the urine andtender enlargement of the liver. Brief intermittent in-dustrial exposures to vapor concentrations of 48 ppm ofphenoi (accompanied by 8 ppm of formaldehyde)caused marked irritation of eyes, nose, and throat.Concentr?:ed phenol solutions are severely irritating rothe human eye and cause conjunctival swelling; thecornea becomes white and hypesthetic; ioss of visionhas occurred in some cases. Solutions of phenol have amarked corrosive action on any tissue en contact; onskin, there is local anesthesia and a white discoloration,and the area may subsequently become gangrenous;severe dermatitis will result from contact with dilutesolutions, and prolonged exposure may result in och-ronosis. In workers making phenol-formaldehyde plas-lic, the urinary level of total phenol, free plus conjugat-ed, was proportional (o the air concentration of phenolup to 12 .5 mg/m3 of workroom air. Mice were treatedtwice weekly for 72 weeks by application of 1 drop of a10% solution of phenol in benzene to the shaved dorsalskin; after 5?, weeks of treatment there were papillomasin 5 of 14 mice, and 1 fibrosarcoma appeared at 58weeks.. ,. B6, -CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES• Physical data
1. Molecular weight; 94 . 1 12. Boiling point (?60 mm Hg): 182 C (359 F)3. Specific gravity (water » 1): 107 (solid); 1.05
(liquid)4. Vapor density (air « 1 at boiling point of phenol):
3.24
5. Melting point: 41 C (106 F)6. Vapor pressure at 20 C (68 F); 0.36 mm Hg7. Solubility in water. g/IOO g water at 20 C (68 F):
8.48. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate a* I)-' Less than
0.01^t^ iH^^^^r^ * "^1"™'1'*--1'1
. . . . . . -g to instability: Heat1, Ineorapatibilieies: Comaci with strong
(especially calcium hypochlome) may causes firei andexplosions.
3. Hazardous decomposition products; Toxic gasesand vapors (such as carbon monoxide) may be releasedin a fire involving phenol.
4. Special precautions: Liquid phenoi will attacksome forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. Hot liquidphenol will attack aluminum, magnesium, lead, and zincmetals.* FJammability
1. Flash point: 79 C (174 F) (closed cup)2. Autoigmtion temperature: 715 C (13 19 F)3. Flammable limits in air. % by volume: Lower: 1 .7;
Upper: 8.64. Extinguisham: Alcohol fsam, carbon dioxide, dry
chemic.ila Warning properties1. Odor Threshold: Summer reports that the odor
threshold of phenol is 3 ppm; tne Manufacturing Chem-ists Association reports 0.3 ppm; Thienes and Halcyreport 5 ppm.
2. Irritation Levels: The Documentation of TLV*sreports lhat intermittent exposures to 4S ppm phenolhave been observed to produce eye. nose, and throatirritation. Formaldehyde was also present in this atmos-phere at a concentration of 8 pprn. The RespiratorReview Committee considers the source of the eyeirritation to be the 8 ppm formaldehyde rather than thephenol.
3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Since the odorthreshold of phenol i* at or below the permissibleexposure limit, phenol is treated as a material with gocdwarning properties,MONITORING AND MEASUREMENTPROCEDURES• Eijjbt-Hour Exposure EvaluationMeasurements ro determine employee exposure are besttaken so that the average eight-hoiir exposure is basedon a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hoursamples. Several short-time interval samples (up to 30minutes) may also be used to determine the averageexposure level. Air samples should be taken in theemployee's breathing <x>ne (air that would most nearlyrepresent that inhaled by the employee).' Ceiling EvaluationMeasurements to determine employee ceiling exposureare best taken during periods of maximum expoundairborne concentrations of phenoi. Each measurement
2 Phenol
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should consist of a fifteen (! 5) minute sample or series ofconsecutive samples totalling fifteen (15) minutes in theemployee's breathing zone (air that would most nearlyrepresent that inhaled by the employee). A minimum ofthree (3) measurements should be taken on one workshift and the highest of all measurements taken is anesc mate of the employee's exposure.* MethodSampling and analyses may be performed by collectionof phenol in a. bubbler containing sodium hydroxide,followed by treatment with sulfunc acid, and gas chro-maiogfapnie analysis. Also, detector tubes certified byNIOSH under 42 CFR Part 84 or other direct-readingdevices calibrated to measure phenol may be used. Ananalytical method for phenol is in the NIOSH .Manual ofAnalytical Methods, 2nd Ed.. Vol. 6. 1980, availablefrom [he Government Priming Office. Washington,D-C. 20402 (GPO No. 017.033-00369-6).
RESPIRATORS• Good industrial hygiene practices recommend thatengineering controls be used to reduce environmentalconcentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-ever, there are some exceptions where respirators maybe used to control exposure. Respirators may be usedwhen engineering and work pracuce controls are nottechnically feasible, when such controls are in theprocess of being installed, or when they fail and need tobe supplemented. Respirators may also be used foroperations which require entry into ranks or closedvessels, and in emergency situations. If the use ofrespirators is necessary, the only respirators permittedare those that have been approved by the Mine Safetyand Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-ment and Safety Administration) or by the NationalIns:::ute for Occupational Safety and Health.• In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-tory protection program should be instituted whichincludes regular training, maintenance, inspection,cleaning, and evaluation.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT• Employees should be provided with and required touse impervious clothing, gloves, face shields (eight-inchminimum), and other appropriate protective clothingnecessary to prevent arty possibility of skin contact withsolid or liquid phenol or liquids containing phenol.• Ii' employees' clothing has had any possibility ofbeing contaminated with solid or liquid phenol orliquids containing phenol, employees should changeinto uncomaminated clothing before leaving the workpremises.• Clothing which has had any possibility of beingcomammated with solid or liquid phenol or liquidscontaining phenol should be placed in closed containersfor storage until it can be discarded or until provision is
September 1978
made for the removal of phenol from (he closing. If theclothing is to be laundered or otherwise cleaned toremove the phenol, the person performing ihe oper-ation should be informed of phenol's hazardous proper-ties.* Where there is any possibility of exposure of anemployee's body to solid or liquid phenol or liquidscontaining phenol, facilities for quick drenching of thebody should be provided within the immediate workarea for emergency use.* Non-impervious clothing which becomes contami-nated with phenol should be removed immediately andnot reworn until the phenol is removed from theclothing.• Employees should tw provided with and required touse dust- and splash-proof safety goggles where there isany possibility of solid or liquid phenol or liquidscontaining phenol contacting the eyes.* Where there is any possibility that employees' eyesmay be exposed to solid or liquid phenol or liquidscontaining phenol, an eye-wash fountain should beprovided within the immediate work area for emergen-cy use.
SANITATION* Skin that becomes contaminated with phenol shouldbe immediately washed or showered with soap or miiddetergent and water to remove any phenol.• Any clothing which becomes wet with liquid phenc!or liquids containing phenol should be removed imme-diately and not reworn until the phenol is removed fromthe clothing.• Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areaswhere solid or liquid phenol or liquids containingphenol are handled, processed, or stored.• Employees who handle solio . liquid phenol orliquids containing phenol should wash their hands thor-oughly with soap or rnild detergent and water beforeeating, smoking, or using toilet facilities.
COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLSThe following list includes some common operations inwhich exposure tc phenol may occur and controlmethods which may be effective in each case:
OperationApplication and curingot bonding resin inplywood manufacture;application and curingof molding resins inmanufacture of moldedarticles, such as
ControlsProcess enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
Phenol 3
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electncat appliances.automotive pans,foundry sand molds,and utengti handles;manufacture of frictionmaterials, bondedabrasives, coatedabrasives, wood particleboard, and insulationmaterialsUse in industrialcoatings in drum andcan lining 9, milk andbeer-processingequipment, water tanksand air-conditioningequipment, decorativelaminates, and textilecoatingsUse in synthesis ofthermosettirtg phenolicresins, epoxy,polycarbonate,phenoxy, andpoiysulfone; synthesisof aprotactam for use innylon 6 fibers, plastics,and filmsUse in synthesis ofagricultural chemicalsand intermediates;synthesis ofpharmaceuticais. rubberand plasiic piasiicizers,ant;oxidants, curingagents, andintermediatesUse in synthesis ofstabilizers andpreservatives for dyes,perfumes, andfungicides
Use during solventrefining of lubrication oiland wax; use insynthesis of additivesfor gasoline andlubricating fluids andintermediates
Process enclosure;focal exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
Process enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
Process enclosure;local exhaustventilation; persona)protective equipment
Process enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
Process enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
Use in syr.mesis ofintermediates inpolyester production;production of corrosion-resistant polyester andpolyester pciyoss; use msynthesis of dyeintermediatesUs* in synthess ofsurface-acBve agents
Process enclosure;focal exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
intermediates; insynthesis of explosivesUse in manufacture ofdisinfectant agents andproducts for industrialand household useUse m synthesis ofsynthetic cresots andxylenols
Process enclosure;'ocal exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
Process enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipmentProcess enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURES
chemical.• Skin ExposureIf solid or liquidon ,he skin.
rk in3 w«h this
i;« • j* CO"*ning ph=no1
„,,„„, ,• Breathing
soonMpo«,ble.* Swallowing
. Afterperson ,o
'™n,edi-
person vomit Gel m,,. iUel medical'°"Ch th
n<" make an unconseiousimmediately.
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* RescueMove the affected person from (he hazardous exposure.If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-one else and put into effect the established emergencyrescue procedures. Do not become a casually. Under-stand the facility's emergency rescue procedures andknow the locations of rescue equipment before the needanscs.SPILL, LEAK, AND DISPOSALPROCEDURES* Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth*mg should be restricted from areas of spills or leaks untilcleanup has been completed.* ff phenol is spilled or leaked, the following stepsshould be taken:1. Ventilate area of spill2. If in the solid form, for small quantities, sweep ontopaper or other suitable material, place in an appropriatecontainer and burn in a safe place (such as a fume hood).Large quantities may be reclaimed; however, if this isnot practical, dissolve in a flammable solvent (such asalcohol) and atomize in a suitable combustion chamber.3. If in the liquid form, for small quantities, absorb onpaper towels. Evaporate in a safe place (such as a fumehood). Allow sufficient time for evaporating vapors tocompletely clear the hood ductwork. Burn ihe paper ina suitable location away from combustible materials.Large quantities can be collected and atomized m asuitable combustion chamber.* Waste disposal methods:Phenol may be disposed of:1. If in the solid form, by making packages of phenol tnpaper or other flammable material and burning in asuitable combustion chamber, or by dissolving phenolin a flammable solvent (such as aicohoi) and atomizingin a suitable combustion chamber. "2. If in the liquid form, by absorbing it in vermicuhte.dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in asecured sanitary landfill, or by atomizing the liquid in asuitable combustion chamber.REFERENCES• American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists: "Phenol." Documentation of the ThresholdLimit Values for Substances in Workroom Air (3rd ed..
, 2nd printing), Cincinnati, 1974.• American Industrial Hygiene Association: "Phenol."Hygienic Guide Series. Detroit. Michigan. 1957 .» Ba&km, A- D. (ed.): Handling Guide for PotentiallyHazardous Commodities. Railway Systems and Manage*ment Association, Chicago. 1972.» Boutwell. R. K . and Bosch. D. K.: "The Tumor-promoting Action of Phenol and Related Compoundsfor Mouse Skin." Cancer Research, 19:413-424, 1959.• Chnstensen. H. E.. and Lugmbyhl. T. L. (eds.):
8«pt«mber 197S
NIOSH Toxic Substances List. 1974 edition.Publication No. 74-134, 1974,* Community Aif Quality Guides: "Phenol ariCresol," American Induslnai Hygiene Association Joar-nal, 30:425-428; 1969.* Deichmann. W. B.. and Witherup. S-: "Phenol Stud-ies VI: The Acute and Comparative Toxicity of Phenoland o% m-, and p-Cresol< for Experimental Animals."Journal &f Phermefitfefogjf end Experimental Tkeropy.SO.233, 1944.» FairhalL L. T.: Industrial Taxi£0hgy (2nd ed.). Wil-liams and Wiftins, Baltimore. 1957.* Gleason. Vf. N. Goswtin. R. E., Hodge. H C., andSmith. R. P.; Clinics! Toxicology of Commercial Produce(3rd ed-), Williams and Wilkms. Baltimore. !969.* Grant, W. M.: Toxicology of the Eye (2nd ed.}. C. CThomas. Springfield. Illinois. 1974.* Hygienic Information Guide No. 40 - Phenol, Com-monwealth of Pennsylvania. Department of Environ-mental Resources. Bureau of Occupational Health.1958.* Jacobs. M.: The Analytical Chemistry of IndustrialPoisons. Hazards, and Solvents, Interscience. New York.1956.* Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc.; ChemicalSafety Data Sheet 5£W. Phenol, Washington. D.C..1964.* Merliss. R. R.; "Phenol Marasmus." Journal of Occu-pational Medicine. 14.55-56. 1972.* National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth, U.S. Department of Heaith. Education, andWelfare: Criteria far a Recommended Standard . . . .Occupational Exposure ;o Phenol. HEW Publication No.(NIOSH) 76- 196 . GPO No. Ol7 .G33-0018. i -7 . U.S. Gov-ernment Printing Office, Washington. D.C.. 1976.• Ohtsuji, H., and Ikeda. M.: "Quantitative Relation-ship between Atmospheric Phenol Vapour and Phenoiin the Urine of Workers in Bakelite Factories." British.Journalof Industrial Medicine, 29:"0-73, 1972.* Patty. F. A. (ed.) Toxicology, Vol. II of IndustrialHygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed. rev,), Intersc;ence.New York. 1963.* Sax. N. I.; Dangercus Proper-lies of Industrial \hter.sh(3rd ed.), Van Nostrand Remhold. New York, 1968.• Spector, W. S. (Vols. I, II). Negherbon. W. O. (Vol.III). Grebe. R. M. (Vol. IV), and Dinmer, D. S. (Vol.V) (edc.): Handbook afToxicology. Saunders, Philadel-phia. 1956-1959.• Summer, W.: Odor Pollution of Air: Causes and Con-trol. I.. Hill. London. 1975.* Thienes, C. H., and Halcy. T. 3-; Clinical Toxicolu$y(5th ed.). Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia. 1972.« Union Carbide Corporation. Industrial Medicine andToxicology Department. Toxicology Studies - Phenoi.New York. 1966.
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR PHENOL
Condition Minimum Respiratory Protection*Required Above $ ppm
Vapor or ParticipateConcentration50 ppm or lass
lOOppr* or less
Greater tr.an 100 ppm"entry and escape fromunknown concentrations
or
Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartndge(a) and dust andmist firter(s).Any fluppJied-air respirator.Any self-contained breathing apparatus.
A chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece. organic vapor cartndge(s),and dust and mist filter(s).A gas mask with a chin-style or a front- cr back-mounted organic vapor canisterand dust and mist filter.Any supplied-air respirator with a full faceoiece, heimet, or hood.Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facesiece.
Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
A combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with afull facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or contmu-ous-flow mode and an auxmary self-contained breathing apparatus operated inpressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Fire Figh!=rg Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.
Escace Any gas mask providing pVotecuon against organic vapors and particulates.Any escape self-contained breathing apparatus.
'Only NICSH-approved or MSHA-approved equipment should be used."Use of suppiied-air suits may be necessary to prevent skin contact while providing respiratory protection fromairborne concentrations of phenol; however, this equipment should be selected, used, and maintained under theimmed-ate supervision of trained personnel. Where suppl.eci-air suits are used above a concentration of 100 ppm,an auxiliary self-contsined breathing apparatus operated in positive pressure mode should also be worn.
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Occupational Health Guideline forPentachlorophenol
Th» guideline is intended a* a source of fnformtuiori forempk>y<!«, employers, physicians, industrial hygwnists,and other occupational health professionals who mayhave a need for such information. It does not attempt topresent aJi data; rather, it presents pertinent informationand data in summary form.SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION* Formula: C.CUOH* Synonyms: PCP; penta* Appearance and odor: Light brown solid with apungent odor when hot.PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL)The current OSHA standard for pentachlorophenol is0.5 milligram of pentachlorophenol per cubic meter ofair (mg/rn3) averaged over an eight-hour work shift.HEALTH HAZARD INFORMATION0 Routes of exposurePentachlorophenol can affect the body if it is inhaled, ifit comes in contact with the eyes or skin, or if it isswallowed. It may enter the body through the skin.* Effects of oTerexposureExposure to pentachlorophenol may cause irritation ofthe eyes and respiratory tract. Bronchitis has beenreported to occur. Systemic effects from either a largeexposure or repeated smaller exposures include weak-ness, loss of appetite, nau; -a, vomiting, shortness ofbreath, chest pain, excessive sweating, headache, anddizziness. In fatal cases the temperature is often veryhigh and death may occur as early as three hours afterthe onset of symptoms. The risk of serious intoxicationis greater in hoi weather. Persons with decreased liver01 kidney functions are more susceptible to poisoningfrom this chemical. Repealed exposure to pcntachioro-phe.ioi may cause an acne-like skin rash and liver
damage. Commercial pemaehloropnenol may be con-laminated with dioxin compounds which are muchmore toxic than p«ntach!orophenol.* Reporting signs and symptoms:A physician should be contacted if anyone develops anysigns or symptoms and suspects that they are caused byexposure to pentaehlorophenol.* Recommended medical surreiHaneeThe following medical procedures should be madeavailable to each employee who is exposed to pentach-lorophenol at potentially hazardous levels:/. Initial Medical Examination:
—A complete history and physical examination: Thepurpose is to detect pre-existing conditions thai mightplace the exposed employee at increased risk, and toestablish a baseline for future health monitoring. Exami-nation of the cardiovascular system, eyes, upper respira-tory tract, liver, and kidneys should be stressed. Theskin should be examined for evidence of chronic disor-ders. Analysis of the urine for pentachlorophenol maybe helpful in estimating the extent of absorption.2. Periodic Medical Examination: The aforementionedmedical examinations should be repeated on an annualbasis.* Summary of toxicologyPentachlorophenol dust and misi cause irritation of theeyes and upper respiratory tract; absorption results in anincrease in metabolic rate and hyperpyrexia, prolongedskin exposure causes an acneform dermatitis. Humanexposure to dust or mist concentrations greater than Img/m3 causes pain in the nose and throat, violentsneezing, and cough; 0.3 mg/m3 may cause some noseirritation; persons acclimated to pentachlorophenol cantolerate concentrations up to 2.4 mg/m1. Pentachloro-phenol readily penetrates the skin; systemic intoxicationis cumulative and has been fatal. Intoxication is charac-terized by weakness, anorexia, weight loss, and profusesweating; there also may be headache, dizziness, nausea,vomiting, dyspnea, and chest pain. Fn fatal cases, thebody temperature is frequently exiremely high and
These recommendations reflect good industrial hygiene and medical surveillance practices and their implementation willassist in achieving an effective occupational health program. However, they may not be sufficient to achieve compliancewith all requirements of OSHA regulations,
U.S. DEPARTMENT QF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health Son/ice Cantors 'or Disease ControlNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1970
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOROccupational Safety and Health Administration
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death has occurred as ear!> as 3 hours after (he onset ofsymptoms. The risk of serious intoxication is increasedduring hot weather; persons with impaired liver Ofkidney function are more susceptible to ihe effects ofpeniachlorophe.iol. The dust, mist, and vapor cause eyeirnuuon. Prolonged exposure of workers has caused anacnefom dermatitis; 10 workers engaged in productionof pentachloropnenol for 5 to 10 months developed awidely disseminated skin eruption characterized bysmall arid large furuncles, brown pigmentation, andsome cicatrization; 7 workers also developed severebronchitis; air but I worker still showed signs of exten-sive sews more than a year after cessation of exposure*and 4 still complained of bronchitis. On ihe skin,solutions of pentachlorophenol as dilute as \% maycause irritation if contact is repeated or prolongedCHEMICAL AMD PHYSICAL PROPERTIES* Physical data
1. Molecular weight: 266J2. Boiling point {760 mm Hg): 3II C (592 F) (decom-
poses)3. Specific gravity (water =s I): 2.04. Vapor density (aJr = 1 at boiling point of pemach-
lorophenol): Mot applicable5. Melting point: 182- I90C(360- 3?4F)6. Vapor pressure 3t 20 C (68 F): 0.00017 mm Hg7. Solubility in water, g/100 g water at 20 C (68 F):
0.0028. Evaporation rate (butyl acetate = I): Not applica-
ble* Reactivity
1. Conditions contributing to instability: None.2. Incompatibilities: Contact with strong oxidizers
may cause fires and explosions.3. Hazardous decomposition products: Toxic gases
and vapors (such as hydrogen chloride, chlorinatedphenols- and carbon monoxide) may be released whenpentachlorophenol decomposes.
4. Special precautions: None.* Flammflbility
1. Not combustible* Warning properties
1. Odor Threshold: The AIHA Hygienic Guide statesthat pentachlorophenol has a characteristic odor. Noquantitative information is available, however, concern-ing the odor threshold of this substance.
2. Irritation Levels: The Documentation of TLVsstates that "dusts are particularly irritating to the eyesand nose, in concentrations appreciably greater than 1mg/ms. but some irritation of the nose may occur at 0.3mg/m3. Hardened workers can tolerate up to 2.4 mg/mV
3. Evaluation of Warning Properties: Through itsirritant effects, pentachlorophenol can be detectedwithin three times of the permissible exposure limit. Forthe purposes of this guideline, therefore, pentachloro-phenol is treated as a material with good warning
properties.MONITORING AND MEASUREMENT
• GeneralMeasurements to determine employee exposure are besttaken so that the average eight-hour exposure is basedon a single eight-hour sample or on two four-hoursamples. Several snort*tiffl« interval samples (u$ to 30:minutes) may nfso b* us*d to dfifcTfriine the averageexposure level. Air samples should be taken in theemployee's breaking wn& (aif that would most nearlyrepresent that inhaled by the employee).* MethodAn analytical method for pentachlorophenoi is in theNfOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. 2nd Ed., Vol. 4,1978, available from the Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C. 20402 (GPO No. 017-033-00317-3).• Gleason, M. N., Gosselin, R. E., Hodge, H. C., andSmith. R. P.: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products(3rd ed,), Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore, 1969.RESPIRATORS* Good industrial hygiene practices recommend thatengineering controls be used to reduce environmentalconcentrations to the permissible exposure level. How-ever, there are some exceptions where respirators maybe used to control exposure. Respirators may be usedwhen engineering arid work practice controls are nottechnically feasible, when such controls are in theprocess of being installed, or when they fail and need tobe supplemented. Respirators may also be used foroperations which require entry into tanks or closedvessels, and in emergency situations. If the use ofrespirators is necessary, the only respirators permittedare those that have been approved by the Mine Safetyand Health Administration (formerly Mining Enforce-ment and Safety Administration) or by the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health.• In addition to respirator selection, a complete respira-tory protection program should be instituted whichincludes regular training, maintenance, inspection,cleaning, and evaluation.PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT• Employees should be provided with and required touse impervious clothing, gloves, face shifilds (eight-inchminimum), and other appropriate protective clothingnecessary to prevent any possibility of skin contact withpentachlorophenol or liquids containing pentachloro-phenol.• If employees' clothing has had any possibility ofbeing contaminated with pentachlorophenol or liquidscontaining pentachlorophenol, employees shouldchange into uncontaminated clothing before leaving ihework premises.
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Clothing wh.ch has had any poss.b.hty of beingcomaminaied with pemaciilorophenol should be placedm closed coMMcn for storage umil i. can be discardedor amil prav.no. « made fof the remova, Qf fiphenol from the clothing. If the clothing is to beayndered or otherwise cleaned to remove the pentach.torophenol. the person performing the operation shouldb« informed of pemachloropheaol's hazardous proper-tie*. v
• Where there is my possibility of expo^uf? of anemployed Myto p*maehteroph«noi or liquids con-umifig pentaehlorophenol, facilities for quick drench-feg of the fcxfy sfesafcf bs provided within rhe immedi-ate work area for emergency use.• Non-imperviou* clothing which becomes contami-nated with pemachloropheno! should be removed im-mediately and not rewom until the pemachiorophenolis removed from the clothing.• Employees should be provided with and required touse dust- and splash-proof safety goggles where there ,sany possibility of pemachlorophenol or liquids contain-ing pentachlorophenol contacting the eyes.• Where there is any possibility that employees' eyesmay be exposed to pemachlorophenol or liquids con-taming pentachlorophenol, an eye-wash fountainshould be prov!ded within the immediate work area foremergency use.
SANITATION• Skin that becomes contaminated with pcntachloro-pheno: should be immediately washed or showeredwith soap or mild detergent and water to remove anypenuchlorophenol.• Workers subject to skin contact with pentachlorc-phenol or liquids containing pentachlorophenoi shouldwash with soap or mild detergent and water any areasof the body which may have contacted pentachloro-phenol at the end of each work day.• Eating and smoking should not be permitted in areaswhere pentachlorophenoi or liquids containing pen-tachlorophenol are handled, processed, or stored.• Employees who handle pentachlorophenoi or liquidscontaining pentachlorophenol should wash their handsthoroughly with soap or mild detergent and waterbefore eating, smoking, or using toilet facilities,
COMMON OPERATIONS AND CONTROLSThe following list includes some common operations inwhich exposure to pentachlorophenol may occur andcontrnl methods which may be effective jn each case-
OperationFormulation ofpreservatives,pesticides, andfungicidesApplication as apreservative for wood,ftwcft. paint, adhesives,leather, latex, and oils;
ControlsProcess enclosure;local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipmentPersonal protectiveequipment
control; us* as apastrelcte, herbicide, andsrail control agentManufacture ofpeniachlocophenol Process enclosure;
local exhaustventilation; personalprotective equipment
EMERGENCY FIRST AID PROCEDURESIn the event of an emergency, institute first aid proce-dures and send for first aid or medical assistance.• Eye ExposureIf penuchloropnenol or liquids containing pentachloro-phenol get into (he eyes, wash eyes immediately withlarge amounts of water, lifting the lower and upper lidsoccasionally. Get medical attention immediately. Con-tact lenses should not be worn when working with thischemical.* Skin Exposure[f pemachiorophcnol or liquids containing pentachloro-phenol get on the skin, immediately wash the contami-nated skin using soap or mild detergent and water. Ifpentachlorophenol or liquids containing pentachlora-phenoi penetrate through the clothing, remove theclothing; immediately and wash the skin using soap ormild deJergent and water. If irritation is present afterwashing, get medical attention.* BreamingIf a person breathes in large amounts of pentachloro-phenol, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. Ifbreathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration.Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medicalattention as soon as possible.* SwallowingWhen pentachlorophenoi or liquids containing pentach"lorophenol have been swallowed and the person isconscious, give the person large quantities of waterimmediately. After the water has been swallowed, tryto get the person to vomit by having him touch the backof his throat with his finger. Do not make an uncon-scious person vomit. Get medical attention immediate-ly.* RescueMove the affected person from the hazardous exposure.If the exposed person has been overcome, notify some-One else and put into effect the established emergency
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rescue procedures. Co not become a casualty. Under-stand the facility's emergency rescue procedures andknow the local ions of rescue equipment before the needarises.SPILL AND DISPOSAL PROCEDURES* Persons not wearing protective equipment and cloth-ing should be restricted from areas of splits i.ntil cleanuphas been completed.* If pen'achlorophenol is spilled, the following stepsshould be taken:t. WuaJareareaafspflf.2. Collect spilled material in the most conveni«nt andsafe manner ami tfepotf in sealed containers for reclama-tion or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid.containing pentaehlorophenol should be absorbed invermicutite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.* Waste disposal method:Pfinuchlorophdnol may be disposed of in sealed con-tainers m a secured sanitary landfill.
REFERENCES* American Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienuts: "Pentachlorophenoi," Documentation of theThreshold Limit Values for Substances in Workroom Air(3rd ed.. 2nd printing), Cincinnati, 1975.* American Industrial Hygiene Association: "Pentach-lorophenol and Sodium Pemachlorophenate," HygienicGuideSenes, Detroit. Michigan, 1970.* Baader, E. W., and Bauer. H. J.: "Industrial Intoxica-tion Due to Pentachlorophenoi," Industrial Medians
. 20:286-290. 195 1 .
» Bcrgner, K., et ai.: "Industrial Pentaehlorophenol "Poisoning in Winnipeg," Canadian Medical AssociationJournal, 93:448.451, 1965.* CHristensen, H. £., and Luginbyhl, T. L. (eds.):NIOSH Toxk Substances List, 1974 Edition, HEWPublication No. 74-U4,1974.* Fairhall. L. T.: industrial Toxicology (2nd ed.), Wil-liams and WUkitt, Baltimore, 1957* Gleason, M. N., Gosselin. R. E. Hodge, H. C, andSmith, R. P.: Clinical Toxicology of 'Commt1969.* Or ant, W. M.; T0xi£0f&gy of the £ye (2nd ed.), C. C.Thomas, Springfield, Illin&is. 1974.* Hayes, W. X, Jr.; Clinical Handbook on EconomicPoisons. Emergency Information for Treating Poisoning,U.S. PutJie Health Service Publication No. 476, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 1963.* Hunter, D.: Diseases of Occupations (4th ed.), Little,Brown, Boston, !969.» International Labour Office: Encyclopedia ofOecupa~tional Health and Safety. McGraw-Hill, New York,1971.* Johnstone, R. T.( and Miller, S. E.: OccupationalDisease and Industrial Medicine, Saunders, Philadelphia,I960.» Patty, F. A. (ed.): Toxicology. Vol. II of IndustrialHygiene and Toxicology (2nd ed, rev.), Interscie-iee,New York. 1963.* Spector. W. S. (Vols. I. II), Negherbon. W. O. (Vol.Ill), Grebe. R. M. (Vol. IV), and Dittmer. D. S. (Vol.V) (eds.): Handbook of Toxicology. Saunders, Philadel-phia. 1956-1959.* Thienes, C. H-. and Haley, T. J.: Clinical Toxicology(5th ed.). Lea and Febiger. Philadelphia, 1972,
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RESPIRATORY PROTECTION FOR PENTACHtOROPHENOL
Condition
Partasulate or VaporConcentration2.5 ?ng/mj or less
25 mg/m3 or less
II CII
Minimum Respiratory Protection*Required Above 0.5 mg/m1
Any chemical cartridge respirator with an organic vapor cartrtdge(s) and dustfume, and mist filter(s), including pesticide respirators which meet Ihanwits oMfits class."Arty Supplied -fiff respirator. *•Any self-eorMainsd breathing
Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full faeepiece, an organic vaporeanridge(s), and dust, furne, and mist fi!te.-($;, including pesticide respiratorswhich meet the requirements of this class.A gas mask with a chin-style or a front* or back-mounted organic vapor canisterand dust, fume, and mist filler, including pesticide respirators which meet therequirements of this class.Any supplied-air respirator with a full faeepiece, helmet, or hood.Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full faeepiece.
150 -ig/m* or less* * ! f eye irritation occurs, full-facepiece respiratory protective equipment should be used.
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