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Regeneration and Understory Conditions William H. McWilliams, Randall S. Morin, Tonya W. Lister, and James A. Westfall USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis. Review Basic Hypotheses. Methods. Results of Regeneration Study. Result of Exotics Study. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Regeneration and Understory ConditionsWilliam H. McWilliams, Randall S. Morin, Tonya W. Lister, and James A. WestfallUSDA Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis
Methods
Results of Regeneration Study
Result of Exotics Study
Review Basic Hypotheses
Hypothesis1: advance regeneration is bleak
Hypothesis2: understory vegetation is extensive?
Hypothesis3: native invasive species are everywhere
Hypothesis4: non-native invasive species are everywhere and expanding
Hypotheses
Jim Finley, Peter Gould, Kim Steiner
Dan Devlin, Matt Keefer, Stephen L. Sterner
Robert White, Lois DeMarco
NE RWU 4152: Pat Brose, Steve Horsley, Susan Stout
NE RWU 4557: Kurt Gottschalk, Gary Miller
NE RWU 4801: William H. McWilliams, Tonya W. Lister, and James A. Westfall
Regeneration Study
1 2 3 4 5 11 2 3 4 5 1
4 5 1 2 33
4 5 1 2 33
Year One
Year Three
Year Four
Year Five
Five-Year Panel
Year Two
Study Design: Regeneration Study Samples
Interpenetrating Sub-Panel of FIA Sample Locations
Regeneration Sample
Sampling Protocols: Three Levels
Condition B = Nonforest Land Use
Condition A =Forest Land Use
Old 1/5-acre plot Sample Location Level
Deer Impact: Record on of five Deer Impact classes: (after Marquis et al. 1994)Very LowLowMediumHighVery High
Subplot Level
Condition Class
Site Limitations
Associated Understory Vegetation: Assign Percent cover classes to Species/Life Form.
Species/Life Form Shrubs (detailed code) Vines (detailed code) Fern (Bracken, Hay-Scented, and New York) Other fern Grass Other herbaceous
Percent Cover Class (after Marquis et al 1994)
Microplot Level
Condition class
Site limitations
Dominant Tree: If present, record the species of the most dominant tree at least 5.0 inches in diameter.
Seedling Tally: Count all established seedlings at least 2” tall by:
Species
Seedling Source (stump sprout and other) Stump Sprout Other Seedling Competitive oak, hickory, walnut, or butternut seedling
Height Class 2 inches to 6 inches 3 feet to 5 feet 6 inches to 1 foot 5 feet to 10 feet 1 foot to 3 feet Greater than 10 feet
Numbers of seedlings
The Subplot is also where Exotic Invasives
Are Tallied
Degree of Establishment
Tally Requirements:
All seedlings (trees less than 1.0-inches DBH) rooted within the microplot, and
At least 2-inches tall with at least two normal-sized leaves that do not still bear cotyledons, and
Tug Test – the standard “tug test” is used to determine whether seedlings have been established in the previous year’s growing season. Seedlings that slip out of the ground with a “slight” tug should not be tallied. Examination of roots systems will reveal that seedlings that don’t slip out have more developed root systems than first-year seedlings.
Degree of Establishment for Large-Seeded Species
Based on Root-Collar Diameter (Brose unpublished)
Established = 0.20 in.
Competitive = 0.75 in.
Root Length = 8 ft. (not shown)
Root Length = 3 ft. (not shown)
1-inch
1-inch
Desirable
Black cherryOakSugar mapleRed mapleConiferHickoryYellow-PoplarAshBasswoodCucumbertreeWalnutButternut
Commercial
Black cherryOakSugar mapleRed mapleConiferHickoryYellow-PoplarAshBasswoodCucumbertreeWalnutButternutBirchBeechBlackgumElmBlack locustHackberryAspen
All Woody
Black cherry Honey LocustOak SassafrasSugar maple IronwoodRed maple AilanthiusConifer Mountain ashHickory Blue beechYellow-Poplar HawthornAsh DogwoodBasswood RedbudCucumbertree Pin cherryWalnut Striped mapleButternut Hercules clubBirch Scrub oakBeech ChokecherryBlackgum ShadbushElmBlack locustHackberryAspen
Species Composition Group(Timber Management)
Species Composition Group(Canopy Replacement)
1Dominants: includes species that account for at least 2 percent of total live-tree biomass within the state and typically form high canopy.
Dominant
Black cherryOakSugar mapleRed mapleWhite pineEastern hemlockHickoryYellow-PoplarAshBlack birchBeech
Other Dominants
Black cherryOakSugar mapleRed mapleWhite pineEastern hemlockHickoryYellow-PoplarAshBlack birchBeechOther High Canopy Species
2Other Dominants: All other native species that typically exhibit the ability to form high canopy.
All Woody
Black cherryOakSugar mapleRed mapleWhite pineHickoryEastern hemlockHickoryBasswoodYellow-Poplar AshBlack birchBeechOther High Canopy SpeciesAll Other Woody Species
3All Woody: all other woody tree species, such as striped maple, hawthorn, hornbeam, pin cherry, etc..
Seedling Regeneration Stocking Requirements
Two levels of acceptable seedling density per acre were used to account for the range of regeneration guidelines found in the literature (Leak 1980, Sander and others 1976, Marquis and Bjorkbom 1982). These two levels of regeneration stocking are referred to as “moderate-deer” and “high-deer,” respectively. The moderate-deer level requires at least 25 seedlings per microplot. The high-deer level requires at least 100 seedlings per microplot. The moderate-deer level is representative of guidelines developed for central hardwood stands. The high-deer level is reflective of higher levels required in regions with relatively high levels of deer impact.
Weighted Counts:
2 to 6 inches 16 inches to 1 foot 11 to 3 feet 23 to 5 feet 205 to 10 feet 50Greater than 10 feet 50
Analyzing the Results
Applied the regeneration guidelines and evaluated the results for the two species groupings and deer population levels after screening for samples where the forest floor would receive enough light for seedling development, or from 40 to 75 percent stocking based on relative stocking.
Plateau
Central AppalachiansBroadleaf
Broadleaf
Glacial Limit
Eco-Regions
Use the Game Commission Wildlife Management Units for spatial analysis
Desirable Commercial Woody
34 % 47 % 54 %
Interpretation:
Desirable: about two-thirds would likely fail to regenerate.
Commercial: about half would likely fail.
Woody: about half would likely fail.
Percent of Samples Meeting Regeneration Criteria, Timber Management(Samples from 40% to 75% Stocked – High Deer)
Percent of Samples Meeting Regeneration Criteria, Timber Management(Samples from 40% to 75% Stocked – High Deer)
0 – 33% 34-66% 67+%
Wildlife Management Units
No Data
16%
Dominant Other High Canopy Woody
44 % 48 % 54 %
Interpretation:
Dominant: over half would likely fail to regenerate.
Other High Canopy: about half would likely fail.
Woody: about half would likely fail.
Percent of Samples Meeting Regeneration Criteria, Canopy Replacement(Samples from 40% to 75% Stocked – High Deer)
0 – 33% 34-66% 67+%
Percent of Samples Meeting Regeneration Criteria, Canopy Replacement(Samples from 40% to 75% Stocked – High Deer)
No Data
Wildlife Management Units
26%
Percent of Samples with 30% or More Other Vegetation Cover(Samples from 40% to 75% Stocked – High Deer)
0 - 33% 34- 66% 67+%
No Data
Wildlife Management Units
95%
Percent of Samples with 70% or More Other Vegetation Cover(Samples from 40% to 75% Stocked – High Deer)
0 - 33% 34- 66% 67+%
No Data
Wildlife Management Units
71%
Percent of Samples with 30% or More Rhizomous Fern Cover(Samples from 40% to 75% Stocked – High Deer)
0 - 10% 11- 20% 21+%
No Data
Wildlife Management Units
35%
Exotic Invasive Plants StudyVines (8)
Fiveleaf akebiaPorcelain-berryOriental bittersweetEnglish ivyJapanese honeysuckleMile-a-minute vineKudzuCommon periwinkle
Shrubs (19)
Japanese barberryEuropean barberryRussian oliveAutumn oliveWinged EuonymousBorder privetCommon privetBell’s honeysuckleAmur honeysuckleMorrow’s honeysuckleStandish honeysuckleTartarian honeysuckleCommon buckthornGlossy buckthornMultiflora roseWineberryJapanese spiraeaLinden viburnamGuelder rose
Forbes and Grasses (12)
Garlic mustardSpotted knapweedCanada thistleBull thistleCrown-vetchGiant hogweedPurple loosestrifeJapanese stilt grassReed canary grassCommon reedJapanese knotweedGiant knotweed
Percent of Samples with Species PresentMultiflora Rose
Percent of Samples with Species PresentAilanthus
Percent of Samples with Species PresentEuropean/Japanese Barberry
Percent of Samples with Species PresentHoneysuckles
Percent of Samples with Species PresentJapanese Honeysuckle
Percent of Samples with Species PresentOriental Bittersweet
Percent of Samples with Species PresentAutumn/Russian Olive
Percent of Samples with Species PresentGarlic Mustard
Percent of Samples with Species PresentJapanese Stilt Grass
Percent of Samples with Species PresentReed Canary Grass
Percent of Samples with Species PresentJapanese/Giant Knotweed
Percent of Samples with Species PresentGiant Hogweed
?
The End