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Referencing Sources of Business Information
2
Itisanexpectedacademicprac cethatstudentswillreference(orcite)thesourcesofideas,
informa on,dataandotherevidenceinwri enassignments.Youmustalwaysgiveafull
referencewheneveryoudrawonanothersource.Thisisnotjustprac cefortradi onssake;
itisdoneforvalidacademicreasons:
Toenableyourtutorstotracethesourcesyouciteinordertocheckthe
accuracyandvalidityoftheevidencepresented,anddecidewhethertheyagree
withyourinterpreta on.
Tosupportyourargumentsandgivecredibilitytotheinforma onyoupresentin
assignments.
Todemonstratethatyouhavereadwidelyandselectedrelevantevidence.
Toallowinterestedreaderstotracethesourcesyouciteandtousethesame
evidencefortheirownpurposes.
Toavoidtheaccusa onofplagiarism.Byreferencingallyoursourcesyouare
makingitclearwhatisyourownworkandwhatistheworkofothers.
Accurateandintelligentreferencingwillenhanceagoodessayandcontributetothemarks
yougain.Selec onofrelevantevidenceandaccuratereferencingisanimportantelementin
themarkingcriterion.
Why do I need to reference?
3
Foranacademicassignmentitisvitalthatyouacknowledgetheinforma onsourcesyou
haveused.Youshouldreferenceyoursourcesinthefollowinginstances:
Youhavequotedfromasourcedirectly.
Youhaveusedtables,graphs,sta s cs,diagrams,images,etc.takenfromanother
source.Whetheryouhavecopieddirectly,orusedthemasasourceofdata
colla on.
Youhaveparaphrasedoralludedtosomethingyouhaveread/heardinanother
personswork.
Youareusinganothersourcetopresentapar culartheory,argument,or
viewpoint.
Youaregivingemphasistoapar cularideathathasfoundameasureof
agreementandsupportamongstcommentators.
Youdonotneedtoreferencewhensta ngorsummarisingcommonknowledgeorwidely
undisputedfacts,suchas:
ThecreditcrisisisbroadlyacknowledgedastakingholdinAugust2007.
Youshouldacknowledgesourcesbyci ngtheminthetextofyourassignment(calledintext
cita ons)andreferencingtheminfullattheendofyourassignment(calledthereferencelist).
Youcanfindanexamplereferencelistattheendofthisdocument.
When do I need to reference?
4
How to cite and reference sources of business information
Acita onappearsinthebodyofyourwri ngandisusedtoshowthereaderthattheideaor
quota onistheworkofsomebodyelse.Thereadercanthenlookforfurtherinforma on
aboutthesourceofthematerialyouhavecitedinthereferencelist,whichshouldappearat
theendofyourassignment.Thereferencelistisafulllistofallthesourcematerialyouhave
citedinyourassignment.
Something to note:
Thefollowingguidelinesgiveexamplesofhowtoreferencearangeofsourcesaccordingto
theHarvardsystemofreferencing.However,youshouldfollowtheconven onofreferencing
assetoutbyyourprogrammeortutor.Itmaybebesttocheckiftherearepar cular
conven onstheywishforyoutofollow.Thismaybedetailedinyourprogramme/course
handbook.
Punctua oncanvarywhenusingHarvard.HenceyoumightfindthatsomeHarvard
referenceswillhavefullstopsa ereachpartofthereferenceandsomemaynot.The
generallyacceptedrulewhenusingHarvardistobeconsistentwithyourstyleanduseof
punctua onthroughoutyourassignment.Again,youmaywishtocheckwithyourtutorasto
whichprac cetheywishyoutoadopt.
5
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor(s)oreditor(s)(surname,followedbyini als)
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Thefull tle(initalics)
Theedi onoftheissueyouhaveconsulted(onlyincludetheedi onnumberifitisnotthefirstedi on)
Theplaceofpublica on:publisher
Seriesandvolumenumber(ifapplicable)
Example:
Bryman,A.andBell,E.(2007)Businessresearchmethods.2ndedn.Oxford:Oxford
UniversityPress.
IntextCita on:
AccordingtoBrymanandBell(2011,p.23)themostimportantpartoftheresearch
processis
N.B.Wheretherearemorethanthreeauthors,youshouldlisttheminfullinthe
referencelist.However,youneedonlyusethefirstauthorsurnamefollowedbyetal.
inyourtext('etal.'isaLa nabbrevia onmeaning'andothers').
Forexample:ThiswasprovedbyYoungetal.(2000)
1. Books
6
Where to find the information you need to reference a book
Youcanfindtheinforma onyouneedforabookreferencefromcoverandthebackofthe
tlepagewithinthebookitself.
7
Alterna velyyoucanfindthesameinforma onontheLibraryCatalogue.
8
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Authorofthechapter/sec on(surnamefollowedbyini als)
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofchapter/sec on(insinglequota onmarks)
inpluseditor(s)ofbook
Titleofbook(initalics)
Theedi onoftheissueyouhaveconsulted(onlyincludetheedi onnumberifitisnotthefirstedi on)
Theplaceofpublica on:publisher
Seriesandvolumenumber(ifapplicable) Pagereference
Example:
Jenkins,J.(2006)Theroleofthestateintourism,inBeech,J.andChadwich,S.(ed.)
TheBusinessofTourismManagement.Harlow:FinancialTimesPren ceHall,pp.4158.
IntextCita on:
TheprocessasdescribedbyJenkins(2006,p.43)...
1.1 Chapters/sections from edited books
9
Whenanelectronicbook(ebook)lookslikeaprintedbook,withpublica ondetailsand
pagina on,youshouldreferenceasyouwouldaprintedbook.
Onsomepersonalmobileandedevices(smartphones,tabletsandereaders),specific
ebookfixedpagenumbersarenotavailable.Inthiscaseyoucangivethechapter/sec on
andparagraphnumber(orloc,%)insteadforci ngtheloca onofquotedtext.
Forexample:AccordingtoMa hews(2010,Chapter6,para5.)
Shelley(2012,67%)suggests
Adams(1983,loc879)states...
Insuchinstancesitwillbehelpfultoyourtutortoknowthatyouhavedownloadedand
accessedtheebookviaanedevice.Inthiscase,youshouldalsoincludethedatethatyou
downloadedtheebook:
Detailsoftheauthor(s)oreditor(s)
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Thefull tle(initalics)
Availableat:URL
Thedateyoudownloadedthebook(Downloaded:date)
Example:
Burns,R.P.andBurns,R.(2008)Businessresearchmethodsandsta s csusingSPSS.
Availableat:h p://www.amazon.co.uk/kindleebooks(Downloaded:18June2014).
1.2 Electronic books
http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks%20\staff.gre-ad.gre.ac.uk\USR\IL\hr54\Documents\Adobe%20Captivate%20Cached%20Projects
10
2. Journal articles
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor(s)(surname,followedbyini als)
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
The tleofthear cle(insinglequota onmarks)
Titleofthejournal(initalicscapitalisefirstle erofeachwordin tle,exceptforlinkingwordssuchas:as,and,of,the,for)
Volumeinforma on
Ifapplicable,partnumber,monthorseason(allinroundbrackets) Pagereference
Example:
Marschall,S.(2012)Sustainableheritagetourism:theInandaHeritageRouteandthe
2010FIFAWorldCup,JournalofSustainableTourism,20(5),pp.721736.
IntextCita on:
Marschall(2012,p.725)suggeststheimpactoftheWorldCup
2.1 Print journals
11
A journal reference explained
Where to find the information you need from an article
12
ElectronicversionsofprintjournalswhichyouhaveaccessedviaoneoftheUniversitys
onlinesubscrip onresources,suchasadatabaselikeBusinessSourcePremier,are
referencedinthesamewayasprintjournalsanditisnotnecessarytogivetheweb
addressofthedatabasewhereyoufoundthear cle.
Whereanelectronicpublica onhasbeenfoundonanexternalwebsitethenitis
necessarytogivedetailsofthewebaddress,oruniformresourcelocator(URL)wherethe
ar clecanbeaccessedandthedateonwhichyouaccessedit.Alterna vely,youcan
supplythedigitalobjectiden fier(DOI)forthear cle.
URLexample:
Umeji,A.U.andObi,C.A.(2014)Costaccoun ngskillsneedsofsmallbusinessoperators,
AmericanJournalofIndustrialandBusinessManagement,4,pp.246257.Availableat:
h p://www.scirp.org/journal/ajibm/(Accessed:20May2014).
DOIexample:
Apergis,N.andPapoulakos,D.(2013)TheAustraliandollarandgoldprices,TheOpen
EconomicsJournal,6,pp.110.DOI:10.2174/1874919401306010001
2.2 Electronic journals
http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajibm/
13
3. Newspapers
3.1 Newspapers in Print
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor/byline
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
The tleofthear cle(insinglequota onmarks)
Titleofthenewspaper(initalicscapitalisefirstle erofeachwordin tle,exceptforlinkingwordssuchas:as,and,of,the,for)
Edi onifrequired(inroundbrackets)
Dayandmonth Pagereference
Example:
OConnor,S.(2014)UKrecoveryfailstoboostpublicfinances,TheFinancialTimes,20
June,p.31.
IntextCita on:
Borrowingisexpectedtofallby10percent(OConnor,2014)
N.B.Ifnoauthorisgiven,thengivethe tleofthenewspaperinplaceoftheauthor.
Forexample:TheTimes(2012)Bankaccounts.14June,p.7.
IntextCita on:
Thear cle(TheTimes,2012,p.7)reported...
14
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor/byline
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
The tleofthear cle(insinglequota onmarks)
Titleofthenewspaper(initalicscapitalisefirstle erofeachwordin tle,exceptforlinkingwordssuchas:as,and,of,the,for)
Edi onifrequired(inroundbrackets)
Dayandmonth
Example:
Rigby,R.(2014)Bondwithteamsyounevermeet,TheFinancialTimes,23June.
Availableat:h p://www. .com/cms/s/0/6e57b5bef70711e38ed60
0144feabdc0.html#axzz35SI3BJCi(Accessed:23June2014).
IntextCita on:
Rigby(2014)reportsonthelimita onsofvirtualrela onshipsandtheimpactof
interac onsintheworkplace.
3.2 Online newspapers
http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6e57b5be-f707-11e3-8ed6%200%090144feabdc0.html#axzz35SI3BJCihttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6e57b5be-f707-11e3-8ed6%200%090144feabdc0.html#axzz35SI3BJCihttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6e57b5be-f707-11e3-8ed6%200%090144feabdc0.html#axzz35SI3BJCihttp://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6e57b5be-f707-11e3-8ed6%200%090144feabdc0.html#axzz35SI3BJCi
15
4. Reports
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Authorororganisa on
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofreportincludingdatesandseriesifavailable(initalics)
Theplaceofpublica on:publisher
Ifaccessedonlineinclude:
Authorororganisa on
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofreportincludingdatesandseriesifavailable(initalics)
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)
Example:
Bradshaw,J.,Middleton,S.,Davis,A.Oldfield,N.,Smith,N.,Cusworth,L.andWilliams,J.
(2008)AminimumincomestandardforBritain:whatpeoplethink.Availableat:h p://
www.jrf.org.uk/publica ons/minimumincomestandardbritainwhatpeoplethink
(Accessed:26June2014).
IntextCita on:
TheminimumcostoflivinginBritainis13,400(Bradshawetal.,2008,p.32).
4.1 Online research reports
http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-britain-what-people-thinkhttp://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-britain-what-people-thinkhttp://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-britain-what-people-thinkhttp://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-britain-what-people-think
16
Example:
Mintel(2012)SmartphonePurchasingHabitsUK.Availableat:h p://academic.mintel.com
(Accessed:17May2014).
IntextCita on:
Mintel(2012)reportedproblemsinthemarket
4.2 Online market research reports
Example:
Bri shSkyBroadcas ngGroupplc(2007)Annualreport2007.Availableat:h p://
library.corporateir.net/library/10/104/104016/items/258443/AR07.pdf(Accessed:7May
2014).
IntextCita on:
Thecompanysprofitsexpanded(Bri shSkyBroadcas ngGroupplc,2007)
4.3 Online company annual reports
http://academic.mintel.com/display/645211/?highlight=truehttp://library.corporate-ir.net/library/10/104/104016/items/258443/AR07.pdfhttp://library.corporate-ir.net/library/10/104/104016/items/258443/AR07.pdfhttp://library.corporate-ir.net/library/10/104/104016/items/258443/AR07.pdfhttp://library.corporate-ir.net/library/10/104/104016/items/258443/AR07.pdf
17
5. Government Publications
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Nameofgovernmentdepartment
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Title(initalics)
Theplaceofpublica on:publisher
Series(inbrackets)ifapplicable
Ifaccessedonlineinclude:
Nameofgovernmentdepartment
Theyearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Title(initalics)
Series(inbrackets)ifapplicable
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)
Example:
DepartmentforBusiness,Innova onandSkills(2014)Innova onreport2014:
innova on,researchandgrowth.Availableat:h ps://www.gov.uk/government/
publica ons/innova onreport2014innova onresearchandgrowth(Accessed:23
June2014).
IntextCita on:
Smallbusinesscoachingprogrammesaretobeincreased(DepartmentforBusiness,
Innova onandSkills,2014).
https://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growthhttps://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growthhttps://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growthhttps://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growth
18
6. British Standards
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Nameofauthoringorganisa on
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Numberand tleofstandard(initalics)
Placeofpublica on:publisher
Ifaccessedonlineinclude:
Nameofauthoringorganisa on
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Numberand tleofstandard(initalics)
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)
Example:
Bri shStandardsIns tu on(2012)20121:2012:Eventsustainabilitymanagement
systems:Requirementswithguidanceforuse.London:Bri shStandardsIns tu on.
IntextCita on:
Aneventsustainabilitymanagementsystemmustbeinconformitywithitsstated
sustainabledevelopmentpolicy(Bri shStandardsIns tu on,2012).
19
7. Conferences
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor(s)oreditor(s)
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofconference:sub tle(initalics)
Loca onanddateandconference
Placeofpublica on:publisher
Example:
Ins tuteforSmallBusinessAffairs(2000)Smallfirms:addingthespark:the23rdISBA
na onalsmallfirmspolicyandresearchconference.RobertGordonUniversity,
Aberdeen,1517November.Leeds:Ins tuteforSmallBusinessAffairs.
IntextCita on:
Theconference(Ins tuteforSmallBusinessAffairs,2000)...
7.1 Full conference proceedings
20
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Author(s)ofthepaper
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofthepaper(insinglequota onmarks)
Titleoftheconference:sub tle(initalics)
Loca onanddateofconference
Placeofpublica on:publisher
Pagereferencesforthepaper
Ifaccessedonlineinclude:
Author(s)ofthepaper
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofthepaper(insinglequota onmarks)
Titleoftheconference:sub tle(initalics)
Loca onanddateofconference
Publisher
Availableat:URL(orDOIifavailable)
(Accessed:date)(notrequiredwhenDOIisused)
Example:
Cook,D.(2000)DevelopingfranchisedbusinessinScotland,Smallfirms:addingthe
spark:the23rdISBAna onalsmallfirmspolicyandresearchconference.Robert
GordonUniversity,Aberdeen,1517November.Leeds:Ins tuteforSmallBusiness
Affairs,pp.127136.
IntextCita on:
Cook(2000)highlightedexamples...
7.2 Individual conference papers
21
8. Working papers
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor(s)
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofthepaper(insinglequota onmarks)
Titleoftheworkingpaperseries(initalics)
Workingpapernumber
Ifaccessedonlineinclude:
Detailsoftheauthor(s)
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)
Titleofthepaper(insinglequota onmarks)
Titleoftheworkingpaperseries(initalics)
Workingpapernumber
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)
Example:
Rose,A.K.&Spiegel,M.M.(2009)'Theolympiceffect',NBERWorkingPapers,No.
14854.Availableat:h p://www.nber.org/papers/w14854(Accessed:19May2014).
IntextCita on:
RoseandSpiegel(2009)discuss...
22
9. Datasets
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsofthesource
Yearofpublica on(inroundbrackets)ifavailable
Dataderivedfrom:document tle:uniquecodeiden fier(initalics)ifapplicable
Publisher
Availableat:Databasename
(Accessed:date)
Example:
Datastream(2013)Dataderivedfrom:UKimportsofgoods&servicescura:Series
UKIMNGS.B.ThomsonReuters.Availableat:Datastream(Accessed:23June2014).
IntextCita on:
(Datastream,2013)
Ifyouarereferencingadataseriesthatdoesnothavespecific tle,oruniqueiden fier
code,butisaresultofapar cularsearchthatyouhavemadeonthedatabase,then
youshouldgivethedetailsofthedataused(e.g.country,frequency,datatype)inplace
ofthe tle:code.
Example:
Datastream(2013)Dataderivedfrom:WilliamHillannualdividendyield.Thomson
Reuters.Availableat:Datastream(Accessed23June2014).
9.1 Data from Datastream, Thomson One and Orbis
23
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsofauthor/principleinves gator
Title(initalics)
Edi on
PlaceofDistribu on:Distributor(similartopublisher)
Distribu ondate
Referencenumber
DOI
Example:
OfficeforNa onalSta s cs.SocialSurveyDivisionandNorthernIrelandSta s csand
ResearchAgency.CentralSurveyUnit,QuarterlyLabourForceSurvey,AprilJune,
2012.2ndedi on.Colchester,Essex:UKDataArchive,March2013.SN7108,DOI:
h p://dx.doi.org/10.5255/UKDASN71082
IntextCita on:
AccordingtotheOfficeforNa onalSta s cs.SocialSurveyDivisionandNorthern
IrelandSta s csandResearchAgency(2012)...
Exampleforinterna onalmacrodata:
Interna onalMonetaryFund(2013):Direc onofTradeSta s cs(Edi on:Feb2013).
Mimas,UniversityofManchester.DOI:h p://dx.doi.org/10.5257/imf/dots/201302
Forinforma ononhowtociteCensusdatavisit:
h p://census.ukdataservice.ac.uk/usedata/ci ngdata/2011.aspx
9.2 Data from UKDS
http://dx.doi.org/10.5257/imf/dots/2013-02http://census.ukdataservice.ac.uk/use-data/citing-data/2011.aspx
24
10. Web pages
Whenreferencinginforma onfromtheinternet,youmustbeclearwhatyouare
referringto.Wehavealreadyseenhowyoushouldreferencematerialsuchasjournals
ar cles,reportsandpapersfoundonline.Thenatureofwhatyouarereferringtowill
governhowyoureferenceit.
Ifyouaretakinginforma ondirectlyfromthepagesofawebsite,youshouldreference
asfollows:
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor(s)orauthoringorganisa on
Yearthatthesitewaspublished/lastupdated(inroundbrackets)
Titleofwebpage(initalics)
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)
Example:
Oxfam(2014)Businessandpoverty.Availableat:h p://www.oxfam.org.uk/whatwe
do/issuesweworkon/businessesandpoverty(Accessed:25June2014)
IntextCita on:
Oxfam(2014)highlighttheissuesinthedevelopingworld
http://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/issues-we-work-on/businesses-and-poverty\staff.gre-ad.gre.ac.uk\USR\IL\hr54\Documents\Adobe%20Captivate%20Cached%20Projectshttp://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/issues-we-work-on/businesses-and-poverty\staff.gre-ad.gre.ac.uk\USR\IL\hr54\Documents\Adobe%20Captivate%20Cached%20Projectshttp://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/issues-we-work-on/businesses-and-poverty\staff.gre-ad.gre.ac.uk\USR\IL\hr54\Documents\Adobe%20Captivate%20Cached%20Projectshttp://www.oxfam.org.uk/what-we-do/issues-we-work-on/businesses-and-poverty\staff.gre-ad.gre.ac.uk\USR\IL\hr54\Documents\Adobe%20Captivate%20Cached%20Projects
25
Where to find the information you need from a web page
26
N.B.
Ifawebpagehasnocleardateofpublica on/revisionyoushouldinclude(nodate)in
yourreference,butremembertogivethedateyouaccessedthepage.
Ifawebpagehasnoclearlyiden fiableauthororauthoringorganisa onyouomit
thiselementfromthereferenceandjustusethe tleofthewebpageinyourintext
cita on.
Remembertoevaluateallinforma onfoundonwebpagesforaccuracy,authority,and
currency.Youneedtoevaluatetheimplica onsofnotknowingwhenandbywhom
informa onhasbeenpublished.Ifawebsitedoesnothavesufficientinforma onabout
ownershipandcurrencyofthecontent,thenyouwillneedtomakeajudgementabout
whetheritisappropriatetousetheinforma oninanacademicassignment.
11. Dissertations or theses
Whattoincludeinthereference:
Detailsoftheauthor
Yearofsubmission(inroundbrackets)
Titleofthesis(initalics)
Degreestatement
Degreeawardingbody
11.1 Published PhD theses
27
Ifaccessedonlineinclude:
Detailsoftheauthor
Yearofsubmission(inroundbrackets)
Titleofthesis(initalics)
Degreestatement
Degreeawardingbody
Availableat:URL
(Accessed:date)
Example:
Jackson,C.A.(2012)Strengthofweak esinmicrofinance.PhDthesis.Universityof
Greenwich.Availableat:
h p://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.571450(Accessed:26June
2014)
IntextCita on:
Jackson(2012,p.35)
Thesameinforma onisrequiredwhenreferencinganunpublisheddisserta onor
theses,butyoushouldindicatethattheworkisunpublishedasfollows:
Example:
Alli,O.(2005)EfficientmarkethypothesisandtheNigerianstockexchange.
UnpublishedMScdisserta on.UniversityofGreenwich.
11.2 Unpublished dissertations and theses
http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.571450
28
12. Indirect sources or secondary referencing
Ifabook,orar clereferstointeres ngpieceofresearchdonebysomeoneelse,or
providesausefulfactforyourassignment,thengivesacita on,naminganotherwriter
orwriters,howdoyoureferencethis?
Goodprac cewouldbetofindandreadthesourcemen onedyourselfthiswayyou
willabletochecktheaccuracyofthesummaryoftheauthoryouarereading.Ifitisnot
possibletolocatetheprimarysourceofthematerialandwhereyouareconfidentthe
secondarysourceauthorisreliableandaccurateinthewayheorshehasparaphrased
orquotedtheoriginalauthorandwhenyoudonotneedtogointoanygreatdepthof
analysisonwhatthatprimaryauthorhaswri en,youcanusethesesecondarysources.
Example:
IfShermanandJudkinsbookwasusedasasecondarysource,yourcita onmustmake
thisclear.Soyoucouldwrite:
IvanIllich(1981),assummarisedbyShermanandJudkins(1995,p.121),hassuggested
thatshadowwork
OR
Illich(1981)hassuggestedthatshadowworktasksinsocietywereoncethe
responsibilityofextendedfamiliesandclosecommuni es(citedinShermanandJud
kins,1995,p.121).
OR
ShermanandJudkinsintheirbook(1995,p.121)refertotheworkofIvanIllich(1981),
whocoinedthetermshadowworktosuggestthat.
29
Thefullreferenceinthereferencelistmustgivedetailsofthesourceyoulookedat:
Sherman,B.andJudkins,P.(1995)Licensedtowork.London:Cassell.
YouhavenotconsultedtheoriginalIllichwork,socannotgivethereferenceforthisin
yourreferencelist.Yourintextcita onmakesitclearthattheIIIichreferenceisa
secondaryreference.
13. Including page numbers in the in-text citation
Whendoyouincludepagenumbersintheintextcita on?
Ifyouarereferringtosomethingthatcamefromapar cularpageofyoursource
material,itmakesitmucheasierforyourreadertotraceifyougivethepagenumberin
yourintextcita on.Tobetrulyaccurateinyourreferencingyoushouldgivethepage
numberwhen:
Quo ngdirectlyfromapar cularpage
Thepointyouhavesummarisedorparaphrasedcomesfromapar cularpage
Youdonotneedtogivethepagenumberwhenyouarereferringtoageneralideafrom
yoursourcematerial,orwhensummarisingalargesec onofthesource.
30
14. The reference list
Areferencelistisanalphabe callistofallthesourcematerialyouhavecitedinyour
assignment.
Ifyouhavemul pleworksbythesameauthor(s),thentheseshouldgoinorderofpublica
ondate,withtheearliestfirst.
Ifyoushouldhavetwo(ormore)publica onsbythesameauthorpublishedinthesame
year,thenyoushouldincludealowercasele erinalphabe calordera erthepublica on
date(withintheclosedbrackets).
Example:
Cameron,S.(2005a)Thebusinessstudent'shandbook:learningskillsforstudyand
employment.3rdedn.Harlow:FinancialTimesPren ceHall
Cameron,S.(2005b)TheMBAhandbook:skillsformasteringmanagement.5thedn.
Harlow:FinancialTimesPren ceHall
IntextCita on:
theimportanceofpresenta onskills(Cameron,2005a).Inananalysisoftheskillsof
themodernMBAstudent,Cameron(2005b)...
Areferencelistcompiledfromsomeoftheexamplereferencesinthisdocumentfollows.
31
Apergis,N.andPapoulakos,D.(2013)TheAustraliandollarandgoldprices,TheOpen
EconomicsJournal,6,pp.110.DOI:10.2174/1874919401306010001
Bradshaw,J.,Middleton,S.,Davis,A.Oldfield,N.,Smith,N.,Cusworth,L.andWilliams,J.
(2008)AminimumincomestandardforBritain:whatpeoplethink.Availableat:
h p://www.jrf.org.uk/publica ons/minimumincomestandardbritainwhatpeoplethink
Bryman,A.andBell,E.(2007)Businessresearchmethods.2ndedn.Oxford:Oxford
UniversityPress.
Burns,R.P.andBurns,R.(2008)Businessresearchmethodsandsta s csusingSPSS.
Availableat:h p://www.amazon.co.uk/kindleebooks(Downloaded:18June2014).
DepartmentforBusiness,Innova onandSkills(2014)Innova onreport2014:
innova on,researchandgrowth.Availableat:h ps://www.gov.uk/government/
publica ons/innova onreport2014innova onresearchandgrowth(Accessed:23
June2014).
Jenkins,J.(2006)Theroleofthestateintourism,inBeech,J.andChadwich,S.(ed.)
TheBusinessofTourismManagement.Harlow:FinancialTimesPren ceHall,pp.4158.
Marschall,S.(2012)Sustainableheritagetourism:theInandaHeritageRouteandthe
2010FIFAWorldCup,JournalofSustainableTourism,20(5),pp.721736.
Mintel(2012)SmartphonePurchasingHabitsUK.Availableat:
h p://academic.mintel.com(Accessed:17May2014).
OConnor,S.(2014)UKrecoveryfailstoboostpublicfinances,TheFinancialTimes,20
June,p.31.
14.1 Example reference list
http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/minimum-income-standard-britain-what-people-thinkhttps://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growthhttps://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growthhttps://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growthhttps://www.gov.uk/government/%09publications/innovation-report-2014-innovation-research-and-growthhttp://academic.mintel.com/display/645211/?highlight=true
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15. Resources to help you with Harvard Referencing
Anexcellentresourcethatgivesexamplesofhowtoreferenceahugerangeofsources
accordingtotheHarvardstyleofreferencingis:
Pears,R.andShields,G.(2013)Citethemright.9thedn.Basingstoke:Palgrave
Macmillan.
Books:
CopiesofthefollowingcanbefoundintheUniversityofGreenwichlibraries:
Deane,M.(2010)Academicresearch,wri ngandreferencing.Harlow:Longman.
McMillan,K.andWeyers,J.D.B.(2013)Howtocite,reference&avoidplagiarismat
university.Harlow:Pearson.
Neville,C.(2010)Thecompleteguidetoreferencingandavoidingplagiarism.2ndedn.
Maidenhead:OpenUniversityPress.
Williams,K.andCarroll,J.(2009)Referencingandunderstandingplagiarism.
Basingstoke:PalgraveMacmillan.
Onlineresources:
iPROGRESSonlinecourseReferencingmodule:
AvailableviathePortalFoundontheLibrary&Compu ngtabLibraryOnlineCourse
channel
PalgraveStudySkillsonlinecourseReferencingandunderstandingplagiarismmodule:
AvailableviathePortalFoundontheMyLearningtabStudySkillsSupportchannel
selectthelinkfreeonlinecourses.
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/CreateJDFFile false /Description > /Namespace [ (Adobe) (Common) (1.0) ] /OtherNamespaces [ > /FormElements false /GenerateStructure false /IncludeBookmarks false /IncludeHyperlinks false /IncludeInteractive false /IncludeLayers false /IncludeProfiles false /MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings /Namespace [ (Adobe) (CreativeSuite) (2.0) ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK /PreserveEditing true /UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged /UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile /UseDocumentBleed false >> ]>> setdistillerparams> setpagedevice