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Regarding the publishing of this booklet
I am sure that you have heard once or twice before
that the Washington D.C. Cherry blossoms along
Potomac River banks were gifts from Japan.
This booklet, Cherry blossom Trees of Arakawa
River, looks back at the origin of those sent cherry
trees and tells the story of "Arakawa River cherry
blossoms" and “The Japan-America cherry blossom
exchange”.
These stories are packed with the dramatic lives of
people and Japan`s history starting at the Tokugawa
Shogun and Meiji Period, all the way to the present.
This year, 2012, is the one hundredth year memorial
since the cherry blossom trees of Arakawa River
crossed the ocean to America.
These cherry blossom trees that have been
protected and passed on by many people created a
bond that has grown between Japan and America.
This journey is a story to be handed down to the next
generation.
There is nothing I cherish more than if this booklet
could be a step in that process.
Japan-America Cherry Blossom 100th Year
Anniversary Exchange Undertaking Executive
Committee
Chairperson Makoto Suzuki (Tokyo University of
Agriculture)
ContentsSource of Arakawa Rivers cherry blossoms1 Cherry blossoms and selective breeding in the Daimyo gardens 3.
2 Yama Sakura, Sato Sakura and Somei-Yoshino 5
3 Cherry blossom trees passed down through the planting along Sumida River 7
The history of Arakawa River cherry blossoms4 Repairing and planting cherry blossoms along Arakawa River banks 9
5 The popular cherry blossom sightings of Arakawa River 11
6 The Cherry blossoms of Arakawa River that swept the age 13
7 The passed on Five-color cherry blossoms of Arakawa River 15
The course of Japan-America cherry blossom exchange8 It started with the awe over cherry blossoms 17
9 Contributing cherry blossom trees to Washington D.C. 19
10 Passage of the cherry blossom interchange 21
11 Contribution of cherry blossoms to New York 23
12 The cherry blossoms that came home 25
To the next generation13 Heisei Era Five-color cherry blossom and the Sister River Exchange 27
荒川堤の桜14 Shoudairakuji`s 78 cherry blossom species 29
15 Five-color cherry blossom species 31
43
1 Source of Arakawa Rivers cherry blossoms
Cherry blossoms of UenoIn 1632, Hayashi Razan who served the first four Tokugawa shoguns,
created Confucius`s Mausoleum. Along its wall he planted 100 cherry blossom trees and named the wall, Sakura-Minegishi. About the same time, Iemitsu Tokugawa founded Toeizan Kanei-ji Temple and planted cherry trees taken from Yoshino Mountain between the buildings.
Daimyo`s alternating Edo residence and Daimyo mansionsIn 1635, due to the institutionalization of Daimyo`s second residence in Edo,
Daimyo`s from all over the country came to build great mansions to stay in. Towards the end of the Edo period it is said that 60% of Edo was taken up by these mansions.
Daimyo`s passion for gardeningThe Edo period was a time when peace reined through out the land.
Influenced by the fact that the Tokugawa family all had a passion for gardening, shogun, vassals and Daimyos all started planting beautiful flowers in their own gardens too. Sadanobu Matsudaira (1758~1829) was a grandson of Yoshimune Tokugawa and when he retired from an active life in 1797, he collected famous cherry blossom trees in garden Yokuon-En.
江戸浴恩園全図 国立国会図書館所蔵
Selective breeding and the gardeners of Edo Somei
Edo period was the time when techniques such as Layering, Cutting, Grafting and Suckering as well as seed selecting and selective breeding were developed and made a great impression on the popularity of gardening. Selective breeding was also used on cherry blossom trees which then successfully created about 300 new species.
The gardeners of Edo Somei played an important part in the garden boom. By watching over the many Daimyo gardens they improved their knowledge on selective breeding and techniques of landscape gardening. Also being the birthplace of the Somei-Yoshino cherry blossoms, the noted Somei gardeners took great care and at blooming time, opened the gardens to the public. 絵本江戸桜 染井之植木屋
東京都立中央図書館特別文庫室所蔵
隅田川
江北村の位置荒川下流河川事務所提供資料に加筆
江 北 村
荒川
江戸中心部の土地利用区分図〈江戸末期〉江戸東京博物館『参勤交代展図録』に加筆
■大名屋敷地■旗本御家人屋敷地■寺社地■幕府用地■町地■田畑・土手■河川・堀割
浴恩園
●
Cherry blossoms and Selective Breeding
in the Daimyo Gardens
65
Source of Arakawa Rivers cherry blossoms２
Sato Sakura (Cerasus lannesiana Carriere) Cherry blossom created by nature and man
Compared to the Yama Sakura that is species from the wild, Sato sakura is the generic name for the gardened species. The mother species is a member of the Yama Sakura family and the flower shape, size, color and blooming time differ greatly from each other.
During the Edo Period people brought cherry trees from all over the country to Edo. Due to the rich soil the trees grew stably and when an interesting new species was introduced it was quickly crossbred. This developed a rich collection of about 300 new species.
More than 800 species of cherry blossom names are now known but while new species are still being created today, old species are also going extinct. It also seems that some trees of the same species are being sold with different names while some trees of different species are being sold with the same name.
Yama Sakura (Prunus jamasakura) Ancient sighting cherry blossom
Since olden times the Japanese have looked on to the Yama Sakura, which represents the wild cherry blossom trees. The trees first planted along the Sumida River were Yama Sakura.
They typically bloom while sprouting new buds. Even trees from the same area have many variations of shades, bud colors, flower blooming numbers and the season the flowers bloom in, creating mountains with cherry blossom in bloom of many colors.
Due to the differences in blooming time, the Yama Sakura can be enjoyed longer than the Somei-Yoshino. Also there are quite a few species of cherry blossoms that were selectively bred from Yama Sakura.
Somei-Yoshino (Prunus × yedoensis) Cherry blossom sighting representative
At the end of the Edo period in Edo Somei village Somei-Yoshino were first sold as Yoshino Cherry and now have become the typical cherry blossom tree you can see in parks and schools all over Japan.
It is thought to be a hybrid between Prunus pendula and Prunus speciosa. It`s flowers are pink single flowers of medium size and are famous for Hanafubuki, the falling of the petals all together at once. Being a first filial hybrid, its numbers are increased by grafting but lately it seems to be hybridizing between other Yama Sakura and Sato Sakura.
桜川のサクラ〈茨城県桜川市〉 写真提供：木済 久 氏
都市農業公園〈足立区：荒川河畔〉のサトザクラ
浮間公園〈板橋区・北区：荒川河畔〉のソメイヨシノ
Yama Sakura, Sato Sakura and Somei-Yoshino
87
３ Source of Arakawa Rivers cherry blossoms
Arakawa River and Sumida RiverBetween the Iwabuchi floodgate of
the lower reach of Arakawa River is a 22km man excavated flood control channel to the sea. To avoid and protect eastern Tokyo from anymore great floods like that of 1910, construction starts the following year in 1911 and took a long 19yrs before being finished in 1930.
In 1965, the flood control channel was renamed the Arakawa River and the original Arakawa River main stream from Iwabuchi floodgate to the sea was renamed the Sumida River.
The people who planted cherry blossoms along Sumida River
The bank of Sumida River is called Sumida-Tsutsumi. Since recent times it has been a popular resort with shrine pilgrimages, boat activities, Ryogokufireworks, pleasure jaunts and not to forget cherry blossoms.
The chomeiji sakura-mochi eaten since the Edo period is a product that uses the Sumida River cherry trees leaves. Famous Rentaro Taki`s song Flower, reflects about the spring scenery of the Sumida River.
This river that has been loved by the people since the Edo period was protected through floods, earthquakes, war and urbanization to this day.
隅田堤(墨堤)の桜樹植栽年表
慶安～
延宝1600年代中頃
4代将軍家綱が現茨城県桜川市から桜を取寄せ木母寺付近に植栽
享保2年 1717 将軍吉宗の命による本格的な植栽
享保17年 1732 寺島村境から木母寺前まで並木完成
延享～寛政
1744～1789
たびたび桜の植替えが行われる
文化年間 1804～1818
百花園の佐原鞠塢・浅川黙翁らと寺島村有志が、白鬚神社付近に１５０本の八重桜植樹
天保2年 1831
隅田村名主坂田三七郎が中心となって、寺島・須崎・小梅村に分けて２００本を植栽（三囲神社から木母寺にわたる墨堤に花がつらなる）災いの桜
弘化3年 1846洪水被災の桜を、須崎村の宇田川総兵衛が独力で150本を植替え
嘉永年間1848～1854
有志により寺島堤へ吉野桜、山桜、隅田堤へ八重桜を植樹
安政元年 1854
坂田三七郎が隅田堤へ桜200本植樹百花園２代目鞠塢・中山胡民・田中抱二たちが発起人となって「花勧進」を行い、多くを補植
明治7年 1874三囲の其角堂永機の尽力により1000本の桜植樹
明治13年 1880水戸家が小梅邸前に桜植樹 桜はついに枕橋に達する
明治16年 1883大倉喜八郎と成島柳北、川崎八右衛門らが出資し、村民が協力して梅若から枕橋に染井吉野1000本を植樹
明治20年 1887亳安田善次郎による「墨堤植桜之碑」（榎本武揚揮）建立
明治37～38年
1904～1905
桜の全盛期といわれる
明治43年 1910 桜を植樹する
江都名所 隅田川はな盛 領塚正浩氏所蔵
東都名所 隅田川華盛東京都立中央図書館特別文庫室所蔵
三囲の図 国立国会図書館ウェブサイトより
江戸切絵図 隅田川島絵図 （部分）国立国会図書館ウェブサイトより
荒川放水路改修平面図荒川下流河川事務所資料に加筆
Cherry Blossom Trees passed down
through the Planting along Sumida River
109
４ The history of Arakawa River cherry blossoms
The damage of the wild Arakawa River`s banksIn Japanese, Ara means wild and savage while Kawa means river. Arakawa River
has always been known for its untamable characteristics of floods which were caused from the water way being too short and steep a flow from the water rise to the sea. Also the high rugged mountain stream source areas are known for their heavy rain and snow.
From Kumagaya city of Saitama prefecture to Senju of Adachi ward a 60km embankment was extended along Arakawa river and was called Kumagaya-Tsutsumi. In 1885 a great flood came and ward. Kumagaya-Tsutsumi was damaged all the way from Kawaguchi city of Saitama prefecture to Nishiarai of Adachi
Kengo Shimizu`s proposalIn 1885, Numata village headman Mr. Shimizu proposed to
rebuild the banks of Kumagaya-Tsutsumi and then to plant additional cherry trees along it.
The reasons he chose cherry trees were 1) it would create shade in the summer, 2) it could become a sightseeing spot and revitalize the village in the spring 3) the roots would support the banks, and 4) at times of floods, fishermen could tie their boats around the tree trunks.
Magoemon Takagi and the Sato Sakura
The Takagi family was gardeners for three generations and owned the BaihoGarden. They traveled Japan to collect cherry blossom trees and recorded the 84 species of cherry blossom left from the Edo period in Okashu.
When the Shogunate system failed and the Daimyo gardens were being ruined, the Takagi family’s collection is what preserved the many varieties of cherry blossom species from going extinct.
Citizen help plant the cherry blossom trees
District headman Mr. Ozaki gave the final order to plant the cherry blossom trees.
Mr. Shimizu who had a friendship with Mr. Takagi and was concerned for the cherry blossoms extinction decided to plant from the Baiho garden, 3225 saplings of different cherry blossom species.
The money for this project was donated by 161 villagers from many different villages and contributed by Takano and Motogi village as a whole. They were able to collect 295yen at currency value of that time.
荒川の地形と江北村の位置図
Kengo Shimizu（1840～1907）
Magoemon Takagi
（生没不肖）
荒川堤の桜の植栽位置
西新井村１千間1846本植栽）
江北村２千２百２拾６間３合3勺（1379本植栽）
駒込伝中「梅芳園」概略位置
梅芳園
「栽桜記」（『昭代楽事（しょうだいらくじ）』所収）
The villagers pleasures and discoveries through Shodairakuji
In celebration of the 3225 cherry blossom planting, a prose anthology of poems, songs, haikus and recordings of the planted cherry blossoms were written.
They boast how the Arakawa River bank cherry blossom trees are by far more beautiful than any other embankment and that they will always stick together to protect the trees. The villagers everyday discoveries and pleasures in working with the cherry trees can be read.
江北村（現足立区江北）
Repairing and Planting Cherry Blossoms
along Arakawa River Banks
1211
５ The history of Arakawa River cherry blossoms
The famous cherry blossom sight that awed the people
By 1886 the repairs of the Arakawa River banks and the planting of cherry blossom trees was finished. Together with the growth of the planted cherry trees was the growth of the crowds that came to enjoy the sight in the spring.
Just as many people who came by foot, pulled rickshaws and bicycle, were the people who came from afar by train, ferry and pop pop boats. Tea booths and souvenir booths were set up by the locals for the cherry blossom viewers. As village head had hoped, this brought about the revitalization of the village. In a time when modernization was taking place left and right in the city, these cherry blossoms were the one place people could come back to.
荒川堤の桜の変遷明治16年 1883 王子駅開業
明治18年 1885 大暴風雨と高潮により隅田川が大洪水
明治19年 1886 荒川堤の補修、桜苗の植樹
明治22年 1889 自治制令により九村合併により江北村が発足
明治24年 1891『昭代楽事』が著される（「栽桜記」が掲載されてい
る）
明治26年 1893 千住馬車鉄道開業（千住～越谷）
明治29年 1896 田端駅開業、北千住駅開業（日本鉄道土浦線）
明治32年 1899 東武鉄道開通、西新井駅開業
明治36～
45年
1903～12
荒川堤の桜に見ごたえがでる（三好学氏の見解）
大町桂月「春の郊外」（明治39年）
夏目漱石『虞美人草』（明治40年）
明治44年 1911 王子電気軌道開通、江北作楽会発足
明治45年 1912 アメリカに桜の苗3,020本寄贈
大正2年 1913荒川放水路工事開始、以後桜が伐採され並木が
衰退
大正5年 1916 大町桂月「東京の櫻」、「花見の船」
大正10年頃 1921 宮沢賢治、短歌七作品を詠む
大正13年 1924 史蹟名勝天然紀念物保存法による名勝指定王子電車の沿線案内 領塚正浩氏所蔵王子電車の沿線案内 領塚正浩氏所蔵
左：栽桜記碑 五色桜堤公園
右：「名勝 荒川堤桜」の石碑 都市農業公園
荒川堤へのアプローチ
荒川の櫻やたみのちからくさ
芳笑
村里をきひて櫻をほめにけり
翠雪
江北の名残もつきぬさくらかな
如一
『昭代楽事』（明治二十四年）
この堤は、大宮と川越との間まで續く。熊ヶ谷土手と
も云へば、荒川土手とも云ふ。千住あたりは、三軒茶
屋堤の稱もあり。櫻は、土手全體にはつゞかず。川口
の手前の東京府が盡くる處までつゞく。向島をあはす
れば、四五里もあるべく、啻に東京第一の櫻の長堤た
るのみならず、天下にも幾んど、その比なかるべし。
（春の郊外）明治三十九年
次に荒川土手の櫻、江北村鹿浜より千住掃部宿に至
るまで、二里ばかりの土手の上、桜の連ること千九百
三十本に及ぶ、上方の半分が八重桜にして、下方の半
分が吉野桜也。さてまた千住掃部宿より綾瀬川を渡
り、鐘ヶ淵を経て枕橋に至るまで一里半、桜の連なる
こと千七百六十本、之を向島の桜と稱す。向島と荒川
土手と上下相連りて凡そ四里これも亦見事ならずや。
「小利根川の櫻
東京の櫻」大正五年
千住より荒川の左岸、否左方に連なれる一帯の長堤、
東京府と埼玉懸との境界まで、凡そ※
二里、両行の櫻
相連なる。下の一半は吉野櫻、上の一半は八重櫻、而
してその八重櫻は有りとあらゆる種類を集めて、數十
百の多きに及び、紅あり、白あり、黄あり、青もあり、
紫もありとて、概稱して五色櫻といふ。明治十九年の
創植に係り、一抱へもある大木を見るに至りたるが、
惜しや荒川改修の為に、土手の一部無くなると共に、
櫻も無くならむとす。今年が見納めという噂、一二年
この方世に傳はれり。それに引かれたるものもあらむ。
今日の雨天に、遊客の多きこと、實に意外なりき。
※
四里の誤植と推察。
「花見の船」大正五年
大町桂月
「そうですか、アハハハハ。荒川には緋桜というのがある
が、浅葱桜は珍らしい」
「ハハハハ実は狐の袖無のお礼に、近日御花見にでも連
れて行こうかと思っていた所だよ」
「もう花は散ってしまったじゃありませんか。今時分御
花見だなんて」
「いえ、上野や向島は駄目だが、荒川は今が盛だよ。荒
川から萱野へ
行って桜草を取って王子へ廻って汽車で
帰ってくる」
「いつ」と糸子は縫う手を已めて、針を頭へさす。
夏目漱石「虞美人草」明治四十年朝日新聞掲載
エナメルのそらにまくろきうでをささげ、
花を垂る
るは桜かあやし
青木青木はるか千住の白きそらを
にないて雨にうち
どよむかも
かがやきのあめにしばらくちるさくら
いづちのくに
のけしきとや見ん
宮澤賢治
大正十年頃
文学にみる荒川堤の桜
王子駅
西新井駅
The Popular Cherry Blossom
Sightings of Arakawa River
1413
６ The history of Arakawa River cherry blossoms
Arakawa River five-color cherry trees through picture postcardsThe many colors of white, pink, yellow, purple and red of the Japanese Cherry
(Cerasus lannesiana Carriere ) along the Arakawa River is what established the name: “Arakawa Rivers Five-color cherry trees” that awed many tourists. Many color picture postcards were painted and sold as popular souvenirs among the cherry blossom viewers.
絵葉書 領塚正浩氏、鈴木 誠氏所蔵
The Cherry Blossoms of
Arakawa River that Swept the Age
舩津静作氏のノート
江北の里桜の行き先
小石川植物園、興津園芸試験場、大磯高 麗園、多摩川電気㈱、東京府立園芸学校、京王電気軌道㈱、東京帝国大学農科大学、新宿御苑、中国青島李民政署、岐阜県稲葉郡芥見村願成寺、新潟県弥彦神社
主な来訪者
侯爵・徳川頼倫、子爵・渋澤栄一、男爵・坂谷芳郎（東京府知事）、大谷光瑞（東本願寺法王）、前田米蔵（衆議院議員）、井上篤太郎（京王電鉄専務）、鈴木浜吉（横浜植木株式会社）、谷紀三郎（谷文晁の子）、加茂善吉（東京帝国大学農学部教授）、佐々木安五郎（内務省）、小林宗一（農務省水産講習所）、滝沢邦行（サクラ画家）、山口玉糸（サクラ画家）、跡見珠枝（跡見学園創立者、サクラ画家）、佐藤醇吉（植物画家）、市川政司（東京府公園課）、相川要一（東京市公園課）、山田勇次郎（東京府林学技手）、河村清一博士、相羽常吉（内務省大臣官房地理課）、鈴木武太郎、（東京府園芸学校）、小倉栄次（千葉高等園芸学校）、右成謙次（千葉高等園芸学校）
トーマス・テ・フーブス（ニューヨーク博物館）、ヘアヌクス・ジ・シレル（スイス人）、ルイス・シル（米国人）、E・H・ウィルソン（ハーバード大学）、ウォルター・テニソン・スイングル（米国農商務省）、コリン・ウッド・イングラム（英国サクラ研究家）
江北村の歴史を伝える会『江北の五色桜』より
1615
７ The history of Arakawa River cherry blossoms
Seisaku Funatsu（ 1858～1929）
Manabu Miyoshi （1861
～1939）
Kamenosuke Koshimizu （1904～1971）
Dentarou Matsumoto （1903～1986）
Kanematsu Funatsu （1917～2009）
Yoshino Shinoto （1895～
1989）
Keeper of the Kohoku village cherry blossoms, Mr.Seisaku Funatsu
Strongly trusted by the village headman Kengo Shimizu, Mr. Funatsu received the support of the villagers for the protection and enhancement of their cherry blossoms. Every morning he carefully observed and recorded the distinctive characteristics of the each cherry blossom tree and created a journal of all his findings called Kohoku cherry blossom species and characteristics.He also entrusted 57 cherry blossom specie sketches to master artist Koukichi Tsunoi and after many years finally completed Kohoku Oufu.
“The scenic beauty of Arakawa River cherry blossoms”, Dr. Manabu Miyoshi
Also known as the “The cherry blossom expert”, Dr. Miyoshi was a botanist and Professor at the University of Tokyo. He researched the five-color cherry blossoms of Arakawa River academically, going on to find and name cherry blossom species like Shirayuki, Mangetsu and Goshozakura.
On the second cherry blossom contribution to Washington D.C., it was Dr. Miyoshi who proposed to send the cherry blossoms from Arakawa River where the tree species would be definitive. Also, out of concern for the Arakawa River cherry blossoms decline, he was the meritorious man who led it to become a national site of scenic beauty under the `Law for the Historic Site, Places of Scenic Beauty and Natural Monuments`.
Mr. Dentarou Matsumoto and MR. KamenosukeKoshimizu`s Japanese Cherry Preservation
When the Arakawa River five-color cherry blossom population started
to decline Mr. Matsumoto who was friends with Mr. Funatsu, took in all the Sakura Mr. Funatsu had and protected them. When Mr. Matsumoto could no longer continue his cherry blossom garden, it was Mr. Koshimizu, a sapling gardener, who took it over.
Mr. Kanematsu Funatsu `s research on Japanese CherryMr. Funatsu followed the work of his grandfather, Mr. Seisaku Funatsu.
He studied under Dr. Yoshino about the chromosomes of cherry blossoms. He was a worldwide top class cultivar and was the best in his research field of Japanese cherry blossoms.
The people who protected and passed onBehind the great popularity of Arakawa River Five-color cherry trees, there was
endless movement and effort for their conservation. Right after planting the saplings along the banks of Arakawa River, Baihouen was closed and Arakawa Rivers cherry trees fulfilled a great part in conserving many different species of Sato sakura tree.
Even at times of decline for the cherry trees that inevitably happened with change in social environments and growing society, the continued activity of replanting the trees little by little in new regions to breed and preserve should not be forgotten.
Dr. Yoshino Shinoto, study on geneticsDr. Shinoto was a geneticist and Professor at the University of Tokyo.
He replanted and protected all of Mr. Koshimizu`s cherry blossoms in the National Institute of Genetics (in Mishima, Shizuoka Prefecture). The National Institute of Genetics preserved approximately 260 species of cherry blossoms and was Japans valuable genetic resource.
上から関山、白雪『江北櫻譜』より
The Passed on Five-color Cherry Blossoms of
Arakawa River
1817
８ The course of Japan-America Cherry Blossom exchange
神名川横浜新開港図貞秀画 横浜開港資料館所蔵
東京名所第一之勝景 墨水堤花盛之図 すみだ郷土文化資料館所蔵
David G. Fairchild（1869～1954）
Eliza R. Scidmore（1856～1928）
Dr. David G. Fairchild and cherry blossomsDr. Fairchild is a distinguished agronomist and botanist of America. In the fall of
1902, he first came to Japan but unfortunately was not able to see any cherry blossoms. He did however get the chance to look through an album of cherry blossom sketches. Here he was moved deeply by their incomparable beauty and decides to send a collection cherry blossom trees back to America.
He picked out 30 species of cherry blossoms and sent it to a newly opened Exotic Plants Exhibition Garden in Chico, California only to find out they didn`t adapt well with the climate and natural features of the region.
In 1904, Dr. and Mrs. Fairchild meet Mrs. Scidmore at a cherry blossom party and discussed about officially bringing in and planting a park full of cherry trees. Two years later 25 species of cherry blossom were planted in the forest of Maryland state just outside of Washington D.C. and it was confirmed that the cherry blossom trees could stand the cold winter. Three years later in the spring of 1909, beautiful cherry blossoms bloomed. These flowers gave Mrs. Scidmore the confidence to plant the cherry blossoms along Potomac River.
First lady Mrs. Helen H. Taft readily consentedMrs. Taft is the wife of the 27th president, William H. Taft. She had already visited
Japan and knew about the beauties of cherry blossoms. Coincidently at the time that Mrs. Taft she received a letter from Mrs. Scidmore on planting cherry blossoms in Washington D.C., she had also been searching for an idea to make Potomac River more attractive and willingly agreed to the proposal.
Once decided, there were still many meetings before the actual preparation to contribute cherry blossoms to Washington D.C. finally started.
Mrs. Eliza Ruhamah Scidmore and Mukoujima`s (Sumida River) cherry blossoms
Mrs. Scidmore is an American woman who was a journalist, a travel writer and a board member of the National Geographic Society. She first came to Japan in 1884 and many times after. In 1890 she wrote a travel journal on her impression of Japan, there introducing Ueno and Mukoujima as beautiful cherry blossom viewing spots. She was moved deeply by the cherry blossoms in Mukoujima along Sumida River, her dream being to have a cherry blossom viewing in Washington D.C.
In her book Jinrikisha Days in Japan published in 1903, she highly praised Japan and it`s nature, people and culture. She lived in Geneve in her later years and departed from this world at the age of 72.She is buried in a Foreigner Cemetery at Yokohama.
The start of the Japan-America exchangeThe exchange between Japan and America first started when the black ship commanded by Perry Admiral visited the shores of Uraga in 1853. The coming year in 1854, the Convention of Kanagawa was signed and the exchange truly began.
Helen H. Taft（1861～1943）
It Started with the Awe over Cherry Blossoms
2019
９ The course of Japan-America Cherry Blossom exchange
Tragedy of the first cherry blossom contributionIn 1909, Tokyo city sent 2000 cherry blossom trees (height 3m, trunk width 15cm) of 10
different species, supplied from the market. All freightage on Japan, the ship departed in November from Yokohama port.
However the saplings sent were infested with scale insects, nematode and other epiphytic pests that plant quarantine couldn`t help but incinerate all the trees.
Mayor of Tokyo Yukio Ozaki`s contribution and Dr. Jokichi Takamine`sdistinguished service
Mr. Ozaki was a liberal Japanese politician also known as the "God of constitutional politics" and the "father of the Japanese Constitution" who was always working for peace on earth. The contribution of cherry blossoms to Washington D.C. was suggested to Japan by consul general of New York Mr. Mizuno and as the capital of Japan, Tokyo Mayor Mr. Ozaki took on all responsibility and agreed to send the cherry blossoms together with the words “As a commendation of friendship between Japan and America”.
A few years later in a boat trip to America it is said he gave a speech to a fellow Japanese, “I truly wish for everlasting peace and friendship between Japan and America, which is why I agreed to send the most simple and powerful symbol as a gift, the Japanese cherry blossom. You too should work to achieve something to benefit both countries.”
Dr. Takamine was a great chemist who invented chemicals such as Amylase and Adrenaline, he was also a entrepreneur and cosmopolitan who worked for international friendship. Later Dr. Fairchild states in a letter to Japans Cherry Blossom Society, “Regarding the contribution of cherry blossom trees from Japan to Washington D.C., I will never forget all of Dr. Takamine` s services”.
Success of the second cherry blossom contributionMr. Ozaki decided to send the cherry blossoms once more. This time the project was
taken up by Japan as a country and all processes were scientifically checked and rechecked.February 14th of 1912, about 6000 saplings took off from Yokohama port on the ship
Awamaru. After arriving in Seattle, 3020 of the saplings were packed onto a refrigerated truck headed for Washington D.C. A month later on March 26th, all 3020 healthy saplings arrived safely.
Also as a request from Dr. Takamine, 3000 saplings were sent to New York to celebrate the 300 year anniversary since the development of Hudson River.
ワ シ ン ト ン1 9 1 2 年３月 2 6 日着
●
ニ ュ ー ヨ ー ク
シ ア ト ル1 9 1 2 年２ 月 末 着
東京市の経費(交際費より支出）
尾崎行雄市長農商務省農事試験場に「桜委託栽培」委嘱担当官：中村俊輔・井下清氏ほか
東京市
日米の科学者の関与の必要性の示唆
外務省
古在由直農学博士（農商務省農事試験場長兼東京帝国大学教授）
●寄贈・焼却について調査●桜苗養成の計画
農商務省農事試験場
東野村（現兵庫県伊丹市）
●台木栽培（山桜）●掘取（青酸ガス燻蒸）
久保武兵衛氏ほか
興津園芸試験場（現静岡県静岡市）
●台木植栽：1910年●穂木の養生（青酸ガス燻蒸・埋蔵）
●接ぎ木：1911年２月 ●養生
●掘取：1911年12月（青酸ガス燻蒸・乾燥した陰地に仮植）恩田鉄弥技師・桑名亥之介技師熊谷八十三技師ほか
●荷造り（水苔根回し、箱詰め）横浜植木●荷積み
●出港：1912年2月14日日本郵船 阿波丸
横浜（現神奈川県横浜市）
東京帝国大学
三好 学 博士
アメリカ農務省
L.O.ホード昆虫局長
Yukio Ozaki（1858～1954）Jokichi Takamine（1854～1922）
江北村（現東京都足立区）
●品種選択（荒川の五色桜）●穂木採取：1910年12月舩津静作翁ほか
第二次桜寄贈
寄贈された桜の品種染井吉野 白雪有明 御車返福禄寿 一葉関山 普賢像上匂 滝匂御衣黄 （11種）
ニューヨーク寄贈用の苗木栽培委託
Contributing Cherry Blossom Trees
to Washington D.C.
2221
10 The course of Japan-America Cherry Blossom exchange
Chronological Table of the Japan-America Cherry Blossom Exchange
1912 First lady, Helen Taft and Wife of the Japanese Ambassador, Iha Chinda each plant a cherry tree
1913～20
Cherry blossom trees are planted along the Tidal Basin and in East Potomac Park
1915 The white Flowering Dogwood is sent in thank you by Washington D.C.
191６ The saplings and seeds of the Red Flowering Dogwood is sent in thank you by Washington D.C.
1918
1927
Dr. Swingle contributed about 10 different spies of Kalmia to Tokyo city.
Washington school children reenact the cherry blossom planting
1928Washington flood withers 300 cherry trees of East Potomac Park but Washington D.C. quickly restores them through complementary planting
1935 Supported by many civic groups, the first National Cherry Blossom Festival is held
1938A group of women and other citizens protest and protect 270 cherry blossom trees from being felled in order to build the Thomas Jefferson Memorial on the Tidal Basin.
1940 The contributed cherry blossoms become pageant
1941Four cherry trees are cut down in reply to the attack on pearl harborTo prevent further damage, the trees are ever since called the Oriental cherry blossoms
1952 The home coming of cherry blossom trees to Adachi ward
1954
Japan sends a stone lantern to celebrate the 100th year since the Convention of Kanagawa was signedEver since, the National Cherry Blossom Festival opens with the lighting of the lantern
1958 America sends Flowering Dogwood in celebration of building the Ozaki Memorial Hall
1965The 3800 Somei-Yoshino cherry blossoms sent by the Japanese government is planted around the Washington MonumentA planting ceremony is opened by First lady Johnson and Ambassadors wife, Mrs. Takeuchi
1981 The second home coming of cherry blossom trees to Adachi ward
1981～82
Cherry blossom and Flowering Dogwood seedlings exchange project
1996 Sister River Agreement is signed between Arakawa and Potomac River
2012 100 year anniversary since the contribution of cherry blossoms to America
Lighting the stone lanternsAlready a century has gone by since the year
1912 when Japan contributed the cherry blossoms. Washington D.C. is now world famous for its cherry blossoms.
Since Washington D.C. first held it`s Cherry Blossom Festival in 1935, the event has now become the biggest annual event held by the city and is visited and enjoyed by many people.
The Cherry Blossom Festival starts every year by lighting the stone lanterns sent from Japan as an anniversary gift in the year 1954 to celebrate the 100th year since the Convention of Kanagawa was signed.
Flowering Dogwoods that were sent in return
In 1915, 40 White Flowering Dogwoods were sent in return to Japan. The year after that, Dr. Fairchild sent 10 more Pink Flowering Dogwoods along with seeds for propagation. The city of Tokyo gave careful attention in planting the trees in Parks around Tokyo. The seeds were given out to elementary schools to plant.
In 1918, Dr. Swingle contributed about 10 different spies of Kalmia to Tokyo city.
After the war in 1958, on building the Ozaki memorial hall, more Flowering Dogwood was sent in celebration. Between 1981 and 1982, a interchange enterprise of cherry blossom seeds and Flowering Dogwood seeds took place.
（左写真）タイダルベイスンの桜写真提供：小林稔蔵氏 （2010年4月4日撮影）
Planting of the Taft and Chinda cherry blossomsThe day after the saplings reached Washington D.C., on March 27th of 1912, First lady Helen Taft and the Japanese ambassador`s wife to the U.S. Iha Chinda each planted a Somei-Yoshino cherry blossom on the north banks of Tidal Basin. They have come to be known as the Taft cherry blossom and Chinda Cherry blossom.
Iha Chinda（1867 ～1949）
（左上図）日本桜植栽地附近要図出典：東京都「合衆国首府ワシントンの桜」1960
Passage of the Cherry Blossom Interchange
2423
The course of Japan-America Cherry Blossom exchange
Cherry blossom planting plan for the Hudson-Fulton CelebrationHudson River was discovered by Englishman Henry Hudson in 1609 and is also known as
the mother river of New York. American inventor Robert Fulton was the first to run a steamer along Hudson River. The Hudson-Fulton Celebration was beheld in New York of 1909 and celebrated the 100th anniversary of steam boats and 300 year anniversary of Hudson River.
Mr. and Mrs. Kuninomiya who were in America at this time were thrilled at being able to participate in the celebration. Finding this as a great opportunity to leave a monumental gift for generations to come, they decided to send from Japan 2000 cherry trees to plant in Claremont Park.
However the Steamer carrying the cherry blossom trees from Japan to America got lost on the way and did not reach New York in time for the 1909 anniversary.
Cherry blossoms as a symbol of peaceApril 28 of 1912 the planting of cherry blossom saplings around General Grant
National Memorial was largely celebrated. At the ceremony, General Stewart L. Woodford, President of the Hudson-Fulton Celebration stated that to bring about this celebration, England, Germany and Holland sent battleships in respect but Japan did not. Instead they sent twenty one hundred cherry blossom trees. Battleships are symbols of war but cherry blossom are symbols of peace.
Chairman of the Japan Club, Dr. Jokichi Takamine and his contributionsIn 1905, Dr. Takamine Established the Japan club to deepen the social relations between
Japanese living in America and their neighbor Americans. Other than the contribution of cherry blossoms to Washington D.C., he also had other great contributions to New York.
On the second cherry blossom contribution, Dr. Takamine got in touch with the cultivators and arranged for them to also raise saplings to send to New York. On February 14th of 1912, the saplings for New York left Yokohama port together with the Washington D.C. contributed saplings.
The cherry blossoms of Sakura Park and Central ParkSaplings were planted in Claremont Park, Central Park and along Hudson River
Banks but unfortunately the saplings did not adapt well and died.In 1934 as a proposal from General Woodford, Claremont Park which held the
cherry blossom planting ceremony had its name changed to Sakura Park. Later cherry blossoms were planted and are still enjoyed by citizens to this day. In 1960, Tokyo and New York signed a Sister City Agreement and in celebration, Japans Majesties the Emperor and Empress sent stone lanterns.
On May 13th of 2011, cherry blossoms were planted in Central park by New York City park officials and Japans Consulate General in memory of all the victims of the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.
11
AmericaAmerica is a seedling selection species from the Somei-Yoshino cherry blossom and was cultivated in Washington D.C. It`s flower is plump and a little darker in color than the Somei-Yoshino. In Japan it is sometimes called Akebono but because there is already a different species with the same name, it is now called America.
Cherry blossom planting ProjectDr. Takamine contributed scientists from his own laboratory to achieve the project he was planning with Mr. Stover, the parks commissioner of New York City.
This project included planting cherry trees along Hudson River, in Central Park and 13 around Grants tomb in Claremont Park.
Somei-Yoshino America
Contribution of cherry blossoms to New York
2625
12 The course of Japan-America Cherry Blossom exchange
Suffering of the cherry blossoms along Arakawa RiverIn 1896 huge factories started operating along Arakawa River polluting nearby
villages and farms. Of course this also affected the five color cherry blossoms and was a big cause for their decline.
In 1910 due to long spans of heavy rain a large part of eastern Tokyo was flooded. In order to protect the city, the excavation of Arakawa River floodway project took place and many cherry trees were cut down in the process.
When one of the most famous Japanese cherry sighting spots was on the verge of disappearing, Dr. Miyoshi`s proposal was agreed to and it was designated as a Natural Scenic Beauty. However his efforts became futile when the Pacific War started and the last Japanese cherry was cut down to be gathered as wood for fuel.
Second home coming of the cherry trees
1981, in celebration of the 50th anniversary since the founding of Adachi ward, another cherry blossom home coming was planned. Branches from cherry blossoms along Potomac River were selected and the second cherry blossom home coming took place. Three thousand and forty nine trees of thirty five species were delivered to the ward office and from there sent to cultivate at Japan flower societies Yuki farm.
These cherry blossom trees were sent to the ToshinogyoPark and other parks across the ward. They bloom beautifully and bring happiness to many every year.
Reagan cherry blossomAt the American National Arboretum, Dr. Jefferson took thirty cuttings from the Taft cherry blossom tree and one successfully took root. This nursery tree was sent to Japan from First Lady Nancy Regan. This tree was named by than Tokyo governor Shunichi Suzuki as the Regan cherry blossom and was planted in Metropolitan Toneri Park.
レーガン桜（都立舎人公園） 五色桜堤公園（足立区江北）
都市農業公園（足立区鹿浜）
さくら堤（足立区堀之内）江北北部緑道（足立区谷在家）
足立区都市農業公園
都市農業公園脇の並木樹 都市農業公園脇の並木の解説
台風による浸水の状況資料：荒川下流河川事務所
放水路の建設の状況 写真提供：荒川下流河川事務所
Home coming cherry treesIn 1952, after The Treaty of Peace with Japan, many voices were raised towards
sending cherry trees back to Arakawa River. Headman of the Adachi ward agreed to the restoration plan of the five color cherry trees along Arakawa River and with the cooperation US`s park service, succeeded in sending fifty five saplings of eight cherry blossom species back home to Japan. The saplings received were than grafted and planted along roads in the city and along the banks of Arakawa River. However affected by the pollution that rapidly increased in the city, by 1980 there was only 34 trees left.
The Cherry Blossoms that Came Home
2827
13 To the next generation
Adachi wards Heisei era five color cherry blossomsAt Adachi ward, home of Arakawa River cherry blossoms, the ward and citizen groups
are cooperating to rebuild national scenic beauty of cherry blossoms. The plan is to replant the remaining 49 species of cherry blossoms that are left from the original 97 species, along the left banks of Arakawa River (from magazine Adachi Public Relations).
The five color cherry blossoms that were planted along Arakawa River in 1886 are finally trying to be revived 130 years later.
江北桜づつみ（平成8年植栽） 江北桜づつみ（平成23年植栽）
Potomac River Arakawa River
全 長 462 ㎞ 173 ㎞
流 域 面 積 37,600㎢ 2,940㎢
水 源 アパラチア山系（水源の標高） 933m
秩父山系 甲武信ヶ岳（水源の標高）2475m
河 口 チュサピーク湾 東京湾
行 政 区 （上流） メリーランド州・ウェストバージニア州（下流） メリーランド州・バージニア州ワシントンDC
（上流） 埼玉県（下流） 東京都
名前の由来 未知（の意） 荒ぶる川
Sister RiversIn 1996, considering all that they
had overcome and achieved together during the long Japan-America cherry blossom exchange, the Potomac River and the Arakawa River signed a Sister River Agreement. The agreement was signed in Kumagaya city of Saitama prefecture and in celebration of the event, America`s queen of cherry blossoms planted a cherry blossom tree in Adachi wards Toshi Nogyo Park.
（両川ともに1メッシュ＝50km×50ｋｍ）
荒川-ポトマック川流域模式図
「足立の平成五色桜」鳥瞰図及びイメージスケッチ 足立区資料より
荒川左岸の都市農業公園付近から西新井橋付近までの延長約約５ｋｍ。2020年度までに1700本の「五色桜」を植栽する予定。
都市農業公園
Potomac River
Arakawa River
姉妹河川提携協定書 荒川下流河川事務所所蔵
（左表）荒川-ポトマック川の概要
Washington DC
Adachi Wards
扇大橋
五色桜大橋
西新井橋
江北橋
鹿浜橋
Heisei Era Five-color Cherry Blossom
and the Sister River Exchange
3029
Cherry blossoms of Arakawa River14
１ 長州緋桜 ２ 普賢象 ３ 浅黄桜 ４ 有明桜（有明） ５ 関山 ６ 一葉
７ 金輪寺白妙 ８ 大繕 ９ 天川（天の川） 10 常香 11.瀧香（滝匂） 12 金剛山
13 鷺尾 14 泰山府君 15 類嵐 16 水上 17 緋寒 18 麒麟
19 彼岸枝垂 20 御車返 21 芳野（染井吉野） 22 東錦 23 駿河台匂 24 奈良
25 苔清水 26 牡丹 27 松月 28 早晩山 29 熊谷 30 福禄寿
31 増山 32 鞍馬山 33 紅鵯 34 薄墨 35 上匂 36 楊貴妃
37 渦桜 38 大南殿 39 蓬莱山 40 秋色 41 暁桜 42 白墨 43 祇女
44 寒緋桜 45 千里香 46 旗桜 47 大芳野 48 白普賢象 49 江戸桜 50八重曙
51 都桜 52 人丸 53 初花 54 孫普賢象 55 雨宿 56 糸括 57 東枝垂
58 法輪寺 59 桐谷 60 箒桜 61 薩摩寒桜 62 菊枝垂 63 大芝山 64 名月（明月）
65 御衣黄 66 手毬 67 日暮 68 不断桜 69 細川匂 70 弁殿 71 朱雀
72 水無月 73 王照君 74 小汐山 75 紫桜 76 九重 77 猩猩 78 紅彼岸
※ species are rare or unknown
Shoudairakuji was a commemorative publication by Kouhoku village in 1891. In it were recordings of the 78 species of cherry blossoms planted at the time. Since then some have died out or their whereabouts are unknown but we have tried to reproduce as much as possible with photos and sketches.
写真提供 江北村の歴史を伝える会（清水一夫氏）、公益財団法人日本花の会、東京農業大学樋口恵一氏、藤原隆之氏、和田博幸氏
絵図出典 『桜花譜』 国立国会図書館所蔵、 『桜花図譜』日本大学生物資源科学部図書館所蔵
Shoudairakuji`s 78 Cherry Blossom Species
The 11 cherry blossom species that were contributed to America in 1912.
3231
Cherry blossoms of Arakawa River15
Species that were additionally planted
大島桜 嵐山 墨染 関山 白妙 真桜
大提灯 鬱金 御座間匂 塩釜桜 寒桜 薄色寒緋桜
On the banks of Arakawa River, as well as the 78 species from Shoudairakuji, other species were additionally planted. Species were also found and newly named by Dr. Miyoshi. Species that had not been confirmed were confirmed. But at the same time many species were lost.
Species that were contributed to America
染井吉野 白雪 有明 御車返 福禄寿 一葉
関山 普賢像 上匂 滝匂 御衣黄
Species that were found and named by Dr. Miyoshi Confirmed Specie
白雪 高砂 満月 江北匂 荒川匂 五所桜
Species that were imported
アメリカ
アメリカで作出
太白
イギリスから
アメリカに移入
北斎
イギリスから
アメリカに移入
マノガ
アメリカで発見
または作出
ワビヒト
アメリカで発見
または作出
早生都
アメリカで発見
または作出
サトザクラの花色と開花時期
花色 3月上旬 3月下旬 4月上旬 4月中旬 4月下旬
白 コウホクニオイオオシマザクラフダンザクラ（秋）
アマヤドリアリアケウスズミコシオヤマ
シロタエホソカワニオイメイゲツワシノオ
ゴザノマニオイシオガマザクラジョウニオイスルガダイニオイ
淡紅 カンザクラ アメリカソメイヨシノジュウガツザクラ（秋）
アマノガワアラシヤマイチヨウイトククリエドオオヂョウチンキクシダレコケシミズショウゲツ
センリコウタイザンフクンタイハクタオヤメテマリバンリコウヒグラシベニヤエシダレホクサイヨウキヒ
アズマニシキウズザクラフゲンゾウホウキザクラベニフゲンゾウマスヤマ
淡紅紫 クマガイ シュジャクベンドノボタンミクルマガエシ
フクロクジュ
紅紫 チョウシュウヒザクラ
濃紅紫 ムラサキザクラ カンザンキリンワビヒト
黄緑 ウコン ギョイコウ
上表の花色は農林水産省「サクラ」種苗特性審査基準に基づき、開花時期は東京都内を基準とした。
For the cherry blossom home comings of Adachi ward, species that were found and made in America were imported along with species from England that were raised in America.At Arakawa River in the spring, these cherry blossoms bloom together with the cherry blossoms of Japan.
写真提供 江北村の歴史を伝える会（清水一夫氏）、公益財団法人日本花の会、東京農業大学樋口恵一氏、藤原隆之氏、和田博幸氏
絵図出典 『桜花図譜』日本大学生物資源科学部図書館所蔵
Five-color Cherry Blossom Species
This booklet was made by the Japan-America Cherry BlossomExchange 100th Year Anniversary Undertaking ExecutiveCommittee when executing an Anniversary Symposium inDecember 17th of 2011. This booklet is the edited version of theexhibition panels of that time, made by the studies andnumerous discussions by the committee members of below.
The Anniversary Symposium and exhibition panels were able tohappen because of the co-sponsors and support of manyorganizations.
E x e c u t i v eC o m m i t t e e
Makoto Suzuki (Chairman), Takako Asaka, Michiko Okubo, Kazunori Ohdaira, Tokio Komatsubara, Kozo Shimizu, Nobuyuki, Tsuchiya, Kimihiro Nishimura, Keiichi Higuchi,
Nagayoshi Fujimori, Motoko Mitsui, Kouichiro Yazawa,
Toyoko Saito, Hiroto Uehara, Keisuke Kimura
Co-Executive あだち・荒川土手に桜を植える会、足立史談会、あらかわ学会、荒川五色桜復活の会、北区史を考える会五色桜研究会、五色桜の会、江北村の歴史を伝える会、東京農業大学地域環境研究所
後 援 国土交通省関東地方整備局荒川下流河川事務所国土交通省関東地方整備局荒川上流河川事務所、足立区、荒川区、板橋区、江戸川区、葛飾区、北区、江東区、墨田区、川口市、戸田市、財団法人日本さくらの会、公益財団法人日本花の会
協 力 浅田信行、服部 勉、濱野周泰、福島 彩、藤原隆之、吉島由子、領塚正浩、日本大学生物資源科学部図書館、櫻川磯辺稲村神社東京農業大学地域環境研究所プロジェクト研究チーム
（敬称略）
日米さくら交流のふるさと
荒川堤の桜
CHERRY BLOSSOM TREES OF ARAKAWA RIVER
発 行 日 2012年3月27日ワシントンのポトマック河畔の桜植樹100周年記念日
監 修 鈴木 誠 Makoto SUZUKI
編 集 日米さくら交流100周年記念事業実行委員会編集担当 齋藤豊子 Toyoko SAITO
樋口恵一 Keiichi HIGUCHI事務局ＮＰＯ法人あらかわ学会〒115－0042 東京都北区志茂 5-41-1 荒川知水資料館3F 地域交流スペース事務局連絡先 （北千住オフィス）〒120－0035 東京都足立区千住中居町20-7 スズキビル201TEL：03-5284-7885 FAX：03-5284-7995http://www.arakawa-gakkai.jp [email protected]
編集協力 和田博幸 Hiroyuki WADA
発 行 所 東京農業大学出版会 TOKYO NODAI PRESS〒156-8502 東京都世田谷区桜丘1-1-1 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku,,Tokyo 156-8502Tel: ＋81-03-5477-2666 Fax:＋81-03-5477-2747 E-mail:[email protected]
印 刷 所 創文印刷工業株式会社〒116-0011 東京都荒川区西尾久7-12-16 Tel:03-3893-3693 Fax:03-3893-3603
本書の発行に際し、東京農業大学地域環境研究所並びに(財)河川環境管理財団河川整備基金の助成を一部活用させていただきました。
c 日米さくら交流100周年記念事業実行委員会2012Japan-U.S. Cherry Blossom Centennial Arakawa River
