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References
Prof. Nikos Siafakas MD,PhD.
University of Crete
Why do we include references in a paper?
To support argumentation To avoid accusations of
plagiarism To show respect on other people’s work
Referencing systems Harvard system
APA system
Vancouver system
Combined Alphabet-Number system
How to write References: Library and Learning Resources. [Online] 2010 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://library.bcu.ac.uk
Harvard system
Citation-by-author-and-date system (the paper is identified by first author’s name and year of publication)
References are in alphabetical order
1. The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Harvard Style: Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers / revised by Snooks & Co 2002. [Online] 2009 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard_6.pdf
APA system American Psychological Association referencing
system In-text citations include the following information:
• Author’s name
• Date
• Page number
Vancouver system
Most journals in medical sciences use the Vancouver system
Citation-by-reference number In the list the references are in a numeric
order in which they are first cited in the manuscript
The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
Combined Alphabet-Number system
References are alphabetically listed according to author’s name
Cited by numbers in the text
Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts submitted to Biomedical Journals
References in numeric order References are cited in parentheses with
Arabic numerals in a sequential order (as they first appear in text or table or figure legend)
Titles of journals are abbreviated according to the style adopted by the NLM used for its journals database
Reference programs
REFERENCE MANAGER 1)collects references from on line
databases eg PubMed 2)organize your personal references into
files 3)publish your Ref. collection to the Web 4)format bibliographies
INSTANTLY(>1000 journals)
Reference of a book Names of authors, editors, compilers or the
institution responsible (six et al, if more than six authors)
Title of publication Edition if other than first Place of publication Publisher Year of publication Page numbers Series title and volume (if any)
The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
Reference of a book
Siafakas NM, Anthonisen NR, Georgopoulos D, editors. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004.
Author’s name
Date
Title
Place
Publisher
Reference of a journal article
Name of authors (six et al if more than six authors)
Title of article
Title of journal (abbreviated)
Year (month/day not necessary) of publication
Volume number (and issue/part)
Page number (no use of unnecessary digits)
The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
Reference of a journal article
Some details to acknowledge:
Organization as an author No author Article not in English: do not provide translation Volume with supplement Issue with supplement Volume with part Issue with no volume No issue or volume Pagination in Roman numerals
A practical guide for health researchers: Guidelines on how to write references for scientific papers. [Online] [cited 20 Apr 2010]; Available from: URL:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/emro/2004/9290213639_annex4.pdf]
Reference of a journal article
Siafakas N. “In the Beginning” of COPD: is evolution important? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007; 175(5):423-4
Author’s name
Article title
Journal
DateIssue
Volume Pages
Other types of reference (DON’T DO IT)
Newspaper articles• Information must be given as in the case of a journal
(full date of publication must be described)
Websites• Web site address/URL (accessed date)
Conference proceedings• Information must be given like in the case of a book
Interviews• Names of the interviewer & interviewee, date
Most important points of a list of references
Keep it accurate Provide all the relevant details Keep it short (no prizes for quantity) Use a consistent format for the references Avoid cross-referencing from
other articles withouthaving read the original paper
Cunningham SJ. How to . . . write a paper. J Orthod. 2004; 31(1):47-51 Lilleyman JS. How to write a scientific paper – a rough guide to getting published. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 72(3):268-70
Tips Make complete photocopies of the articles
which are being referred (incl. page numbers, name of journal, issue etc.)
Referencing a website note the web page
Interviews make a note of the date
How to write References: Library and Learning Resources. [Online] 2010
[cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://library.bcu.ac.uk
Few untold details and ‘instructions’ Reviewers randomly select a couple of
references and check them Inaccurate style or content ‘reflects’
negatively Abstracts as references should be avoided Accepted articles are cited as ‘In press’ or
‘Forthcoming’ after written permission In case of not available sources, personal
communication should be obtained with written permission BUT avoid them
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Biomedical Journal. [Online] 2009 [cited 2010 Apr 20]
References and Reviewers (Tips)
Editors or Associate Editors usually find reviewers from the names of authors of the first few references
References and Reviewers (Tips)
If your results and conclusions are against current knowledge, you could discuss with a humbled and not at all in a dogmatic manner, since same of the conflicting results may have been reported by one of your reviewers!
Conclusions
Making the list of references shows professionalism SO BE ACCURATE
Different formats of referencing; ensure you are using the correct format for the journal in question. READ THE INSTRUCTIONS