Regional & Urban Policy Large cities have better access to public transport

Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy

Large cities have better access to public transport

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

% of population in urban centre

Access to public transport in large European cities, 2012

Source: Dijkstra, L. and Poelman, H. (2014)

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

No ac-cess

Low

Medium

High

Very high

% of population in urban centre

Access to public transport in mid-sized Euro-pean cities, 2012

Source: Dijkstra, L. and Poelman, H. (2014)


Dublin's public transport

• A lot of trips per inhabitant,

• But generally slow• Mostly bus (93% at

16km/h) with very little tram (5% at 20 km/h) or train (3% at 37 km/h)


Dublin high frequency per inhabitant

• Stockholm has more trips and higher speeds (20.4 vs 17km/h)

• Brussels and Amsterdam have fewer trips, but higher speed (18 and 23 km/h)


Chapter 3


Malt

a

Luxe

mbo

urg

Belgium

Cypru

s

Hunga

ry

Czech

Rep

ublic

Nethe

rland

s

Slovak

ia

United

King

dom

Poland

Irelan

d

Bulgar

iaIta

ly

Greec

e

Germ

anySpa

in

Croat

ia

Franc

e

Lithu

ania

Roman

ia

Sloven

ia

Eston

ia

Denm

ark

Portu

gal

Austri

a

Finlan

d

Latv

ia

Sweden

EU-28

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50 Renewable energy consumption, 2006-2012

2006 2012

Target 2020

Sha

re o

f re

new

able

ene

rgy

in g

ross

fin

al e

nerg

y co

nsum

ptio

n, %

Chapter 3


Non-ETS GHG emissions are shrinking

DK IE LU SE

AT FI NL

UK

BE

DE

FR IT

ES

CY EL

PT SI

MT

CZ

HU

HR EE

SK PL

LT LV RO

BG

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

-20 -20 -20-17 -16 -16 -16 -16 -15 -14 -14 -13

-10-5

-4

1 45

9 10

11 1113 14 15

17 19 20

% change 2005-2011% change relative to 2005

Change in greenhouse gas emissions in areas covered by theEffort Sharing Decision, 2005-2011 and Europe 2020 targets

Increased the distance to their tar-get

Source: DG CLIMA

Target already reached

Reduced the distance but not yet reached their target

Distance to target

Target = Reduction in emissions

Target = Limit increase in emissions


Low-carbon economy

• Minimum ERDF support between 12% and 20%

• 37 billion euro foreseen in Partnership Agreements


PUBLIC INVESTMENT, GROWTH AND THE CRISIS


Local and regional authorities spend 1/3 of government expenditure

DK

SE

ES

DE

BE FI

AT PL

NL IT LV HR

ES

RO

UK LT CZ

BG FR SI

SK

HU PT

LU IE EL

CY

MT

EU

-27

EU

-28

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1995 2013% of general government expenditure

Sub-national government expenditure, 1995 and 2013Figure 4.7

HR: no data for 1995

Source: Eurostat


But their expenditure dropped

HU IE CY EL

PT

ES

CZ IT UK

NL

LT LV RO

HR SI

LU SK PL

AT

BG

DK

FR

DE

EE

BE FI

SE

MT

EU

-28

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

2000-2009 2009-2013Annual average % change

Average annual change in sub-national government expendi-ture, in real terms, 2000-2009 and 2010-2013

Figure 4.11

HR: 2002-2009

Source: Eurostat


Local and regional authorities spend over half of public investments

DE

BE

FR

NL IT SE

ES PT PL

DK LV AT

BG CZ

UK EE

RO LT HR

LU SK

HU IE SI

CY

MT EL

EU

-27

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2000 2013% of total public investment

Sub-national governments investment, 2000 and 2013Figure 4.10

Source: Eurostat


But investment dropped even faster

ES IE CY

HR IT PT

CZ

SK EL SI

PL

AT

LU NL

UK

DE

RO LT LV HU FR

BE

DK

BG FI

EE

SE

MT

EU

-27

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

252000-2009 2009-2013Annual average % change

Average annual change in sub-national government invest-ment, volume, 2000-2009 and 2009-2013

Figure 4.13

HR: 2002-2009

Source: Eurostat


Cohesion Policy's growing share of total public investment

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

EU-28 Public investment (Gross Fixed Capital Formation)

EU-28 Public investment without 2007-2013 CP payments (ERDF, ESF, CF)

EUR billion at 2005 prices

Contribution of Cohesion Policy (CP) to public investment, EU-28, 2007-2013

Source: Eurostat, DG REGIO

In 2007 CP payments represent 2.1% of EU's investment (11.5% considering also 2000-2006 payments)

In 2013 CP payments repre-sent 18.1% of EU's invest-ment


Especially in EU-12

SK LT HU

BG LV PT EE

CZ PL MT

RO SI

EL

ES IT CY

DE

FI FR UK

BE

SE

AT IR NL

DK

LU

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

% of total public investment

Share of ERDF, ESF and Cohesion Fund allocations and na-tional co-financing in total public investment, average 2011-2013

Source: Eurostat, DG REGIO

EU-27


Half the revenue of local and regional authorities are transfers

MT

RO

BG NL

UK

BE

- R

eg

ion

s

LT EL

HU

DK

HR PL CY IE

BE

- L

oca

l

LU PT EE IT

AT

- L

än

de

r SI

DE

- L

oca

l

SK

CZ

ES

- L

oca

l

FR LV FI

ES

- C

om

. Au

t.

SE

DE

- L

än

de

r

AT

- L

oca

l

EU

-27

0

20

40

60

80

100

0

20

40

60

80

100

Other (sales, social contributions) Sub-national taxesCurrent and capital transfers

% of total revenue

Sources of sub-national government revenue, 2013Figure 4.17

Source: Eurostat


Governance

Poor governance slows down Cohesion Policy implementation, reduces its impact and hinders economic growth and entrepreneurship

Chapter 5



40 50 60 70 80 90-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

RO

SK

BG

IT

MT

CZ

HU

SI

FRUK

LV

ES

LU

CY

NL

ATIE

DK

DE

PL

BE

SE

EL

FI

LTEEPT

WB

Gove

rnm

ent

eff

ect

ive-

ness

index,

2012 s

tandard

-is

ed s

o t

hat

EU

=0

Absorption of Cohesion Policy funding and Government effec-tiveness, 2014

Total absorption rate of Cohesion Policy funding 2007-2013 by 21/05/2014 (%)

Source: World Bank and SFC


Chapter 5


Simplifications of categories

• 5 Categories



• 7 categories including the first transition category



• 4 categories:• Objective 1• Phasing-out• Objective 2• Objective 3 (ESF)



• 3 categories• Full coverage


A stronger focus on key priorities

1989-1993 1994-1999 2000-2006 2007-20130

20

40

60

80

100

Technical assistance

Environment

Employment, educa-tion, social inclusion

Infrastructures (Transport, Energy, Telecom)Business support, R&D and innovation

% of total

Composition of Cohesion Policy investment in less developed re-gions, 1989-2013

Source: DG REGIO


COHESION POLICY 2014-2020


Cohesion Policy 2014-20 in the EU economic policy mix

Country-specific recommendations are the reference for Partnership

Agreements and programmes


Cohesion Policy 2014-2020

• Focus on growth-enhancing investments

• Concentration on Europe 2020 priorities

• Improving governance

• Linked to the European Semester

• Linked to structural reform through ex-ante conditionalities


Europe 2020

• Less developed regions furthest removed from both EU and national 2020 targets

Chapter 6


11. Good governance

10. Education

09. Social inclusion

08. Employment

07. Network infrastructure

06. Environment

05. Climate change adapta-tion

04. Low-carbon economy

03. SMEs support

02. ICT

01. Innovation and R&D

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

1.1

6.2

11.0

2.9

25.6

15.5

3.6

30.1

32.7

13.7

40.0

3.2

26.3

20.9

30.733.5

17.0

3.5

7.7

ESF ERDF CF

EUR billion at current prices

Allocation to thematic objectives by Fund (EUR), 2014-2020

Source: Final and draft partnership agreements as of 1 June 2014


ESF Priorities (TOs 8-11)

Network infrastructure

(TO 7)

Climate change adaptation andenvironment

(TOs 5-6)

ERDF concentration priorities (TOs 1-4)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

30.2

22.8

15.8

31.2

31.5

18.2

12.1

38.2

2014-2020 2007-2013

% of total (excl. Tech. Assist.)

Allocation by thematic objective, EU-28, 2014-2020 and 2007-2013

Source: SFC and Final and draft partnership agreements as of 1 June 2014


Ex-ante conditionality is challenging

11. Good Governance

10. Education

09. Social inclusion

08. Employment

07. Network Infrastrastructure

06. Environment

05. Climate change adaptation

04. Low-carbon economy

03. SME support

02. Information Communication Technology

01. Innovation and R&D

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

13

20

18

17

16

18

14

14

9

16

18

4

5

7

9

3

5

9

11

15

7

7

3

1

5

3

2

2

2

8

2

3

2

4

2

3

3

2

3

3

EAC not com-pletely fulfilled

EAC fulfilled

Not applicable

Not available

Number of MS Source: Commission assessment of PAs Based on information available in June 2014


Ireland and Cohesion Policy

• Graduated to a more developed status• Promoted as an example by the World Bank• Did not overinvest in hard infrastructure, invested

in education and attracted FDI• The crisis hit Ireland hard and caught everyone

off guard. Still Ireland has a GDP per head (PPS) 26% above the EU average (and above UK and Germany)

• Housing bubbles were common in many of the worst hit countries Spain, Baltics…

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Regional & Urban Policy Large cities have better access to public transport