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Catholicism in Crisis Crises in the 14th and 15th centuries
Babylonian Captivity, Great Schism, Conciliar Movement
Corruption Simony-sale of church offices
Pluralism
Absenteeism
Sale of indulgences
Nepotism
Moral decline of the papacy
Clerical ignorance
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
Discovered a simple religion distorted by complicated theological arguments of the Middle Ages
Education could bring a reform in the church and society
Supported schools
New editions of the classics
New editions of the Bible and writings of church fathers
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
Erasmus
Most influential Christian humanist
Concept of religion-”The Philosophy of Christ”-Christianity should be a guiding philosophy not dogmatic beliefs and practices
Edited and published the Greek text of the New Testament along with a new Latin translation Annotations-commentary on the Vulgate Bible (Latin edition)
In Praise of Folly-1509-humorous but effective criticism of the church
Eventually disapproved of Luther and reformers-didn’t want to destroy the church-just reform
Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism
Thomas More
Trained in law. Lord chancellor of England (Henry VIII)
Friends with Erasmus
Utopia-idealistic life, communal vs. private ownership
Ends up resigning from post and beheaded for not supporting the king over the church
Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
Pluralism-Taking more than one church office
The Search for Salvation
Salvation became mechanical
Indulgence-a remission after death of all or part of the punishment of sin
Calls for Reform
Several sources of reform were already at work
The Early Luther Augustinian monk
Sacraments were the Church’s way of receiving God’s grace
Studied theology to help overcome difficulties-became professor
Justification-grace though faith alone
The Bible is the chief guide for religious truth
The Early Luther The Indulgence Controversy
Pope Leo X-special indulgences to finance St. Peter’s Basilica
Johann Tetzel-Dominican hawked indulgences in Germany Issued his 95 Theses
The Quickening Rebellion 1519-Leipzig Debate vs. Johann Eck Published pamphlets Excommunicated in Jan. of 1521
Diet (formal assembly) of WormsEdict of Worms-Luther was an outlaw, works were to be burned, and Luther was to be captured and delivered to the emperor (his Prince hid him in Wartburg Castle for almost a year)
The Rise of Lutheranism Translated the New Testament into German, but
sermons spread the Word, pamphlets helped
The Spread of Luther’s Ideas
Started as largely urban/upper classes
Some followers became radical. Older humanists unhappy.
The Peasants’ War (mid-1520s)
Peasants upset when Luther didn’t support the revolt
The state and rulers ordained by God and given the authority to maintain peace
Revolts were suppressed
Organizing the Church Kept two sacraments-baptism and communion
Denied transubstantiation
A hierarchical priesthood was not needed-“priesthood of all believers”
Secular authorities in Germany played a role in church affairs
New service-vernacular liturgy-Bible reading, preaching the word of God, song
Married a former nun- Katherina von Bora
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
Charles V was HRE-immense empire was overextended. Charles’ problems gave Luther’s movement time to grow.
The French and the Papacy
Spain and France were fighting (24 years off and on)
Pope Clement sided with the French initially
April 1527, Rome was sacked
Clement sided with Charles
Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
The Ottoman Empire
15th century-Controlled Constantinople
16th century-Made it to Vienna before turned back
Politics in Germany
Germany had developed into independent states
Diet of Augsburg All Lutherans must return to Catholicism
Lutheran princes formed the Schmalkaldic League to defend each other in case of an attack
Schmalkaldic Wars
1555 Peace of Augsburg-end of religious warfare-each German prince could determine the state’s religion
Lutheranism in Scandinavia Frederick I encouraged the spread of Lutheran
doctrine in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
The Zwinglian Reformation Ulrich Zwingli-influenced by Christian humanism,
priest, began Reformation in Switzerland
Reforms in Zurich
Looked to the state to supervise the church
No decorations or music
A Futile Search for Unity
Some Swiss areas strongly Catholic
Wanted to join forces with Luther, but they split over the symbolic nature of the Lord’s Supper
1531-Fighting between Catholic and Protestant Swiss
The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists The Ideas of the Anabaptists
No involvement from the state
Adult baptism
Tried to return to practices of early Christianity
Varieties of Anabaptists Munster (nw Germany near Dutch border) became an
Anabaptist haven
Some-millenarianism – radicals led by John of Leiden
Lutherans and Catholics joined forces vs. Munster
Pacifist again-led by Menno Simons
Long-term Impact Amish, Mennonites, Quakers, Unitarians
The Reformation in England Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife for Anne Boleyn
1533-Didn’t happen-Boleyn is pregnant, marries secretly
1534-Act of Supremacy-completed break with Catholic church, king was the head of the church
Treason Act-cannot deny the king is the head of the church
1539-Statute of Six Articles-Anglican Church maintained most of the Catholic doctrines
The Reformation in England The New Order
Thomas Cromwell-financial rescue by closing about 400 religious houses
Henry had a long string of wives
Edward VI was 9 (and sickly) when his father died, regents moved church in a more Protestant direction
Reaction Under Mary (1553-1558)
VERY Catholic, mistrusted by the people
Burned more than 300 Protestants-created a backlash
John Calvin and Calvinism Had a profound conversion experience, no longer safe in Paris
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536)-Protestant thought, secured his role as a new leader
Calvin’s Ideas
Predestination-Since God is all-knowing, He already knows who is going to Heaven
Calvin’s Geneva
Theocracy, 1540, new center of Reformation in Europe
Protestant work ethic
Impact
Presbyterians (Scotland, John Knox), Huguenots (French Calvinists), Dutch Reformed Church, Puritans in England
Did not spread-Ireland, Spain, Italy
The Family Catholicism praised family
Celibacy was ideal (IE: clergy)
Reformation brought more positive side to family relationships for P and C
Traditional female roles-House, children-Few choices
However, more women were literate (the Bible)
Education in the Reformation Humanist methods in Protestant secondary schools
Wider audience
Luther-children should have the opportunity of an education provided by the state
Secondary school with liberal arts and religion
Religious Practices and Popular Culture
Ended customary, dogmatic practices
No veneration of saints=fewer holy days
Some reformers tried to ban customary forms of entertainment
Drinking in taverns, dramatic performances, dancing
Dutch Calvinists-Christmas gift-giving
Not very successful
Revival of the Old Mid 16th century
Rather than instituting new doctrines, he sought to improve church discipline through existing doctrine
The Catholic Reformation was both a response to the gains of Protestantism and the response to critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed
Mysticism-Saint Teresa of Avila
Monasticism-reformed and renewed
The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Ignatius of Loyola-Founder, The Spiritual Exercises-
training manual for spiritual development
1540-absolute obedience to the papacy
Activities of the Jesuits
Education (best schools in Europe)
Spread the Gospel to pagans
Fight Protestantism
Oh…and the Spanish and Italian inquisitions (1542)
A Revived Papacy (Pope Paul III) Continued many bad practices but recognized a need
for change
Appointed a reform commission to study condition of the church
Recognized the Jesuits and summoned the Council of Trent
Pope Paul IV (conservative)-increased the power of the inquisition, created the Index of Forbidden Books
The Council of Trent 3 major sessions (1545-1563) established Catholic dogma
for the next four centuries
Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers
Salvation by both “good works” and faith
All 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed
Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed
Approved the Index of Forbidden Books
Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests
Baroque Art Began in Catholic Reformation to teach in a concrete
and emotional way and demonstrate the glory and power of the Catholic Church
Spread to Protestant countries (N Germany, England)
Sought to overwhelm the viewer-grandure, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme
Architecture and Sculpture Reflected the image and power of absolute monarchs
and the Catholic Church
Gianlorenzo Bernini (1598-1650) personified baroque architecture and sculpture
Colonnade for piazza in front of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome was his greatest architectural achievement.
Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s Cathedral
Altarpiece sculpture, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, evokes tremendous emotion
His statue of David shows movement and emotion
Constructed several fountains throughout Rome
Results of the Reformation The unity of Western Christianity was shattered.
Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, & Scotland) adopted Protestantism.
Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages.
Abuses in the RCC remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century.
Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.