Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Regulation and the Rise of Housing Prices in Greater
Boston
Presentation by
Edward Glaeser & Amy Dain
January 5, 2006
Top Five Metropolitan Areas By
Housing Price Appreciation
OFHEO Repeat Sales Price Indices
1980-2004, CPI Adjusted
• Nassau-Suffolk (NY) 251% • Boston Quincy (MA) 210%• Cambridge-Newton (MA) 180%• Essex County (MA) 179%• Salinas (CA) 162%
Rising Housing Prices Mean Rising Demand, But High Demand Doesn’t Have to Mean High PricesIn Houston, Las Vegas and Phoenix
NAR median sales prices were under $200,000 last year.
Boston’s NAR median sales price was $418,000.
But there were 45,000 in permits in Houston last year and 32,000 in Vegas as opposed to 8,200 in Boston.
As Prices Rise, Permits Fall:This Means a SUPPLY problem
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Year
To
tal P
erm
its
Boston-Quincy Cambridge-Newton-Framingham Essex Co. Boston MSA
Two Views of Restricted Supply: No Land vs. No Permits
ABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTONABINGTON
ACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONACTONAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYAMESBURYANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVERANDOVER
ARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTONARLINGTON
ASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLANDASHLAND
ATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBOROATTLEBORO
AUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURNAUBURN
AVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVONAVON
AYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERAYERBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBEDFORDBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAMBELLINGHAM
BELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBELMONTBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEYBERKLEY
BERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLINBERLIN
BEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLYBEVERLY
BILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABILLERICABLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONEBLACKSTONE
BOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTONBOLTON
BOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXBOROUGHBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOXFORDBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTONBOYLSTON
BRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRAINTREEBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATERBRIDGEWATER BROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTONBROCKTON
BROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBROOKLINEBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTONBURLINGTON
CAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGECAMBRIDGE
CANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTONCANTON
CARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARLISLECARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVERCARVER
CHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORDCHELMSFORD
CHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEACHELSEA
CLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTONCLINTON
COHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCOHASSETCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORDCONCORD
DANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERSDANVERS
DEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDEDHAMDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDIGHTONDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLASDOUGLAS DOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVERDOVER
DRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUTDRACUT
DUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLEDUNSTABLE
DUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYDUXBURYEAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREAST BRIDGEWATEREASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTONEASTON
ESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEXESSEX
EVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETTEVERETT
FOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGHFOXBOROUGH FRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAMFRAMINGHAM
FRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLINFRANKLIN
FREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWNFREETOWN
GEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGEORGETOWNGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGLOUCESTERGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTONGRAFTON
GROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTONGROTON GROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDGROVELANDHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHALIFAXHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTONHAMILTON
HANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVERHANOVER
HANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHANSONHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARDHARVARD
HAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILLHAVERHILL
HINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHINGHAMHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOKHOLBROOK
HOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLDENHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTONHOLLISTON
HOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALEHOPEDALE
HOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTONHOPKINTON
HUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSONHUDSON
HULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULLHULL
IPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICHIPSWICH
KINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTONKINGSTON
LAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELAKEVILLELANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTERLANCASTER
LAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCELAWRENCE
LEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTERLEICESTER
LEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTERLEOMINSTER
LEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTONLEXINGTON
LINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLINCOLNLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETONLITTLETON
LOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELLLOWELL
LUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURGLUNENBURG
LYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNNLYNN
LYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELDLYNNFIELD
MALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDENMALDEN
MANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTERMANCHESTER
MANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMANSFIELDMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARBLEHEADMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGHMARLBOROUGH
MARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMARSHFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELDMEDFIELD
MEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORDMEDFORD
MEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMEDWAYMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSEMELROSE
MENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMENDONMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMACMERRIMAC
METHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUENMETHUEN
MIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGHMIDDLEBOROUGH
MIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMIDDLETONMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORDMILFORD
MILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLBURYMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLISMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLEMILLVILLE
MILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTONMILTON NAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANTNAHANT
NATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICKNATICK
NEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAMNEEDHAM
NEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURYNEWBURY
NEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWBURYPORTNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTONNEWTON
NORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORFOLKNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVERNORTH ANDOVER
NORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGHNORTH ATTLEBOROUGH
NORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTH READINGNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBOROUGHNORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTHBRIDGENORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTONNORTON
NORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELLNORWELL
NORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOODNORWOOD
PAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTONPAXTON
PEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODYPEABODY
PEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEMBROKEPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELLPEPPERELL
PLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLAINVILLEPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTHPLYMOUTH
PLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPLYMPTONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETONPRINCETON
QUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCYQUINCY
RANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPHRANDOLPH
RAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAMRAYNHAM
READINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADINGREADING
REHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTHREHOBOTH
REVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVEREREVERE
ROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKLANDROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORTROCKPORT
ROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEYROWLEY
SALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEMSALEM
SALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURYSALISBURY
SAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUSSAUGUS
SCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESCITUATESEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSEEKONKSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARONSHARON
SHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHERBORNSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEYSHIRLEY
SHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURYSHREWSBURY
SOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSETSOMERSET
SOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLESOMERVILLE
SOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGHSOUTHBOROUGH
STERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLINGSTERLING
STONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAMSTONEHAM
STOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTONSTOUGHTON
STOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSTOWSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURYSUDBURY
SUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTONSUTTON
SWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTTSWAMPSCOTT
SWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEASWANSEA
TAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTONTAUNTON
TEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURYTEWKSBURY
TOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOPSFIELDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSENDTOWNSEND
TYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGHTYNGSBOROUGH
UPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUPTONUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGEUXBRIDGE
WAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWAKEFIELDWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLEWALPOLE
WALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAMWALTHAM
WATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWNWATERTOWN
WAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLANDWAYLAND WELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWELLESLEYWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWENHAMWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BOYLSTONWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST BRIDGEWATERWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURYWEST NEWBURY
WESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTBOROUGHWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORDWESTFORD
WESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTONWESTON
WESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOODWESTWOOD
WEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTHWEYMOUTH
WHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWHITMANWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTONWILMINGTON
WINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTERWINCHESTER
WINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROPWINTHROP
WOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURNWOBURN
WORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTERWORCESTER
WRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAMWRENTHAM
0.2
.4.6
.81
Tota
l Per
mits
198
0-20
02 p
er A
cre/
Fitte
d va
lues
-4 -2 0 2Log Housing Density 1980
Total Permits 1980-2002 per Acre Fitted values
Examples of Low Density and Low Production• Lincoln, Weston, and Concord together
include more than 61 square miles or 39,000 acres, and contain only 12,889 homes.
• Yet in these three places, which currently have on average more than three acres per home, there were a total of 1,746 single-family units permitted between 1980 and 2002.
• There are another 25 localities within our sample with less than one home for every two acres that allowed less than 600 new units between 1980 and 2002.
What Does an Acre Cost?• If land is just scarce, then land
should be as expensive if it extends an existing lot or if it sits under a new lot.
• But on average, an extra acre costs only $16,600 in our sample.
• If an acre sits under a new home, it’s worth $450,000.
• This difference is impossible without regulation.
MunicipalitiesStudied-Within 50 miles of Boston -187 municipalities-Over half of state’s 351 cities and towns
RegulationsStudied
Sample: 187 municipalities
187 zoning bylaws/ordinances
181 subdivision regulations (road design standards)
131 wetlands bylaws/ordinances (over 2/3 of 187)
109 septic regulations (over 2/3 of 161 municipalities not 100% on sewer*)
*26 municipalities 100% on sewer.
Database: Answers to over 100 questions about regulations in each municipality.
Lot Size – Single Family Lots
MassGIS data (from ’99, ’00)
2-acre lots zoned in over 90% of town’s area:
1. Boxford2. Carlisle3. Lincoln4. Medway5. Berlin6. Bolton7. Dunstable
8. Groton9. Paxton10. Plympton11. Princeton12. Rehoboth13. Sutton14. Townsend
Frontage, setbacks, width, yard size…
Half of the municipalities (95 of 187) zone over 50% of land area for one acre lot sizes or larger.
Lot Shape“No pork chop, rattail, or excessively funnel-shaped or otherwise gerrymandered lots shall be allowed.” – Millbury Zoning Bylaw
Perimeter/area ratios:
(p2/a)/(a/r)<=X, with X ranging from 20 to 30
-6 municipalities
p2/a<=X, with X ranging from 22 to 45
-26 municipalities
p/a<=X, with X ranging from 0.02 to 0.08
-7 municipalities
Other shape requirements: Fit circle, square, rectangle, ellipsis within lot lines.
Keyp = perimetera = actual lot arear = required lot area
Cluster/Flexible Zoning(Open Space Preservation Design, Conservation Subdivision, PUD)
80% of municipalities have it.
Only scattered success.Of ¾ of municipalities that told us results of cluster zoning…-18 said: built a lot of cluster -16 said: no cluster built -Most said: ‘not much, a few’
-Minimum parcel size too big-Process risky and time consuming
Tyngsborough’s 2004 Master Plan recommends: “Eliminate requirement that Town Meeting approve each Open Space Residential Development.”
-Not enough flexibility-No additional units above conventional zoning plan
“No density bonus in ours. Why would you cluster?” – Town Planner
Multi-family Zoning
No MF allowed 1. Bolton2. Boylston3. Bridgewater4. Dighton5. Lakeville6. Littleton7. Mendon8. Nahant9. Seekonk10. West Bridgewater
MF only if 55+ 1. Boxford2. Carlisle3. Lynnfield4. Marshfield5. Paxton6. Plympton7. Wenham8. Hanover (townhouse only)9. Medway (townhouse only)
Barriers to MF development where “allowed”:1. Minimum parcel size2. Dimensional requirements3. Re-zoning often required; special permits also risky4. MF district built-out
Example: Westborough has Garden Apartment and High Rise Apartment Districts. Westborough’s Master Plan states: “Although these districts appear to provide ample alternatives to single-family housing in the Town, in reality they do not since virtually no land is zoned for multi-family housing.”
“It may technically say that you can build multi-family, but the bar is so high that you can’t build under it.”
-Planner in town south of Boston
Accessory ApartmentsIn Owner-Occupied Single-Family Homes
Almost 60% of municipalities explicitly allow them
Most restricted to relatives of the owner (“in-law apartments”)
Just over 1/4 of municipalities allow accessory apartments with no occupancy restrictions
Due to the occupancy restrictions, many must be re-permitted or re-certified on a regular basis
-When relatives move out, the kitchen must be removed and apartment reintegrated
Subdivision RegulationsRoad Width for New NeighborhoodsMost common: 24 - 28 feet of pavement.
37 require 30+ feet. (20% of sample)
20 require no more than 22 feet.
6 feet 8 feet
“You don’t want to end up with a sea of pavement.”-Planner in community south of Boston with 32-foot pavement requirement
Wetlands Regs: Land Subject to Flooding
2/3 of municipalities have passed wetlands bylaws/ordinances.
Wetlands Protection Act protects “isolated land subject to flooding” – standing water, volume ¼ acre-foot, once per year.
59 municipalities expand definition of flooding11: 1/8 acre-foot5: 2,000 sq.ft. (1/20th of acre) Dover: 1/6 acre-footHingham: 1/16 acre-footGloucester: 1/43 acre-footWrentham: 3/43 acre-footTaunton: 1,000 sq.ft. surface area and 100 cubic feet volumeWayland: 500 sq.ft. surface areaSwansea: 1,000 sq.ft. surface area that floods once every five years. 24: variations on “temporary inundation… that covers land not usually under water”
Many lack definitions of flooding altogether, even when they indicate some increased protection for LSF.
Septic Regulations109 municipalities have local septic regulations, supplements to Title 5
Percolation rate29 have stricter perc rate requirement than Title 5’s
“60 minutes/inch”
Maximum perc rate – 20 minutes per inch1. Canton2. Topsfield3. Tewksbury4. Westford5. Sherborn6. Ipswich
7. Berkley8. Harvard9. Mansfield10. Marshfield11. Lakeville12. Bridgewater
The Impact of Regulation on Housing: Lot Size
Distribution of SF minimum lot sizes
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
< 10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70+
Lot size (000s of sf)
Pct
of
reg
ion
al t
ota
l
Towns Population Land
Lot Size and Housing Stock
• In 1970, each acre per lot is associated with 41 percent less housing.
• In 2000, each acre per lot is associated with 36 percent less housing.
• Controls for town area, housing stock in 1940, and a number of 1940 controls (to avoid endogeneity).
• Can be interpreted as houses per acre or housing growth 1940 – 1970 or 1940-2000.
Lot Size and Permits
• Each acre per lot is associated with 33 percent fewer permits 1980-2002
• 33 percent less permits in the 1980s and 41 percent less permits in the 1990s
• Controls for 1970 era characteristics including housing stock, university presence, percent college graduate
• Coefficients rise with 1940 controls (.5)
Individual Impacts of Environmental and Subdivision Regulations
Permitting drops:• About 10 percent when localities
impose stricter than state standards for wetlands
• About 4 percent when localities impose stricter than state standards for septic systems
• About 12 percent when they adopt new subdivision regulations
• But none of these results are statistically significant
Combined Impacts of Environmental and Subdivision Regulations • Combine wetlands, septic, and
subdivision regulations into one index
• Each additional form of regulation is associated with a 10 percent reduction in permitting
• The coefficient is statistically significant
Cluster Zoning and Permits
• Cluster zoning appears to increase permits by 20 percent with town controls.
• The cluster effect is 8.6 percent with town fixed effects.
• Inclusionary zoning has a positive effect with town controls, but a negative effect with town fixed effects.
• Some of these rules are actually taxes on new development.
Zoning’s Impacton Prices• Zoning should increase prices
everywhere not just the affected town because supply is restricted in the whole region.
• Two towns that are otherwise identical need to have identical prices.
• If Saudi Arabia reduces its oil production, it doesn’t raise the price of Saudi Crude relative to Venezuelan Crude.
Nonetheless, We Look at Prices
• Basic effect on median sales price with 1940 controls is each acre per lot raises prices by 15.8 percent in 1987, 11.3 percent in 1995 and 19.5 percent in 2001.
• Each acre per lot reduces the share of affordable housing by 20 percent.
• With house characteristics, effect drops to 13 percent, and disappears once you control for 1970 density level.
High Housing Prices Mean Firms Must Pay High Wages To Attract Workers
Log of Housing Value
Adjusted Log Wage .
11 12 13
2.4
2.6
2.8
3
Policy Proposals Must Address Four Features
• Localities have strong incentives to restrict new development
• Localities have the ability and incentives to subvert state-level policies
• The current system has too much uncertainty
• Property rights are diffuse and ill defined
Four Policy Approaches
• Use big carrots and sticks
• Override local controls
• Reform the legal environment
• Replace some controls with fees
Summary
• Housing prices and land use regulations are linked
• Minimum lot sizes have a dramatic impact
• Local rules for wetlands, septic systems, and subdivisions also play an important role
• Effective responses require significant state-level actions
