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Regents Biology
Carbohydrates
Regents Biology
CarbohydratesWhich foods contain carbohydrates?
Regents Biology 2009-2010
Carbohydrates
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Energy SourceWhy are carbohydrates important?
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates include sugars and starches.
Glucose
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates are molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
GlucoseC6H12O6
Ratio of 1 : 2 : 1C1 H2 O1
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates
Function: Quick energy Energy storage Structure and Support
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates
Function: Quick energy ---
glucose
Simple carbohydrates (glucose)
are the primary source of chemical energy for cells.
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates
starch
Complex carbohydrates store energystarch & glycogen
Function:
energy storage ---
glycogen
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates
Function:
Complex carbohydrates provide structure and support
--- cellulose & chitin
Regents Biology
Carbohydrates can exist as:
monosaccharides --- composed of one monomer---one sugar
disaccharides --- composed of two monomers (two monosaccharides)--- two sugars
polysaccharides --- composed many monomers (many monosaccharides)---many sugars
Regents Biology
SIMPLE SUGARS – name ends in ose
Monosaccharides &
Disaccharides
Regents Biology
Monosaccharides …one sugar
Many simple sugars: contain 5 or 6 carbon atoms arranged in a ring in a ratio of C1H2O1.
GalactoseC6H12O6
RiboseC5H10O5
FructoseC6H12O6
GlucoseC6H12O6
Regents Biology
The most common monosaccharides are: …..simple sugar…..one sugar
Glucose - main source of energy for cells.
Fructose - the sugar in fruits Galactose – sugar found in milk
Ribose- sugar in DNA and RNA
Regents Biology
Glucose - C6H12O6
Fructose - C6H12O6
Regents Biology
Disaccharides: composed of two monosaccharides --- two sugars
Sucrose (table sugar) – composed of glucose and fructose.
Lactose (sugar in milk) – composed of glucose and galactose.
Regents Biology
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (sugar in milk)glucose fructose
glucosegalactose
Regents Biology
Polysaccharides ---complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides …many sugars
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
polysaccharide
Regents Biology
Polysaccharides ---
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
Function:(1) Energy Reserves(2) Structure and Support
Regents Biology
Polysaccharides - Energy Reserves
(1) Starch --- energy storage
in plant cellscomposed of long chains of glucose
(2) Glycogen --- energy storage in the liver and muscles of animals
composed of long chains of glucose
Regents Biology
Polysaccharides --- Structure & Support
(1)Cellulose --- the cell wall of plants straight long chains of glucose molecules.
(2) Chitin ---- the cell wall of fungi; the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans.