References (Technical Writing CS212)

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References(Technical Writing CS212)

Lecture 9

Abdisalam Issa-Salwe

Taibah UniversityCollege of Computer Science & Engineering

Computer Science Department

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Topic List1. Why referencing?

2. Citation

3. References and Bibliography


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Referencing is required to:

1. Avoid plagiarism dont present others work without

referencing them.

2. Identify context place your work in context with

other recognized publications.

3. Support arguments and validate statements.

4. Identify sources provide readers with a

comprehensive list of related work that they can use to

study your topic in more detail and build upon it.

Why referencing?

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Citation - is the process of embedding anabbreviated alphanumeric expression or anorder number in the body of an intellectual workto denote a bibliographic reference.

Purpose of citation is to acknowledge therelevance of others work to the topic of discussionat the spot where the citation appears.

Citation

Citation Methods

Harvard System Numeric (Vancouver) System


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Harvard System uses the name of the author(s)

and the year of their publication within two opening

and closing round parentheses ( ).

Examples:1. It is often said that computing is an art not a science (Smith and Jones

1993: 20).

2. Smith and Jones suggested that computing is an art not a science(1993: 20).

3. Smith and Jones (1993: 20) state that computing has much more incommon with the finger things in life, like art, than science or

engineering.

4. Shannon et al. (1995) state that (here is given the text)

Citation (cont)

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Harvard System:

5.Computing is an art not a science (Smith and Jones 1993a,1993b).

6.Computing is an art not a science (Smith and Jones 1993a)because it is more common to deal with using fingers (Smith andJones 1993b).

7.Computing is an art not a science (Johnson 1992; Peterson et al.1995; Smith and Jones 1993a, 1993b).

8.Computing is an art not a science (Johnson 1992, cited byMarkos et al. 1996).

Citation (cont)


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Referencing and Citing: Citation (cont)

Numeric (Vancouver) System uses aunique number for each cited reference thatrepresents the order number of the cited

reference within the list of bibliography.

This number is shown within two openingand closing square parentheses [ ], or in theform of superscript font.

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Examples (Numeric/Vancouver System):

1. It is often said that computing is an art not a science [21].Or 21

2.Smith and Jones suggested that computing is an art not ascience [21].

3.Smith and Jones [21] state that computing has much morein common with the finger things in life, like art, thanscience or engineering.

Citation (cont)


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Citation (cont)

1. Shannon et al. [19] state that,

Nearly perfect speech recognition was observedunder conditions of greatly reduced spectralinformation. Temporal envelopes of speech wereextracted from broad frequency bands and were usedto modulate noises of the same bandwidths. Thismanipulation preserved temporal envelope cues ineach band but restricted the listener to severelydegraded information on the distribution of spectral

energy. The identification of consonants, vowels, andwords in simple sentences.

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Citation (cont)

5. Computing is an art not a science [21, 22].

6. Computing is an art not a science [21] becauseit is more common to deal with using fingers[22].

7. Computing is an art not a science [13, 17, 21,22].


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References list only those articles that havebeen referred to (cited) within the report itself.

Bibliography list all the articles that have beenused in the project but not necessarily referredto inside the report.

Reference presentation.

References and Bibliography

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1. Books[1] Anderson, J., Jones, J.P., and Peterson, K.K.L.(1982) The Implications of Science, 2nd edition,Pitman, London, UK.[2] Benjamin, T. (1956) Computer Science MadeEasy, Arnold, Leeds, UK.

2. Journal articles[1] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995a) Aninvestigation of the Hawthorne effect, Management

Sciences Journal, 42(1), 47-66.[2] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995b) Adaptation ofgenetic algorithms in Hawthorne analysis,Management Monthly, 28(2), 21-23.


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3. Conference articles[1] Jowitt, J.D. (1995) Information systems in a progressive society, inApplications of Information Systems XI, Eds Cartwright, R.A. and

Laurence, G., Rowntree Publications, Leeds, UK.

[2] ISAIS (1995) International Symposium on Applications ofInformation Systems XI, proceedings of an international conference

organized by the Society of IS, London, 12-16 June 199428(2),Rowntree Publications, Leeds, UK.

4.Web addresses[1] Gaynor, L. (1993) Introduction of artificial intelligence, available

from Internet (25 July 1999).

[2] International Group on Complex Systems (1999) Systemsanalysis, Minutes of Second Meeting, 12 June 1999, available from

Internet (25 July 1999).


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Reference presentation:

5.Technical reports (institution or company publications)[1] IAEA (1983) Guidebook on Computer Techniques in Nuclear Plants,Technical Report Series No. 27, International Atomic Energy Agency,

Russia.

[2] National Environment Research Council (1992) Computers inHydrology Report, Technical Report Vol. II, NERC, London, UK.

6.Theses[1] Alsuraihi, M. (2008) Multimodal Interface Design: A Software

Engineering Approach, published PhD thesis, Department ofComputing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.

[2] Hampson, J. (1994) The effectiveness of AI in calcite modeling,

unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Computing, University ofStrathclyde, Glasgow, UK.

References and Bibliography (cont)


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List of References according to the alphabetic order ofauthors names:

[1] Alsuraihi, M. (2008) Multimodal Interface Design: A Software

Engineering Approach, published PhD thesis, Department ofComputing, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK.

[2] Anderson, J., Jones, J.P., and Peterson, K.K.L. (1982) The

Implications of Science, 2nd edition, Pitman, London, UK.

[3] Benjamin, T. (1956) Computer Science Made Easy, Arnold, Leeds,UK.

[4] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995a) An investigation of the

Hawthorne effect, Management Sciences Journal, 42(1).[5] Brown, A. and Wesley, C.W. (1995b) Adaptation of genetic algorithms

in Hawthorne analysis, Management Monthly, 28(2), 21-23.

References and Bibliography (cont)

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Reference

- Mohammad Alsuraihi, Technical Writing,CS212 Course notes, Taibah University,Madinah, KSA

- Abdisalam Issa-Salwe, Teaching Notes,College of Computer Science andEngineering, Taibah University, Madinah,KSA.

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References (Technical Writing CS212)