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EXPERIMENT MODULE
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING EDUCATION LABORATORY
REFRIGERATION
(REF)
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2018
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2016/PW 2
Contributor:
Ir. Johnner Sitompul, M.Sc., Ph.D., Dr. Ardiyan Harimawan, Joseph Bimandita Sunjoto,
Atika Salma, Dr. Pramujo Widiatmoko
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2016/PW 3
TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................................. 3
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... 4
LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER II PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT ................................................. 8
2.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................ 8
2.2 Target .......................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER III EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN .............................................................................. 9
3.1 Tools and Experimental Support Materials ...................................................................... 9
3.2 Experimental tool scheme ................................................................................................ 9
CHAPTER IV WORK PROCEDURE ..................................................................................... 10
4.2 Work Procedure Use of Tools ........................................................................................ 10
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 12
APPENDIX A RAW DATA TABLE ....................................................................................... 13
APPENDIX B CALCULATION PROCEDURE ..................................................................... 15
APPENDIX C JSA CONTROL SHEET .................................................................................. 16
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2016/PW 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Differences of Refrigeration Cycle and Carnot Cycle .............................................. 6
Figure 1.2 Refrigeration Cycle ................................................................................................... 7
Figure 3.1 The tool scheme ......................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4.1 Experimental flow diagram ..................................................................................... 10
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2016/PW 5
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Variation of opening capillary pipe valve 50% .......................................................... 13
Table 2. Variation of opening of thermal expansion valve 100% ............................................ 13
Table 3. Variation of Heating Load In Evaporator ................................................................... 14
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 6
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The principle development of refrigeration began back to the 19th century, written in the
London Practical Mechanics Journal by anonymous authors. The first patent of a refrigeration
machine was recorded on behalf of Thomas Harris and John Long, published in Great Britain
in 1790. Refrigeration is the process of transferring heat from a low temperature system to a
higher temperature system to obtain a fixed temperature below ambient temperature. This
refrigeration cycle is in principle the reverse of the heat engine cycle (Carnot cycle). The
effects of such cycles are the absorption of working energy and the transfer of heat energy
from low temperature heat reservoirs to high temperature heat reservoirs.
Figure 1.1 Differences of Refrigeration Cycle and Carnot Cycle
Refrigeration systems are often used for air conditioning in a given space, such as office
space or storage space. In addition to functioning as an air conditioner, refrigeration systems
have been used for many years in the manufacturing, petroleum, chemical and food
industries. Example of refrigeration system applications for the manufacturing industry is in
the process of cooling the steel. Application of the main refrigeration system in the chemical
industry is the process of liquefaction or liquefaction of natural gas. Application of
refrigeration in the field of food, especially for food preserving (food preserving such as
Refrigeration
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 7
meat, eggs, ice cream, or food preservation in storage) or in the process of distribution or
transportation of food by truck or trailer. Many applications of refrigeration systems in the
industrial world make the refrigeration system as a very important topic to be discussed.
Further understanding and observation of the working principle of refrigeration and
parameters affecting the performance of the refrigeration system is also indispensable.
P
QH
C B
QL
D A
Win
H
ENTALPHY
Figure 1.2 Refrigeration Cycle
This refrigeration cycle can be seen in Figure 1.2, consisting of the following process:
Process A – B : The refrigerant is compressed isentropically and the phase
changes from saturated vapor to superheated vapor
Process B – C : Heat energy is removed from the cycle by condensing the
refrigerant. The phase changes to saturated liquid.
Process C – D : The isentalphy expansion on the refrigerant that causes the
phase to turn into a liquid-vapor mixture.
Proses D – A : To input the heat energy into the cycle by evaporating the
refrigerant. The phase changes to a saturated vapor.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 8
CHAPTER II
PURPOSE AND TARGET OF EXPERIMENT
2.1 Purpose
The purpose of practition conduct Refrigeration experiment is as follows:
a. Studying the mechanical refrigeration cycle especially the vapor compression
cycle.
b. Knowing the performance of refrigeration equipment based on load in evaporator
and condenser.
2.2 Target
a. Measuring the performance of refrigeration equipment, expressed by COP
(Coefficient of Performance) evaporator and condenser.
b. Calculate the compressor's electrical requirements.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 9
CHAPTER III
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
3.1 Tools and Experimental Support Materials
In this refrigeration experiment the material used is a chemical refrigerant-22 CHClF2 or
Chlorodifluoromethane. Equipment used include compressor, condenser, steam container,
rotameter, sightglass, filter drier, thermal expantion valve, capillary expansion valve,
evaporator, high-low pressurestat, and manometer.
3.2 Experimental tool scheme
The tool scheme used in the experiment can be seen in Figure 3.1 below.
Figure 3.1 The tool scheme
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 10
CHAPTER IV
WORK PROCEDURE
4.1 Experimental flow diagram
The experimental flow diagram can be seen in Figure 4.2 below.
Start up equipment(Expansion valve is opened)
Refrigerant is flowed(Note the sightglass)
Do the variation
Equipment reaches steady state(P and T constant)
Measure P and T for each variation
Start
Finish
Figure 4.1 Experimental flow diagram
4.2 Work Procedure Use of Tools
The first thing to do is
1. Install the experimental tool at the appropriate power source
2. Start up of the equipment by opening the expansion valve
3. Flow the refrigerant by opening the valve until there is no air flow in the
appliance. This can be known by looking through the sightglass, because if there
is steam escaping the liquid receiver in sightglass it will be seen to have bubbles.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 11
This continues until the bubble is absent and until the apparatus reaches the
steady state, which is indicated by a constant pressure value (P) and temperature
(T).
4. Once the steady state is achieved variations are made
5. Measure discharge pressure and suction pressure
6. Measure the temperature at three points before entering the condenser, before
entering the expansion valve, and before entering the evaporator.
This is done on each variation of expansion valve. Variations can also be done in the form of
external disturbances in both heat exchangers, evaporators and condensers. The disturbance
can be either warming or cooling.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 12
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Daubert, T.E., (1985), Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, International Edition,
Singapore : Mc-Graw Hill, Inc.
Http://www.refrigerants.com/MSDS/r22.pdf, (2004), Material Safety Data Sheet, Internet
Edition, New Jersey : National Refrigerants, Inc.
Jordan, R.C. dan Priester, G.B., 1956, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Second Edition,
Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, Inc.
Smith, J. M.,. Van Ness, H. C dan Abbot, MM, (1996), Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, Fifth Edition, New York : Mc-Graw Hill, Inc.
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 13
APPENDIX A
RAW DATA TABLE
In this appendix there are examples of possible variations, but these variations are not fixed
depending on the assignment of the relevant lecturer.
Variation 1 : Opening of capillary pipe valve 50%
Table 1. Variation of opening capillary pipe valve 50%
Time (t) Tb Tc Td P suction P discharge
Voltage (V)
Current (I)
Flow rate
Variation 2 : Opening of Thermal Expansion Valve 100%
Table 2. Variation of opening of thermal expansion valve 100%
Time (t) Tb Tc Td P suction P discharge
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 14
Voltage (V)
Current (I)
Flow rate
Variaton 3 : Heating Load In Evaporator
Table 3. Variation of Heating Load In Evaporator
Time (t) Tb Tc Td P suction P discharge
Voltage (V)
Current (I)
Flow rate
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 15
APPENDIX B
CALCULATION PROCEDURE
Data processing required in this experiment can be done by following the steps below:
1. Prepare the P - H diagram of R-22 refrigerant
2. Do the calculation
a. Refrigerant mass flow rate
i. m = Q x r
b. Heat transfer
i. qcond = m x (hB – hC)
ii. qevap = m x (hA – hD)
c. Compressor work
i. Wkomp = qcond – qevap
d. COP (Coefficient of Performance)
i. COPevap,teoretik =
ii. COPcond,teoretik =
e. Electrical Power
i. Welectric = V.I.cos θ (cos θ = 0,8)
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 16
APPENDIX C
SPECIFICATION AND LITERATURE DATA
INSTRUCTIONAL LABORATORY CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPT.
FTI - ITB
REFRIGERATION MODULE (REF)
REF – 2018/PW 17
APPENDIX D
JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS CONTROL SHEET
No Material Material Properties Repressive act 1 Refrigerant-22
(CHClF2) Melting point -160 oC. Boiling point -40,8oC.
Not combustible at room temperature and atmospheric pressure
Combustible material when mixed with low pressure air and when close to flame source
If exposed to body parts,
rinse immediately with warm water.
If inhaled, get out of the lab room immediately
Accidents that may occur Repressive act
The tool is overpressured and can be damaged Make sure the thermal expansion valve is open in case the appliance is off.
Safety equipment
Practicum Coat
Safety Procedure Checking Tool
Assistant Advisor LabTK coordinator
Close all refrigerant
valve except thermal
expansion valve.
Disconnect power on the
refrigeration circuit.
Make sure the power
supply in the circuit is well
connected.
Make sure the
thermal expansion
valve is in open
condition.
Open the valve of
the refrigerant
Make sure no one is in front of the condenser or evaporator so that it does not mess with the tool
Make sure the exit pressure is not too large to prevent excessive pressure