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REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN
Andriani Dept. Biokimia dan Biologi Molekuler
FK UNTAN
EKSPRESI GEN
- Dari keseluruhan genom, ekspresi sebuah gen berlangsung pada suatu waktu saat diperlukan
- Keseimbangan jumlah protein dalam sel diatur oleh mekanisme :1. Transkripsi 2. Posttranscriptional modification of mRNA3. Messenger RNA degradation4. Protein synthesis (translation)5. Posttranslational modification of proteins6. Protein targeting and transport7. Protein degradation
EKSPRESI GEN
• Housekeeping gene : jumlah konstan dalam sel • Regulated gene expression : jumlah bisa
meningkat dan menurun tergantung sinyal INDUKSI (Positive Regulation)→ proses
peningkatan ekspresiREPRESI (Negative Regulation) → penurunan
ekspresi Dobel negative ~ INDUKSI
DOGMA SENTRAL
DNA
RNA
Protein
REGULASI GEN PADA PROKARIOTA
• Model mempelajari regulasi ekspresi pada E. Coli
• Bakteri mensintesis enzim berdasarkan nutrisi pada lingkungannya
• Selain glukosa dan laktosa, juga memerlukan aa triptofan
• Ketika E. Coli berada pada medium triptofan, akan diabsorbsi
• Jika triptofan (-) , sintesis
• OPERON : - Situs promotor : tempat melekatnya RNA
polymerase dan awal transkripsi - Daerah terbentuknya repressor • Operator berada pada DNA diantara promotor dan
gen struktural yang akan di transkripsi
OPERON TRIPTOFAN
• Aa triptofan dikode 5 gen struktural • RNA polimerase terikat pada promotor (pada
permulaan gen pertama) • Mekanisme on-off
OPERON LAC
• Selain aa, E. Coli mencerna gula laktosa pada lingkungan (jacques Monod dan Francois Jacob)
• E. Coli mengekspresikan beta galaktosidase untuk mencerna laktosa
Lac Z gene
• Pengaturan ekspresi Beta galaktosidase dilakukan oleh protein regulator : repressor
• Represor terikat pada gen Lac Z pada daerah antara promotor dan start kodon gen struktural : operator
•
• Dalam keadaan normal (tanpa laktosa) repressor menduduki operator : OFF
• Dalam keadaan laktosa (+), repressor mengikat laktosa, : ON
REGULASI EKSPRESI GEN PADA EUKARIOTA
prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Respond Regulate
Short term Long term
Immediate environtment (external) Homeostasis(internal)
Survival of individual cell Needs of whole organism
Regulation in eukaryote can be regulated
at four distinct levels.
INTRONS AND EXONS• Eukaryotic DNA differs from prokaryotic
DNA it that the coding sequences along the gene are interspersed with noncoding sequences
• The coding sequences are called – EXONS
• The non coding sequences are called– INTRONS
INTRONS AND EXONS• After the initial transcript is produced
the introns are spliced out to form the completed message ready for translation
• Introns can be very large and numerous, so some genes are much bigger than the final processed mRNA
INTRONS AND EXONS• Muscular dystrophy
• DMD gene is about 2.5 million base pairs long
• Has more than 70 introns• The final mRNA is only about 17,000
base pairs long
RNA Splicing
• Provides a point where the expression of a gene can be controlled
• Exons can be spliced together in different ways• This allows a variety of different polypeptides to
be assembled from the same gene• Alternate splicing is common in insects and
vertebrates, where 2 or 3 different proteins are produced from one gene
MODIFIKASI KROMATIN
- Modifikasi melalui aa yang terdapat pada protein histon- Metilasi DNA : pada GC Rich sequence
ASETILASI PROTEIN HISTON
structural geneGCGC CAAT TATA
intronexon exon
start
CAAT box
GCbox
enhancer
cis-acting element
TATA box (Hogness box)
Cis-acting element
DNA BENDING PROTEIN
• Zinc fingers• B- zip protein• Helix turn helix • Helix loop helix
MODIFIKASI POST TRANSKRIPSI
TERIMA KASIH