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Relay Race Trivia: Biology & Lab Basics. ETEAMS 2014 By: Kelly Correia & Kaitlyn Schroeder-Spain. Introduction. Discuss topics and information relevant to ecotoxicology project and basic/general biology Expect this material to show-up in the trivia section of the relay race!! - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1
Relay Race Trivia:Biology & Lab Basics ETEAMS 2014
By: Kelly Correia & Kaitlyn Schroeder-Spain
2 Introduction
Discuss topics and information relevant to ecotoxicology project and basic/general biology
Expect this material to show-up in the trivia section of the relay race!!
Topics include: Common glassware & use Laboratory equipment & use Anatomy: Male vs. Female Blue
Crabs Basic Biology Review
3 Volumetric Flask
Aka a measuring flask Usually pear shaped Used to obtain a precise & accurate
volume of a solution Mixing: insert cap, secure with parafilm, and
invert Range of sizes, commonly 25 mL – 2 L
4 Petri Dish Also called a cell culture dish. Consists of a
plate + lid Commonly used in microbiology laboratories
and courses Microbiological cultures can be grown in petri
dishes of differing sizes Often have a thin layer of growth medium, ex:
agar
5 Beakers Commonly used in laboratories for stirring,
mixing and heating liquids Not used to measure precise volumes Large range of sizes: milliliters to liters
6 Graduated Cylinder
Used to measure solution volume
More accurate and precise method of measurement than beakers
Less accurate and precise than volumetric glassware or volumetric pipettes
Meniscus: the curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube. Bottom of Meniscus is used for measurements; should sit directly on the mark
20 mL
7Pipettes Several types, but all used to measure relatively small amounts of
solutions and samples. Some are disposable, others only partly.
Pasteur Pipette -Blubs may be reused, or not -Glass is disposable -Crude, small measurements
Disposable pipettes -similar to “droppers” -Plastic- Often used only once- For small samples & crude measurements
Volumetric Pipette (+ bulb)-Blubs reusable -Glass disposable-marked like graduate cylinder
8 Micropipettes Non-disposable; provide the highest
degree of precision and accuracy Can be single-channel or multi-
channel Pipette tips:
Are disposable Can be sterile (usually boxed) or non-
sterile (usually in a bag) Come in a variety of sizes, depending
on pipette & volume of sample
Multichannel pipette
9Each brand is slightly different, but also similar • Sample Volume: will determine the pipette and tip size
used (Table 1) • Change volume: turn plunger OR a separate knob; often
you’ll hear a clicking sound• Eject tips: push eject button • Pipetting session will provide actual training
Micropipette Use: Basics
Table 1. Example Pipette &Tip Sizes, Volumes
Pipette type
Volumes (μL) Tip color
P10 0.5 – 10 white
P20 2 – 20 yellow
P200 20 – 200 yellow
P1000 200 – 1000 blue
How To Read a
Micropipette
1. Confirm range: labeled on plunger & often one side • Range will determine decimal places, do
not rely on colors for determination • Note: knobs turn beyond their range,
and can break P100
0Pane
l View
P1000
Values
P200Panel View
P200Values
P20Panel View
P20Value
s1 1000’
s2 100’s 2 10’s
0 100’s 0 10’s 0 1’s
0 10’s 0 1’s 0 decimal
= 1000 µL (1 mL)
= 200 µL (0.2 mL)
= 20 µL (0.020 mL)
11 How To Read a Micropipette, Example # 2
P1000
Panel
View
P1000
Values
P200Panel View
P200Values
P20Panel View
P20Value
s0 1000’
s1 100’s 1 10’s
5 100’s 8 10’s 5 1’s0 10’s 5 1’s 2 decim
al = ____ µL (0.5 mL)
= ____ µL (0.185 mL)
= ____ µL (0.0152 mL)
12 Conversions (self study/Reference)• Expect to convert between different volumes of solutions • Practice and review will be covered during pipetting and
graduated cylinder sessions
13 Stir Bar & Stir Plates • Both are used to mix a solution
thoroughly • Help avoid and/or assist manual
stirring • Stir bars are magnetic, plastic and
reusable; come in a variety of sizes and shapes
• Stir plate is also magnetic, to move stir bar
• Stir bar is gently dropped into a solution and placed on stir plate; plates have several speeds
• Use a Stir Bar Stick or Retriever to remove stir bar from solution (also magnetic)
Stir bars (above)
Stir Bar Stick/Retriever (right)
Stir plates
14 Hot Plate & Stirrer/Hot Plate Combo
Hot Plate (alone)• Used to heat a solution, often to
assist with mixing (increase solubility)
• Turn dial to change heat level
Stirrer/Hot Plate (combo)• Used to mix AND heat a solutions,• Turn separate dials to change
heat level and stirring speed
15
• Used to separate samples by weight, size
• Can be “micro” (table top) or very large • As rotor spins heavier particles
separate on bottom of centrifuge tube
• Produces a supernatant & a pellet, which can be separated, re-suspended (pellet), and spun at higher speeds if necessary
• Centrifuge speed varies with size of centrifuge rotor and can vary with overall size
• Desired molecules, enzymes, etc. will determine speed necessary for separation
Centrifuges
16 Seawater & Salinity
Salinity “units” Oceanic World avg. 35.5 PSU PSU = practical salinity scale Estimate of ionic content 1 PSU = 1 g/kg Old method: expressed as %, or ppt (parts
per trillion). Known as Knudsen salinities. Laguna Madre = unique! Hypersaline
Lagoon
Blue crab tanks are kept at 18-20 PSU Measure salinity using the refractometer
What salinity is the image showing on the left?
17
Part II:Basic Biology
& Information Relevant
to Ecotoxicology Project
18Crab Sex Identification • Abdominal apron, or flap, is shaped differently for ♀ & ♂• ♀: upside down “U” = mature; upside down “v”
immature • ♂: pillar shape, & slender entire life cycle
• Claws different colors • Immature ♀,♂: claws appear greenish/white, with hot
pink dots• Mature ♀: claws are bright orange / red • Immature ♂: claws are blue, sometimes greenish-
blue
19 Female Blue Crabs (FYI)• Abdominal apron, or flap, is used to carry eggs
20Plant VS Animal Cell (Major Differences)
Animal cells: no cell wall; can have flagella, cilia & lysosomes Plants: cell wall, chloroplasts
21 DNA Structure • Genetic information for all living things
• Humans have 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs • 1 pair sex
chromosomes • 22 pairs =
autosomes• Meiosis • 24,000 genes ( =
2% of entire DNA) • 95 % identical to
chimpanzee • ~ 50 % identical
to bananas
22 RNA Structure
23 5 Kingdoms of all living things
Monera (includes Eubacteria and Archeobacteria)
Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
24 Stages of Mitosis (IPMAT)*Be able to put images of Mitosis in order for relay race
25 Structure of a water molecule • Be able to draw or create a water molecule, including charges
and bonds • Water = 2 Hydrogen atoms covalently bonded with Oxygen • Water is bipolar because:
• electronegativity of Oxygen + electropositivity of 2 Hydrogen atoms
• Bonds between water molecules = hydrogen bonds
26 Key Scientists:People & Works to Know
1. Carl Linnaeus
2. Charles Darwin
3. Louis Pasteur
4. Gregor Mendel
5. Watson and Crick (+Franklin)
6. Rachel Carson
27 Carl Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)
“father of biological systematics and nomenclature”
He invented the modern classification system of living organisms Binomial nomenclature
e.g., blue crabs = Callinectes sapidus
28 Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)
Naturalist and Geologist Voyage of the Beagle (1831 – 1836) Origin of Species (1859) Theory of Evolution all species of life have descended over time
from common ancestors
29 Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Chemists and microbiologist Created first vaccinations for rabies and anthrax Primary founder of microbiology (along with Cohn &
Koch) Proved that most infectious diseases are caused by
micro-organisms Known as the germ theory of disease
Developed pasteurization process Prevent milk and wine from becoming contaminated
with bacteria
30 Gregor Mendel (1822 – 1884)
Most known for his famous hereditary experiments with pea plants (1856-1853)
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance, work with peas and flowers; studied phenotypes of several generations Discovered the basics of Genetics by
crossing/mating peas with different physical traits
31
James Watson (1928 - ) and Francis Crick(1916-2004) + Rosalind Franklin (1920 -1958)
Watson (left) & Crick (Right) worked at Cambridge University Discovered & published DNA structure (1953) Attended Franklin’s lecture
Rosalind, with others (Wilkins), worked at King’s College She studied x-ray diffraction of DNA,
helped ID phosphate “bone” and helix structure
1962: Watson, Crick, and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize for physiology/medicine Franklin died in 1958; no posthumous prizes
32 Rachel Carson (1907-1964)
Author, Silent Spring (1963) and several other books Focused on effects of DDT and
other pesticides
One of the most influential people of the 20th century
Famous for advancing the global environmental movement