RELEVANCE OF RASA SHASTRA IN 21st CENTURY WITH

Virupaksha Gupta K.L et al / IJRAP 2011, 2 (6) 1628-1632

International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy

ISSN 2229-3566 Review Article www.ijrap.net

RELEVANCE OF RASA SHASTRA IN 21st CENTURY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

LIFESTYLE DISORDERS (LSDs) Virupaksha Gupta K.L1*, Pallavi G2, Patgiri B.J.1, Kodlady Naveena1

1Department of RS and BK including Drug Research, Institute of PG Teaching and Research in Ayurveda, Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

2Department of P.G Studies in Ayurveda Siddhanta, Government Ayurveda Medical College, Mysore, Karnataka, India

Received on: 12/09/11 Revised on: 23/10/11 Accepted on: 05/11/11

*Corresponding author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Lifestyle diseases (LSDs) are those conditions usually attributed to dramatic shifts in the way humans live their lives, and are an object of medical attention and thus the cause of concern. Continuous usage of conventional medicine for these diseases may produce adverse drug reactions and hence an alternative has become the need of the hour. Rasa Shastra has flourished from medieval period, but therapeutic use of Rasa Dravyas is being explored in terms of Metallo-pharmaceutics of contemporary researches which is evident by the increasing number of researches validating it. This article focuses on the utility of Rasaushadhis and their role in the betterment of the community with special reference to LSDs. Keywords: Lifestyle diseases, Rasaushadhis, Bhasma INTRODUCTION The term “Lifestyle disease” has become a common currency in the healthcare field .Lifestyle diseases are those conditions usually attributed to dramatic shifts in the way humans live their lives, often due to advancements in a society or its scientific progress. They become more prevalent as the country becomes more industrialized and affluent. Though these can be prevented by conscious changes in the diet, behavior and environment of individuals to some extent but the treatment of these diseases is still pre-dominantly based upon the use of medication from the conventional medical perspective. The side effects emerging from these medications add on to the chronic conditions which demand additional therapeutic attention. With this background an attempt has been made to focus the relevance of Rasaushadhis in the prevention and treatment of LSD’s. Lifestyle Diseases Lifestyle has changed from being an indicator of the overall well being of an individual to a cause of disease and now "lifestyle" has itself become an object of medical attention and thus the cause of concern. Some of them include Atherosclerosis, Asthma , Cancer, Chronic Liver Disease or Cirrhosis, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Type 2 Diabetes, Cardiac disorders, Metabolic Syndrome, Osteoporosis, Stroke, Depression and Obesity. Why has the incidence of disorders such as Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiac ailments and Cancer risen so inexorably? There are several reasons for this shift in the disease burden profile. The diet has changed, as cheap, calorie-rich diet has become generally available; people are less inclined to physical exercise; people are incapable of dealing with an increasingly obtrusive stress in daily social and occupational life; and the use of recreational drugs and alcohol has become pervasive. Unfortunately, the newly industrialized, developing countries have not been spared this shift in emphasis from traditional disease to lifestyle disease. People have access to lifestyles, especially food and stress-load, which push them prone to numerous, previously rare disorders like Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. In fact, the costs incurred in the effective treatment of lifestyle diseases are now assuming alarming proportions.1

Need for healthy lifestyles

It is well reported that a healthy lifestyle can reduce the morbidity and mortality of life-threatening conditions such as Cancer and Coronary Heart Disease. Although technological advances in medical testing and treatment have increased life expectancy, the

relative costs to health care are now being realized; yet government objectives and investment are lacking in addressing fundamental lifestyle risk factors. Indeed, projected quality-adjusted life year expectancy can increase by providing lifestyle management programmes for preventable diseases, thereby making them a cost-effective intervention2. Rasaushadhis Rasa Shastra is an offshoot of Ayurveda that was mainly developed in the medieval period. The ancient seers were well versed in the times the contemporary had little knowledge. It mainly explores the utilization of metals and minerals for medicinal purposes.3,4 It is understood that the term Rasa denotes Parada (Hg), Maha Rasa, Upa Rasa and Sadharana Rasa. But the term Rasa also includes Incinerated or killed metals and poisonous tubers. Hence the formulations which consist above as one of the constituent can be termed as Rasaushadhi.5 Eg: Arogyavardhini Vati (consists of Kajjali, HgS), Tarakeshwara Rasa (Consists of Rasa Sindhura), Ananda Bhairavi Rasa (Consists of Hingula), Navayasa Lauha, Saptamrita Lauha (consists Loha (Fe) Bhasma,) Hridayarnava Rasa (consists Tamra (Cu) Bhasma,), Sanjivani Vati (consists of Bhallataka and Vatsanabha). Classification of Rasaushadhi 1. Khalviya: Khalviya Rasaushadhis are the formulations prepared with the help of Mortar and pestle. Initially mercury and sulphur are mixed in mortar and triturated with pestle until it converts into black colored powder similar to Kaajal (termed as Kajjali), then the other mineral and herbal ingredients are mixed and triturated with specified herbal juices and pills are rolled according to the dose. 2. Parpati: Kajjali as such or along with specific other ingredients triturated with it are used for this. Then it is subjected to controlled heating in an iron spatula to obtain a molten mass. The molten mass is then immediately poured and spread evenly on a flat soft surface, preferably on the surface of a banana leaf, which is usually placed on a soft surfaced platform prepared from fresh wet cow dung or mud. The soft material like fresh cow dung or mud is selected for this procedure to provide smooth and even platform for the leaf placed on it and to facilitate free flow and even spread of the liquefied Kajjali on the surface of the leaf. The poured mass is then immediately covered with another banana leaf and is hand pressed evenly. The covered leaf is then removed to find a thin flat sheet of the material, which is termed as ‘Parpati’.



3. Kupipakwa: Kajjali is filled up to 1/3rd in a narrow mouth high long neck glass flask termed as ‘Kupi’ and then subjected for controlled heating, or sometimes in an earthenware crucible termed as ‘Musha’ or in a metallic crucible, then is termed as ‘Kupipakwa Rasa’. 4. Pottali: The mixture of ingredients of metal and mineral origin are triturated in herbal juices and made into a bolus, and then it is kept in a silk cloth in which a layer of sulphur is spread and tied. This bolus (Pottali) is further cooked in molten sulphur till the final product is obtained. This Pottali is rubbed on a touch stone as per the requirement and administered6. Mode of action of Rasoushadhis w.s.r. to Bhasmas Herbo mineral formulations of Ayurveda constituting Bhasma as an ingredient are the superior forms of administration. Bhasma’s are the most ancient form of administration of the nano medicine. Analgesic, Anti inflammatory immunomodulatory activity, Anti oxidant activity, Free radical scavenging activities of various Bhasmas have been identified and nano technology is held responsible for all these properties due to its target oriented technology. Ayurvedic pharmaceutics are receiving a new thrust through reappraisal of Bhasma preparations as novel nano technological applications.7

How Bhasma Acts? Interaction of the particles with biological systems including living cells is one of the most intriguing areas of basic and applied research at the interface of biology and particulate materials. Typical features of Ayurvedic Bhasma have been recently demonstrated through transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. A further study has shown Swarna (Gold) Bhasma principally constituted of globular gold particle of 56-57nm, Interestingly , the

same study also revealed Swarna Bhasma to be devoid of any other heavy metal or organic material by its screening through Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Infra red Spectroscopy (IS). Raman spectroscopy is employed for investigating the interaction of human lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) with the particulate system Jasada Bhasma, a traditional Indian medicine. The Raman spectral analysis is executed by identifying the difference in intracellular DNA/RNA, proteins and lipids concentration between particles—treated and untreated cells. Comparison between Bhasma-treated and -untreated cells indicates that vibrational peaks corresponding to the DNA/RNA molecule show a significant increase in cells treated with the Jasada Bhasma. Apart from the DNA molecule, several other vibrational peaks related to the protein molecules also show a significant increase in A549 cells after treatment with Bhasma. These results indicate that Bhasma treatment of A549 possibly delays DNA degradation and enables retention of higher amount of protein molecules in the cells.8 Another study found gold nano particles (4nm size) helped in increased apoptosis in B-Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Incidentally, CLL is an otherwise incurable disease predominantly characterized by resistance to apoptosis. It is observed that the nano medical application of various drugs is proportionate to their particle size and shape. Smaller the particle, the quicker is the cellular internalization and consequent effects. It is interesting to reiterate here that the pharmacological efficacy of a Bhasma preparation is largely attributed to the number and type of Puta (traditional incineration process) used in its making. Increased incinerations therefore are able to reduce particle size and subsequently give rise to increases efficacy to a given Bhasma.9 .

Relevant Research works S.N Scholar Rasaushadhi Utility 1. Zahoor Ahmad Shah Swarna Bhasma Antioxidant/Restorative Effects 2. A. Mitra 10 Swarna Bhasma Free radical scavenging activity 3. D. S. Agrawal11 Swarna Bhasma (Gold Ash) Treatment / Prevention Of Alzheimer’s Disease

4. Sonia bajaj12 Gold Bhasma Anticataleptic, Antianxiety, Antidepressant, Immunostimulant, and Analgesic actions

5. Naveena K13 Swarna Bhasma Rasayana in pregnancy 6. Shah Z A14 Gold Preparations Ischaemia 7. Sherika Mahepal15 Gold-Based Lipophilic Cations, In Anti tumor Activity

8. Simon, P Fricker16 Gold In Gene Expression, anti microbial, anti cancer properties, and in Rheumatoid Arthritis,

9. S Sinyorita17 Makaradhwaja In geriatric care 10. Siddhartha Shrivastava18 silver nanoparticles Antibacterial effects 11. Shubha19 Rasaka Bhasma Antimicrobial activity 12. C.M Prasad20 Yashad Bhasma Hypoglycemic 13. RN Puri21 Yashad Bhasma Arrest of myopia 14. Sathe, RV22 Jasad Bhasma Diabetes mellitus 15. V.Nageswara Rao23 Jasad Bhasma Diabetes mellitus 16. N Agnel Arul John24 Yasada Bhasma Sodium Phasphate Induced Nephrocalcinosis 17. Bagherani N25 Zinc Anti Vitiligo 18. P. Suresh26 Swarna Vanga Diabetes mellitus 19. Jasmine Japee27 Kukkutanda Twak Bhasma In Minimizing the Risk of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis 20. PK Sarkar28 Lauha Bhasma, Mandura Bhasma Panduhara Effect (anti Anemia, hematinic) 21. Kanase A29 Mandura Bhasma Hepatoprotective 22. Tripathi YB30 Tamra Bhasma Lipid peroxidation 23. N. Pattanaik31 Tamra Bhasma Free Radicals Scavenging Property 24. Prasanna Kumar T32 Tamra Bhasma Antibacterial effects 25. Chauhan33 Muktashukti Bhasma Anti inflammatory activity 26. Nitin Dubey34 Mukta shouktic Bhasma Antipyretic, anti Microbial activity 27. Rathinamala R35 Maankombu Parpam (Shrungi Bhasma) Antiulcer Activity 28. Buwa S36 Abhrak Bhasma Hepato protective action 29. Prabhakara N.Reddy37 Praval Bhasma Bone mineralization 30. S Pandit 38 Shankha Bhasma Anti-ulcer effect 31. Kodlady N39 Manahshila Sedative Hypnotic Activity 32. Masuma Siddiqua40 Laghobanondo Rosh (LNR) Lipid profile 33. I. Jahan Bulbul41 Garbha Cintamani Rasa Lipid Profile, Liver Function and Kidney Function 34. Pallavi D42 Mahamrityunjaya Rasa Cardio tonic 35. R. Vadivelan43 Kantha chendooram Antiulcer activity 36. P K Roy44 Suchikabharana Rasa Ayurvedic tonic 37. Ramakrishnan Madhusoodanan45 Kallunk oxide Antidote for AIDS



Safety studies Acute and chronic toxicity of Makaradhwaja showed that the LD 50 of Makaradwaja is more than 52 times of the therapeutic dose. Chronic studies showed in therapeutic dose did not show any toxicity.46 Lauha Bhasma and Mandura Bhasma in 55 mg/kg dose (5 times the therapeutic dose) for 60 days exhibited no serious toxic effects in Charles Foster albino rats. Both the drugs showed significant recovery from chronic toxic effect after 45 days of recovery period.47 This study was designed to assess the acute oral toxicity induced by Abhraka and Tamra Bhasmas in rats with different vehicles. Percentage absorption of Bhasmas, biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed. Simultaneously, an in vitro dissolution test was performed with both the Bhasmas in artificial gastric fluid to study the dissolution rate at different time intervals. Single dose oral administration of Abhraka and Tamra Bhasmas with different vehicles did not show any systemic toxicity. There was a remarkable increase in percentage of absorption and dissolution rate of Bhasmas with honey: distilled water in both in vivo absorption and in vitro dissolution studies respectively when compared to distilled water and corn oil. In conclusion, the findings suggest, selection of vehicle plays a critical role in evaluating the toxicity of Bhasmas.48 Shankha Bhasma, Kapardika Bhasma, Muktashukti Bhasma and Pravala Bhasma and a pishti viz. Pravala pishti did not show any acute toxicity up to 5000 mg/kg dose in albino mice. Oral administration of all these drugs to albino rats at doses of 3 and 10 times higher than recommended dose also caused no toxicological effects. Acute and sub chronic toxicity studies of drugs used in the study clearly showed the non-toxic nature and high safety profile of Shankha Bhasma, Kapardika Bhasma, Muktashukti Bhasma, Pravala Bhasma and Pravala pishti in rodents.49 Studies on Chondrokola Rosh (Chandrakala Rasa) showed that it reduced bilirubin level and increased albumin levels in both rat groups and no remarkable changes were observed in the enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT and ALP. It also emphasizes that the mere presence of a chemical compound of metallic origin does not contribute to the toxicity of the finished product as the standard manufacturing process inflicts intense changes and components of herbal origin after sequential reactions with diverse components of processing which was responsible for the therapeutic action. The Study also reveals that Chondrokola Rosh (CKR) had no remarkable toxic effect on the liver function of the animals despite the presence of traces of transformed toxic heavy metals.50 Genotoxic studies Genotoxic studies on herbomineral preparations (Bhasmas), viz. Abhrak (mica) Bhasma, Mandura (iron)Bhasma, Swas Kuthar ras (mercury, sulphur) and Smriti Sagar ras (mixture of metals), using in vivo micronucleus (MN) assay and comet assay in Wistar rats of both sexes were performed, which revealed that no significant increase in MN frequency or DNA damage percentage was recorded in the Bhasma-treated animals compared to the vehicle control groups in both sexes, indicating that the Bhasmas tested were non-genotoxic under the experimental conditions and the test system employed.51 In another study the same authors reported absence of Genotoxicity on Ras Manikya Ras, Lauha (Iron, steel) Bhasma, Tamra (copper) Bhasma and Kajjali.52 Synergistic activity Potentiation of Anti Hyperglycemic action of Tolbutamide was found with Jasad Bhasma and Karela (Momordica charantia) in single dose studies in albino rats.53 In one study piperine significantly increased the absorption of metronidazole and retarding its metabolism. Hence Metronidazole and piperine combination may result in a reduced strength dosage form and also reduced dose dependent side effects.54

Concept of Lifestyle Drugs & Lifestyle Medicine ‘Lifestyle Medicine' is an established branch of medicine where in lifestyle's contribution to health in addition to non-pharmacological intervention in the treatment and management of lifestyle diseases, such as exercise in diabetes mellitus and weight management in obesity is discussed. Whereas, in the current scenario, the most operational definition of 'lifestyle drugs' is drugs that could modify or change non-medical or non-health-related goal or conditions at the margins of health and well being. The term is also used to describe medicines that are used to treat 'lifestyle illnesses', that is to say diseases that arise through 'lifestyle choices' such as smoking, alcoholism or overeating. The conventional approach in managing lifestyle diseases From the conventional medical perspective, although there is a welcome move towards educating the patient on the importance of lifestyle changes, treatment is still pre-dominantly based upon the use of medication. There are legions of drugs available, at considerable price, to treat the various lifestyle diseases: Anti-hypertensives, Appetite suppressants, Hypoglycaemics, Chemotherapeutics. Sleep inducers, Stress relievers. Anxiolytics. Anti depressants. The advice usually given on lifestyle change is generally vague and sometimes even contradictory, largely because of the lack of a comprehensive understanding on the practitioner’s part of the rationale behind the advice. What is perhaps even more disturbing from the conventional approach is the range of side effects arising from the medication prescribed, resulting in patients “acquiring” additional chronic conditions which demand additional therapeutic attention.55 Lifestyle drugs in day to day practice and proposed replacement with Rasaushadhi

S. N Life style Disorder Conventional treatment

Ayurvedic alternate

1. Impotency and erectile dysfunction

Viagra (Sildenafil Citrate) Makaradhwaja

2. Menstrual irregularity Norethisterone etc Raja Pravartini Vati

3. Mood alterations and social anxiety disorders Benzodiazepines Smriti Sagara Rasa

4. Cessation of smoking Nicotine replacement therapy

Oushadha Dravya Dhumapana

5. Sleep remedies and jet lag remedies Melatonin Smriti Sagara Rasa

6. Work related fatigue Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Vata Vidhwamsa Rasa, Vata Gajankusa Rasa

List of Rasoushadhis explained in few lifestyle diseases Tarakeshhwara Rasa in Prameha (Diabetes Mellitus) Hridayarnava Rasa in Hridroga (Heart Diseases) Smritisagara Rasa in Manodaihika Vikara (Psychiatric disorders) Shilajit in Obesity, Dyslipidemia Shankha Vati, Kamadhudha Rasa in Amlapitta, Shula (acid peptic disorders) Bhasma which possess multiple actions with suitable combinations Lauha Bhasma in Anaemias, Liver disorders, chronic Fevers, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Diabetes Tamra Bhasma in Hridroga, Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Liver Disorders Rajata Bhasma, for rejuvenation, Aphrodisiac DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The prevalence of Lifestyle diseases is constraining the victims to rely upon the conventional medication. In some of these diseases the usage of conventional medicine is inevitable, in such conditions possible alternative would be the usage of bio enhancers along with the conventional medicine so as to enhance the bio availability and efficacy of the drug and thereby minimizing the dosage and the adverse effects associated with it and hence assuring safe therapeutic usage.



For example -The drug Sildenafil (Viagra) which is branded as a “Lifestyle drug” is used for erectile dysfunction. It is metabolized mainly by the enzyme CYP3A4, which is found in many tissues, including the small intestine and the liver. Consequently, when one takes a dose of this drug, some of the dose is destroyed before it reaches the bloodstream, and more of it is destroyed in the liver before it reaches the rest of the body. About 40% of the sildenafil successfully reaches the general circulation. Once there, half of it gets metabolized every 4 hours during passes through the liver and other tissues. Thus, out of a 100 mg dose, about 20 mg remains in circulation after 4 hours. Piperine, is an inhibitor of the CYP3A4 enzyme. If a dose of piperine is taken shortly before a dose of sildenafil, the sildenafil will not have to ‘run the gauntlet’ of CYP3A4 metabolism on its way to the bloodstream. This will boost the efficiency of a dose of sildenafil – potentially by as much as a factor of 2.5. This means that a 100 mg dose taken with piperine could be equivalent to a 250 mg dose taken without it – a dose likely to produce unpleasant side effects at the very least. Piperine will also prolong the action of sildenafil, probably by about two hours, which is how long the inhibition of CYP3A4 lasts in the liver. And hence the addition of Piperine can minimize the dosage and adverse effects associated with it and enhance its efficacy.56 Various studies carried out on Bhasmas also put to rest concerns about the presence of heavy metals in ayurvedic preparations which otherwise clouds the popular use of Ayurvedic medicines abroad. The nano particle size of Ayurvedic Bhasma has been confirmed in another study where it is proposed that the nano particles are responsible for its fast and targeted action. These nano particles are proposed to be delivered to the target through rapid cellular internalization. Subsequent actions upon RNA/DNA molecule and protein synthesis within the cell are further hypothesized as possible mechanisms for rapid onset of therapeutic actions of Bhasma preparations. In most of the formulations Bhasmas and herbs are mixed and formulations are prepared and administered. Here hypothesis is made as these novel agents enhance the absorption and metabolism of the herbal ingredients and as an output, the efficacy can be enhanced in spite of administering in lesser doses. For example, In Arogyavardhini Vati, the prime ingredient Katuki is a chologogue and the other herbal and mineral ingredients are mostly for enhancing efficacy of prime ingredient. Ex 2- In iron containing Bhasmas it is said that Triphala enhances the absorption. Rasa Bhasmas and the herbal ingredients have a synergistic activity. Depending on the formulation either of them can act as bio-enhancers. Ayurvedic pharmaceutics are receiving a new thrust through reappraisal of Bhasma preparations as novel nano technological application. Herbomineral formulations (Rasaushadhi) constitute Bhasma as ingredients and are as superior and indispensable even today. Manufacturing methods of Bhasma are in tune of production of nano particles of contemporary era and proved advancement of Rasa Shastra a branch of Ayurveda which covers scientific validation till today. The safety studies which have been carried out are definitely an assurance for the victims of Life Style Diseases who are on conventional medication and are in search of a better alternative. These are safe in therapeutic doses and hence can be used in the management of Lifestyle disorders and definitely an attempt can be made to see if these Rasoushadhis can replace the so called “Lifestyle drugs” in this present era .The untoward effects of the lifestyle drugs which are being used now a days can definitely be combated with the use of Rasoushadhis. Thus Rasoushadhis can play a pivotal role in the management of lifestyle diseases.

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