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Referencing
What is referencing
• A standardised way of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment
• Helps avoid plagiarism (stealing of others ideas)
• Enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author’s arguments.
Harvard referencing
• Also know as Author-date method• Basic structure of Harvard reference includes:• Author(s) of publication– Surname & initial• Date of publication– Year of publication• Title of publication• Publication details – Place and name of
publisher for books or volume, issue and page numbers for journals
Two stages of referencing
• Citation – Citing sources within text of essay (in-text citation)– Put brief publication details in round brackets () to
indicate every instance that you have borrowed words or ideas
• Referencing– Put the full details of all the sources mentioned in
your work at the end of your paper
Citation
• Direct quote versus paraphrasing– Direct quotation – use someone else’s work word
for word• Put the words quoted in quotation marks “”
– Paraphrasing – put someone else’s ideas in your own words
Details to include in in-text citation
If author’s name is not included in the sentence put: Author’s surname, year of publication:page number e.g.In an analysis of equity and efficiency in public education, it was found that South Africa has elements of both a first world country, and a third world country (Crouch, 1996: 134).
If author’s name is included in sentence put:Year of publication:page number e.g.In his analysis of equity and efficiency in public education, Crouch (1996: 134) stated that South Africa has elements of both a first world country, and a third world country.
Referencing
• Full details of all the sources mentioned in your work have to be listed at the end of the paper.
• Details included in a reference are dependent on the source type
Referencing - book
Author(s) – surname & initial e.g. Glimcher, P. W.Date – year of publication e.g. 2011Title – in italics e.g. Foundations of neuroeconomic analysis.Place of publication – town of publication e.g. New York.Publisher – name of publisher e.g. Oxford University Press.
Glimcher, P. W. 2011. Foundations of neuroeconomic analysis. New York. Oxford University Press.Note: The names of all authors should appear in the reference list to a maximum of eight. Add “et al.” after the eighth name when there are more than eight authors.)
Referencing - Journal
Author(s) – surname & initial e.g. Fuchs, V.R.Date – year of publication e.g. 2000.Title of article e.g. The future of health economics. Title of journal – in italics e.g. Journal of health economics. Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning and end pages if it covers more than one page e.g. 19(2):141-157.
Fuchs, V. R. 2000. The future of health economics. Journal of health economics. 19(2):141-157.
Referencing – electronic journal with DOI
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Pons-Vignon, N. & Anseeuw, W.Date - Year e.g. 2009.Title of article - Great expectations: working conditions in South Africa since the end of apartheid.Title of journal – in italics e.g. Journal of Southern African studies.Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning and end pages if it covers more than one page e.g. 35(4):883-899.DOI - e.g. DOI: 10.1080/03057070903313236.
Pons-Vignon, N. & Anseeuw, W. 2009. Great expectations: working conditions in South Africa since the end of apartheid. Journal of Southern African studies. 35(4):883-899. DOI: 10.1080/03057070903313236.
NOTE: A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique number that identifies electronic documents. It can be used to cite and link electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed never to change, so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents. The DOI will be given in the electronic journal record (see next slide)
Article with DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
DOI is a unique number that identifies electronic documents. It can be used to cite and link electronic documents. A DOI is guaranteed never to change, so you can use it to link permanently to electronic documents
DOI
Referencing – electronic journal with stable URL
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Siebert, W.S.Date - Year e.g. 1987.Title of article - Black trade unions and the wage gap in South Africa.Title of journal – in italics e.g. Managerial and decision economics.Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning and end pages if it covers more than one page e.g. 8(1):55-65.Stable URL - preceded by the word Available: e.g. Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560525Date retrieved e.g. [2013, March 11].
Siebert, W.S. 1987. Black trade unions and the wage gap in South Africa. Managerial and decision economics. 8(1):55-65. Available: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2560525 [2013, March 11]. (Stable URLs are provided by the databases – see next slide)
Referencing – electronic journal with stable URL
Stable URL
A stable URL offers reliable, permanent links directly to online content that is offered by databases
Referencing – Electronic journal, no DOI nor stable URL
Author(s) – surname & initial e.g. Moll, P.Date – year of publication e.g. 1996.Title of article e.g. Compulsory centralization of collective bargaining in South Africa. Title of journal – in italics e.g. American Economic Review. Journal volume and issue number and page number or the beginning and end pages if it covers more than one page e.g. 86(2):326-329.Database – preceded by the word Available e.g. Available: Business Source PremierDate retrieved e.g. [2013, March 12].
Moll, P. 1996. Compulsory centralization of collective bargaining in South Africa. American Economic Review. 86(2):326-329. Available: Business Source Premier [2013, March 12].
Referencing - Newspaper article
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Byforde-Jones, C. Date – Year of publication e.g. 2003.Title of article e.g. Hitches over mixed farming wages. Title of newspaper – in italics e.g. Natal witness.Date – day of publication including pages number e.g. 2 May: 11.
Byforde-Jones, C. 2003. Hitches over mixed farming wages. Natal witness. 2 May: 11.
Referencing – Online NewspaperAuthor(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Paton, C. Date – Year of pub e.g. 2013.Title of article e.g. New minimum wage ‘will spur overhaul of farming’.Title of newspaper – in italics e.g. Business day. Date – day of publication e.g. 5 February.URL – preceded by the word Available: e.g. Available: http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/agriculture/2013/02/05/new-minimum-wage-will-spur-overhaul-of-farmingDate retrieved e.g. [2013, March 5].
Paton, C. 2013. New minimum wage ‘will spur overhaul of farming’. Business day. 5 February. Available: http://www.bdlive.co.za/business/agriculture/2013/02/05/new-minimum-wage-will-spur-overhaul-of-farming [2013, March 5].
Referencing – Newspaper (from online database)
Author(s) - Surname & initial e.g. Paton, C. Date – Year of pub e.g. 2013.Title of article e.g. Farmers apply for new wage exemption.Title of newspaper – in italics e.g. Business day (South Africa). Date – day of publication e.g. 8 March.Database – preceded by the word Available: e.g. Available: LexisNexis AcademicDate retrieved e.g. [2013, March 5].
Paton, C. 2013. Farmers apply for new wage exemption. Business day (South Africa). 8 March. Available: LexisNexis Academic [2013, March 5].
Referencing - Website
Author(s) - Surname & initialDate – Year document was produced or updatedTitle of publication URL – preceded by the word Available:Date retrieved e.g. [2012, March 15].
Dreschler, D. & Hallam, D. 2009. Buying land in developing nations: challenges and promises. Available: http://www.voxeu.org/article/buying-land-developing-nations [2013, March 5].
Citation handbook
• More examples of referencing other sources available in the Harvard UCT: handbook on citation
• Handbook available from Libraries’ website on http://www.lib.uct.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/docs/harvard-uct-citation-handbk.pdf
Go to: www.lib.uct.ac.zaHover your mouse on Research Help
Click on Referencing help
Click on Harvard UCT: Handbook on citation (2013)
Citation handbook
For reference examples - Scroll down
