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References
Index
Abrupt boundary
between immiscible fluids, 184
between miscible fluids, 184
Absorption, 422
Accretion, 193, 212
rate of, 193, 194, 212
Activation energy, 399
Activity, 396, 409
coefficient, 396, 509, 511
Adatom, 351
Adhesive fluid, 256
Adsorbate, 401
Adsorbent, 401
Adsorption, 382, 401, 402
chemisorption, 401
equilibrium, 401
hydrophobic organic, 404
intragranular, 421, 462
two-site equilibrium-kinetic model, 420
Adsorption isotherm, see Isotherm
Advection, 473
Advection-dominated transport, 418, 467,555, 570, 579
Advection-only transport, 467, 473, 476
Advective flux, 164, 165, 346, 347, 357
Aeration zone, 67, 251
Aerobic, see Biodegradation
Air dissolution, 386
Air entry pressure, 264, 266, 296
Air sparging, see Remediation technique
Air stripping, see Remediation technique
Airborne electromagnetic method, seeGeophysical method
Algebraic mean, 145
Algebraic-differential equation, 491
Alkalinity, 495
Anaerobic, see Biodegradation
Analytic element method, 560, 589
Analytic hierarchy process, 739
Analytical solution, 526
reactive solute transport, 455
retardation, 437
saltwater intrusion, 613
solute transport, 446
stochastic, 678
unsaturated flow, 305, 315, 322
Anisotropic
hydraulic conductivity, see Hydraulicconductivity
permeability, see Permeability
Anthropogenic materials, 11
Apparent phase, 459
Apparent saturation, see Saturation
Aquifer, 65, 69
artesian, 195
classification of, 69
coastal, 593
confined, 69, 533, 568
equivalent homogeneous, 55
function of, 8
inhomogeneous, 55, 77, 533
layered, 143
leaky, 545, 745
confined, 70
phreatic, 70
mining of, 10, 22
multilayered, 220, 226, 589, 620
perched, 69
phreatic, 69, 84
sustainable yield, 22
two-aquifer system, 228
unconfined, 69, 678
Aquifer-aquitard system, 226
Aquifuge, 65
Aquitard, 65, 70, 83
storage change, 223
Arrhenius equation, 399, 432
Artesian well, see Well
815
816 Index
Artificial dispersion, 557
Artificial recharge, 28, 89, 108clogging, 95
ditches and furrows, 93infiltration basin, 93methods of, 93
objectives of, 89surface spreading, 93
wells, 95Asymptotic
expansion, 62, 129, 130solution, 57
Atmospheric circulation, 2Autocorrelation, 646, 647
coefficient, 647spatial, 649temporal, 649
Autocovariance, 646, 679, 682, 685isotropic, 649
spatial, 649temporal, 649
Autoregressive method, 86Average
intrinsic phase, 46–48, 138, 291mass, 47phase, 47
velocity, 115volume, 46, 51
Averagingover μREV, 49, 53
over area, 138over macroscopic heterogeneity, 54
over microscopic heterogeneity, 50over REV, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49over RMV, 54, 373
over volume, 138Avogadro’s number, 344
Backward difference approximation, seeFinite difference method
Balance equation, 34, 178
2-D, 2182-D by integration, 207
confined aquifer, 213leaky aquifer, 214, 215
linearized, 218macroscopic, 165of an extensive quantity, 163
phreatic aquifer, 215regional, 107
single species, 376vertically integrated, 208
Base flow, 10, 98Basis function, 542, 547, 659, 755
Batch adsorption experiment, 403
Beaver-Joseph condition, see Boundarycondition
BEM, see Boundary element methodBentonite, 351
Berger equation, 323BFGS method, 715, 717, 718
Binary system, 347
Biodegradation, 424, 425, 523aerobic, 425, 426
anaerobic, 425, 426rate, 427
respiration, 425
Biofilm, 424Biomass, 425
BIOMOC, see Computer code
BIOPLUME, see Computer codeBioremediation, see Remediation
technique, 590
Biosparging, see Remediation techniqueBiot model, 177, 179, 238, 246
Biotransformation, 424, 426, 523, 590
Bioventing, see Remediation techniqueBoltzmann transform, 323
Boundary condition, 34, 182, 185, 310, 535,602, 625, 626
2-D flow, 221artificial boundary, 202, 444
artisian well, 196Beavers-Joseph, 202
between porous media, 189, 440
boundary layer, 442buffer zone, 442
Cauchy, 566
clogged river bed, 222concentration, 439
concentration flux, 439constant-flow cell, 536
Dirichlet, 187, 312, 439, 535, 542, 553,564
essential, 542first type, 187, see Dirichlet
flowing water, 199flux, 188, 222, 312
general macroscopic for extensivequantity, 186
head, 187, 221, 311impervious, 188, 312, 439
infiltration, 317
moisture content, 311natural, 542
Neumann, 188, 313, 439, 535, 542, 564open channel flow, 202
phreatic surface, 192, 442
Index 817
pressure, 187, 311
pumping wellhead, 196
specific discharge, 196Robin, 189, 198, 313, 439, 536saturation, 311
second type, see Neumann, 313seepage face, 194, 443
semipervious, 189, 198, 222, 536spring, 196, 222
confined aquifer, 197phreatric aquifer, 196
suction, 311third type, see Robin, 313transition zone, 442
type 1, see Dirichlettype 2, see Neumann
type 3, see Robinwith a fluid body, 440
Boundary element method, 543, 560, 680stohastic, 678
Boundary integral equation, 563
Boundary value problemill-posed, 566
well-posed, 542, 564Boussinesq equation, 216
Bracketing method, 715Breakthrough curve, 353
Brinkmanequation, 149, 187, 201law, 131
Brownian motion, 346, 355Bubbling pressure, 264, 268, 270, 284, 296
Bulk density, 75
Calcite, 498
Calcium carbonate, 498Calibration, see ModelCanonical form, 486, 489
Cap, see Remediation techniqueCapillary
barrier, 284diffusivity, see Diffusivity
fringe, 68, 152, 283, 335pressure, 252, 256, 259, 331
macroscopic, 259pressure curve, 261, 264, 267, 270, 332
hysteresis, 282
scanning curves, 280pressure head, 259
equivalent, 336threshold, 264
rise, 154typical value, 153
tube, 258
zone, 68Capture zone, 517, 589, 608
Carbonate system, 493
Catalyst, 425Cation exchange capacity, 498
Cauchy-Riemann condition, 235Cell-centered approach, see Finite
difference method
Central difference approximation, seeFinite difference method
Chance constrained programming, 727Channel routing, 588
Characteristiccurve, 475
function, 51
line, 571, 573Characteristic length, 49, 50, 54, 468, 472,
474
of aquifer, 102of dimensional analysis, 146, 147
of heterogeneity, 77
of void space, 146Charge exclusion, 371
Chemicalcomponent, 344, 346, 348, 386, 486
definition of, 43
equilibrium, 409, 434kinetics, 412, 413, 428, 430
nonequilibrium, 412potential, see Potential
species, 344, 346, 386
basis, 486, 489definition of, 43
primary, 486, 489reacting, 482
Chemisorption, see Adsorption
Chlorinated solvents, 19Choleski decomposition, 582
Clay blanket, see Remediation techniqueClogging, 120
Code, see Computer code
Code verification, 36CODESA-3D, see Computer code
Coefficientexperimental determination of, 37
interpretation of, 35model, 45
of inconsistency, 736
randeom, 737of variation, 691
Cohesive force, 253Cokriging, 659, 758
Collector well, see Well
818 Index
Collocation method, 544, 564
Compaction, 237Compartmental model, see Model
Complete model, see Model
Compressibilitycoefficient of fluid, 170
coefficient of porous medium, 179coefficient of rock, 174
coefficient of soil, 174coefficient of vertical, 246
of water, 171Computer code, 36, 525, 526, 583
BIOMOC, 590
BIOPLUME, 590CODESA-3D, 588, 628
DSTRAM, 628FEAS, 628
FEFLOW, 330, 587, 628FEMWATER, 330, 586
GMS, 586, 587
HSPF, 85HST3D, 586, 591
Hydrocomp, 85HYDRUS, 330, 587
IHDM, 86MIN3P, 509
MLAEM, 589MOC, see MOC3D
MOC3D, 574, 584, 585, 590, 601
MOCDENSE, see MOCDENSE3DMOCDENSE3D, 585, 628
MODFLOW, 533–535, 584–588MODFLOWP, 584
MODPATH, 584, 586MT3D, see MT3DMS
MT3DMS, 574, 585–588
NAPL Simulator, 590NUFT, 589
ParFlow, 588PEST, 586, 587
PHAST, 508, 591PHREEQC, 488, 508, 590, 591
PULSE, 88Random Walk, 586
RETRASO, 508
RORA, 88RT3D, 586
SEAWAT, 588, 628SHARP, 588
SHE, 85SLAEM, 589
STOMP, 589
SUTRA, 330, 587, 601, 628SWAT, 586
SWIFT, 628
SWM, 85SWMM, 85
SWRRB, 86
TOUGH, 508, 588UTCHEM, 586, 590
WHPA, 589Computer program, see Computer code
Concentrationmass, 344
molar, 344, 392, 396thermodynamic, 406
total, 489
Conceptual model, see ModelCondensation, 2
Condition number, 569, 581Conditional probability, 692
Conditionally stable, see StabilityCone of depression, 618, 745
Confined aquifer, see Aquifer
Conjugate gradient method, 580, 717incomplete Choleski, 582
incomplete LU, 582Conjunctive water use, 695
Connectivity data, 558Conservation principle, 538
Consolidation, 237, 238vertical only, 179
Constitutive equation, 34, 178, 182, 205
Constraint, 696, 699, 700, 723deterministic, 726
equality, 700, 714examples, 697
flow model as, 699, 709, 711, 714, 725inequality, 700
linear, 700
nonlinear, 700, 712nonnegative, 706
primary, 701, 708, 714probabilistic, 726
Contact angle, 254, 261Contaminant, 251, 341
transport, see Solute transportContamination
control measures, 515
source, see Pollution sourceContinuity equation, 131–133, 137, 447
Continuum, 1, 42, 43, 50, 53approach, 42–44, 46
concept, 43heterogeneous, see inhomogeneous
homogeneous, 50
inhomogeneous, 50model, see Model, 53
Index 819
Contour map, 229, 230
typical features of, 232Control volume, 162, 163, 570, 745
Control volume finite element method, 559Convergence, 527
Cooper-Jacob solution, 747, 749Correlation, 642
coefficientauto, 647
cross, 647length scale, 647
time scale, 647Coupled surface-subsurface flow, 588Covariance, 645, 672, 679, 758
parameter, 757Cross permeability coefficient, 290
Cumulative probability density function,727
Cutoff wall, see Remediation technique
Damkohler number, see Dimensionlessnumber
Darcy number, see Dimensionless number
Darcy unit, 118Darcy’s law, 53, 109, 110, 623
anisotropic, 120
empirical, 109general form of, 126
inhomogeneous porous medium, 117, 561theoretical derivation, 125
unsaturated, 289, 291validity of, 145
Darcy, Henri, 109Darcy-Forchheimer equation, 148
Darinagechannel network, 93
gravity, 68of pores, 262–265, 267, 278, 280
retention curve, 264system, 16, 88, 515, 516
DC resistivity, see Geophysical methodDead-end pore, 74, 115, 458
Debye-Huckel equation, 509Decay, 10, 92, 382, 384, 398, 400, 445, 455,
456, 480, 586
first order, 380, 433, 445, 446, 450, 468in porous medium, 400
radioactive, 380, 385, 397, 398, 400, 434,452, 454, 468, 480, 482
rate constant, 446, 455, 460, 468, 480
Decision variable, 23, 89, 614, 698–701,704–708, 710, 712, 713, 715–717, 719,723, 728, 729, 756, 758
examples, 696
fictitious, 708
space, 698, 724, 730
Deformable porous medium, 242Deformation, 172
Degrees of freedom, 446number of, 505
Delauney triangulation, 559
Delayed storage, 224Dense nonaqueous phase liquid, see
DNAPL
Density dependent solute transport, seeSolute transport
Design variable, see Decision variableDesorption, 401, 402
curve, 264Deterministic
approach, 637
model, 638, 639, 692process, 639
Diffuse element method, 559Diffusion equation, 531
nonlinear, 323, 327
Diffusion-dominated transport, 418Diffusive flux, 164, 165, 346, 347
definition of, 164
mass, 347Diffusivity, 324, 327, 348, 351, 465
capillary, 293moisture, 35, 293, 318
molecular, 293, 418, 460
of aquifer, 214, 215of porous media, 180
Dilation, 169Dimensionless number
Damkohler number, 389, 391, 416, 470
1st kind, 470, 4712nd kind, 470, 471
3rd kind, 470, 471
Darcy number, 146Fourier number, 215, 469, 472
Peclet number, 359, 389, 391, 416, 467,469, 470, 473–475, 555, 558, 624
Reynolds number, 145–147, 472
Strouhal number, 389, 391, 416, 469,470, 472
Dirac delta function, 180, 214, 388, 562Direct problem, see Forward problem
Direct substitution approach, 509
Dirichlet boundary condition, seeBoundary condition
Discharge
groundwater, 88per unit width, 237
pumping, 108
820 Index
spring, 81, 100, 101
streamflow, 86Discontinuous Galerkin method, 576
Dispersion
coefficient, 361, 363, 625advective, 358
hydrodynamic, 371isotropic porous medium, 362
longitudinal, 362mechanical, 358
transverse, 362
effect of molecular diffusion, 355hydrodynamic, 351, 353, 356, 595
longitudinal, 353mechanical, 354
principal directions, 361tensorial nature, 362
transverse, 353
Dispersive flux, 165, 356–358, 624of total mass, 624
Dispersivity, 360, 631anisotropic, 362
components of, 360, 361horizontal transverse, 376
isotropic porous medium, 361
longitudinal, 360, 375, 628scale effect, 375
transverse, 360, 367, 628transverse isotropy, 362
vertical transverse, 376Displacement, 177
Dissolution, 382
Distribution coefficient, see IsothermDivergence
of flux, 162physical interpretation of, 163
theorem, 138, 139, 142DNAPL, 19–21, 342, 513, 517
definition of, 19
ganglion, 288Dominance of effects, 467
Double index convention, 122Double porosity
model, 55porous medium, 402, 421, 422, 458, 462,
463, 585, 588
Drag, 126
Stokes, 126viscous, 148
water-air interface, 290Drainage, 7, 24, 105, 108
Drainage curve, see retention curveDrainage system, 106
Drawdown, 663
Drift, 757
parameter, 757Drilling mud, see Pollution source
Dryingfront, 320
scanning curve, 280Dual continuum, see Double porosity
Dupre equation, 255Dupuit assumption, 154, 155, 157, 208,
588, 589, 604, 606, 607, 610, 613–616
phreatic aquifer, 152Dupuit-Forchheimer discharge formula,
157, 158, 230
Effective hydraulic conductivity, seeHydraulic conductivity
Effective permeability, see PermeabilityEffective porosity, see Porosity
Effective stress, 171, 173, 300Einstein summation convention, 122, 143,
350
Electric heating, see Remediationtechnique
Electrical conductivity, 345
Electro-kinetic enhanced remediation, seeRemediation technique
Electromagnetic field
primary, 598secondary, 598
Electromagnetic method, see Geophysicalmethod
Electron acceptor, 425
terminal, 426Electroneutrality, 349
Element-free Galerkin method, 559Element-free method, 559
Elevation head, 112Energy
due to pressure, 112potential, 112
Ensemble, 643average, 643–646, 651, 671, 679–682
space, 642statistics, 643, 648, 666
Entrapped air, 94, 280, 281, 295, 302, 318Entropy, 409
rate of production, 358Envelope function, 672
Enzymes, 425Equilibrium
coefficient, 406constant, 395, 396
equation, 171, 242Equipotential, 154, 229–231, 235, 236, 240
Index 821
boundary, 221
refraction law, 191surface, 113, 229
vertical, 78, 80, 151, 154–156, 159, 208,214
Equivalent
concentration, 345per liter, 345
per million, 345unit, 344, 498weight, 345
Equivalent hydraulic conductivity, seeHydraulic conductivity
Ergodicity, 650, 651
hypothesis, 652, 653, 668Error
roundoff, 527truncation, 527, 530
Essentially horizontal flow, 149, 207Essentially vertical flow, 225
Euler’s method, 478Eulerian
approach, 570
formulation, 466Eulerian-Lagrangian
formulation, 466localized adjoint method, 576
method, 444, 570, 574, 585, 586, 588modified, 578
Evaporation, 2, 103, 313models, 104
Evapotranspiration, 28, 103, 108, 314methods for determining, 104
potential, 103Excess pressure, 243Excess stress, 243
Existence of solution, 203Expectation, 643
Exponential integral, 248, 746Extensive quantity, 46, 52, 163
Fair and Hatch formula, 119Faraday’s constant, 349
FDEM, see Frequency domain electromag-netic method
FDM, see Finite difference method
Feasible solution, 698, 701, 702, 725, 729boundary of
hyperplane, 706plane, 706
domain of, 704region of
polygon, 706polyhedron, 706
polytope, 706
FEFLOW, see Computer codeFEM, see Finite element method
FEMWATER, see Computer code
Fertilizer, 18Fick’s law, 293, 346, 348, 358, 370, 417
averaged, 355macroscopic, 349, 350
Field capacity, 18, 68, 285, 286, 318
Film flow, 294Finite difference method, 527, 537, 543
backward difference, 529, 531, 556boundary cell, 535
cell-centered, 533, 535, 711
central difference, 529, 531code, 584, 586, 588, 590
constant-head cell, 535Crank-Nicolson scheme, 531, 533, 534
diffusion equation, 531
explicit scheme, 531, 532, 534forward difference, 478, 529, 531
grid-centered, 528implicit scheme, 531, 533, 534
Laplace equation, 528, 530
no-flow cell, 535variable-head cell, 535
Finite element method, 535, 538, 541, 559,586–588, 590
control volume, 559
Galerkin formulation, 541, 543, 547, 550,552, 565, 587
meshless, 558Petrov-Galerkin, 576
stabilized, 558stochastic, 678
streamline diffusion, 576
strong formulation, 553weak formulation, 552, 555
weighted residual formulation, 541, 542Finite volume method, 533, 535, 537, 559,
703
cell-centered, 539
edge-centered, 539solute transport equation, 538
vertex-centered, 539First order reaction, see Reaction
Flow equation, 161, 1793-D saturated, 180
unsaturated, 302
in terms of pressure, 302Flow line, 479
Flow model2-D, 207
complete, 219
822 Index
complete 3-D, 203
content of, 205Flow net, 233, 236
inhomogenous medium, 237Fluid velocity, 115
Flux equation, 34Fokker-Planck equation, 322, 677
Forchheimer law, 131Forecasting problem, see Forward problem
Forward difference approximation, seeFinite difference method
Forward problem, 742Fractional wettability, see Wettability
Free product, 19, 411Frequency domain electromagnetic
method, see Geophysical method
Freundlich isotherm, see IsothermFundamental solution, 543, 560, 562
Funicular saturation, 261FVM, see Finite volume method
Galerkin method, see Finite elementmethod
Ganglia, 19, 518Gasoline compound, 15
Gauss elimination, 579Gaussian distribution, 645, see Normal
distribution
Genetic algorithm, 700, 720, 721binary code, 724
chromosome, 724crossover, 721, 725
family, 721fitness, 724
individual, 721mutation, 721, 725population, 721
pseudo-code, 725selection, 721, 725
Geochemical method, 599Geological method, 596
Geophysical method, 597airborne electromagnetic, 598
DC resistivity, 597frequency domain electromagnetic, 598
ground penetrating radar, 599loop-loop electromagnetic, 599
time domain electromagnetic, 598very low frequency electromagnetic, 599
Geostatistics, 653, 654Ghyben-Herzberg approximation, 595,
605–607, 613–615, 690
Gibbsfree energy, 409
phase rule, 506
Global minimum, 719, 720
Glover solution, 691
GMS, see Computer code
Gradient search method, 713, 715, 716
gradient method, 700, 715
search method, 715
second order method, 715, 717
unconstrained, 713
Grain diameter
effective, 119
harmonic mean, 153
mean, 146
Grain size distribution, see Soil
Gravel pack, 112
Gravity potential, see Potential
Green’s
function, 562
function method, 678
second identity, 561
theorem, 561
Green-Ampt model, 316
Grid
structured, 537, 539
Thiessen network, 538
unstructured, 537, 539, 541
Ground penetrating radar, see Geophysicalmethod
Groundwater, 2, 65
balance, 81
characteristics, 5
contamination, 11, 341
definition, 65
development, 7
divide, 231, 232, 619
in water resources systems, 2
legal aspect, 7
management, 695, 696
map, 228
model, see Model
motion, 109
mound, 618
pollution source, 12
potential, see Potential
quality, 6, 341
recharge, see Recharge
regulation, 513
remediation, see Remediation
reservoir, 65
table, see Water table
unsaturated, 251
zones, 67
Grout curtain, see Remediation technique
Index 823
H-p clouds method, 559
Haines jump, 279Harmonic
potential, see Potential
function, 113mean, 145
Heat transport, 586–588Henry’s law, 308, 380, 387, 411, 504
coefficient, 504
Hermite interpolation, 569Hessian matrix, 715, 717, 718
Heterogeneity, 637, 640field scale, 371
microscopic scale, 373
pore scale, 372scale of, 50, 372
Hill slope runoff, 588Hodograph method, 619
Homogenization, 49, 55, 56, 62, 125, 128,129, 132, 200
Darcy’s law, 128, 134effective hydraulic conductivity, 140
layered aquifer, 143mathematical theory of, 55
of ordinary differential equation, 57
two scales, 58Horton infiltration equation, 316
HSPF, see Computer codeHST3D, see Computer code
Hubbert’s potential, see Potential
Hydraulicapproach, 78, 207
containment, see Remediation techniquegradient, 83, 114, 116, 150
radius, 118, 146
Hydraulic conductivity, 111, 118anisotropic, 63, 120, 122, 123, 143, 145,
157
effective, 292equivalent, 56, 125, 143, 145
equivalent anisotropic, 63
hysteresis in, 297isotropic, 118
principal directions of, 123representative values, 118
second rank tensor, 120unit of, 118
Hydraulics of wells, 195, 745
Hydrocomp, see Computer codeHydrodynamic dispersion, see Dispersion,
621
Hydrological cycle, 1, 2, 65, 109Hydrophobic, 404, 406
compound, 523
HYDRUS, see Computer code
Hygroscopiccoefficient, 68
water, 68Hyperbolic partial differential equation,
see Partial differential equation
Hysteresis, 278–280, 282in water capacity, 302
ink bottle effect, 279raindrop effect, 279
Identification problem, see Inverse problemIHDM, see Computer code
Ill-conditioned, 569Ill-posed problem, 38, 203, 743, 756
Imbibition, 264, 278curve, 264
Immiscible fluids, 42, 601
Immobile water, 458balance equation, 458
Immobile wetting liquid, 459Impervious boundary, see Boundary
condition
Independent domain theory, 282Indifference curve, 732
Induced recharge, 96Inertial effect, 148
Infeasible solution, 698, 714Infiltration, 3, 84, 109, 251, 313, 315, 317
capacity, 314, 315, 317, 326rate, 319
Influence
function, 707matrix, 707, 708
Inhibitor, 429Initial condition, 34, 182, 185, 221, 310,
438, 602, 625
2-D flow, 221solute transport, 438
Injection, 387Insular saturation, see Saturation
Integral scale, 647, 672Integrodifferential equation, 228, 324Intensive quantity, 52
Interface, 253, 602condition, 603
equation of, 603moving, 601, 603, 604
slope of, 605Interfacial
free energy, 253tension, 254
Interference test, 750Intergranular stress, 172, 173
824 Index
Intermediate wetting, 331
Intermediate zone, 68Interpolation function
global, 542, 552local, 543, 550, 552piecewise continuous, 543, 550
Intragranular adsorption, see AdsorptionIntrinsic permeability, see Permeability
Intrinsic phase average, see AverageInverse method, 598
Inverse multiquadric function, 568Inverse problem, 37, 269, 662, 742, 743, 755
Ionexchange, 405
exclusion, 371, 491Ionic
solid, 407
strength, 397charge, 345
Irreduciblemoisture content, 192, 265
water saturation, 152, 267, 274, 294Irreversible process, 353
Irrigation return flow, 18, 28, 88, 108, 314Irrotational flow, 113Iso-preference surface, 732
Isotherm, 401, 404, 434, 435adsorption, 402, 434
balance equation, 379definition of, 402
distribution coefficient, 403equilibrium, 401, 403, 420, 448, 472
equilibrium ion-exchange, 351Freundlich, 403, 434Langmuir, 403
linear, 379, 400, 403, 420, 436, 437, 448,460, 464, 472
nonlinear, 379, 403, 437
partitioning coefficient, 403Isotopes, 600
Isotropy, 76, 143, 360
Kanat, 105
Kelvin equation, 277Kelvin’s law, 274, 275
Kinetic approach, 383Kinetic energy head, 112Kirchhoff transform, 322
Kriging, 639, 647, 652–654, 672, 675, 757ordinary, 657
sample point, 655simple, 656
universal, 658unsampled point, 655
unsmapled point, 660
with a trend, 658
Lagrangianmethod, 444
approach, 570, 572balance equation, 466multiplier, 658
Lame’s coefficients, 176Laminar flow, 145Land subsidence, see Subsidence
Landfill, 6, 11–13, 342, 515Langmuir isotherm, see Isotherm
Laplace equation, 113, 167, 181, 219, 235,528, 562
Laplace formula, 257, 258, 265, 273, 332Law of mass action, see Mass reaction law
LEA, see Local equilibrium assumptionLeachate, 6, 12, 13, 16, 17, 342, 515Leakage, 83
factor, 745Leakance, 215, 537
Leaky confined aquifer, see AquiferLeaky phreatic aquifer, see AquiferLeast square method, 540, 751
Leibnitz’ rule, 151, 209Light nonaqueous phase liquid, see LNAPLLinear algebraic equation, 530, 543
Linear least square method, 751Linear programming, 700
standard form, 700, 701
Liquid waste disposal, 92LNAPL, 19, 20, 342, 516
definiton of, 19spill, 333
Local derivative, 572
Local equilibrium assumption, 389, 509Local minimum, 719, 720Local Petrov-Galerkin method, 559
Log-normal distribution, 653, 669Longitudinal dispersion, see Dispersion
Loop-loop electromagnetic method, seeGeophysical method
LP, see Linear programmingLU decomposition, 582
Lumped parameter model, see ModelLyophobic, 401
Macrodispersion, 661
Macrodispersive flux, 212, 373Macropore, 402Macroscopic scale, see Scale
Managementalternatives, 695–697
Index 825
coastal aquifer, 633
decisions, 697problem types, 695
sustainable, 1, 634
Mass action law, 396, 406, 507Mass average, see Average
Mass balance, 88, 104, 218
Mass balance equation, 27, 125, 130, 161,162, 166–169, 175, 177–179, 181, 182,187, 200, 205, 212, 219, 223, 233, 241,483, 533, 538, 624, 625
3-D saturated, 179
averaged, 213compressible fluid, 176, 239
confiend aquifer, 219
deformable porous medium, 177, 239integrated, 239
leaky aquifer, 215, 220linearized, 247
macroscopic, 133, 140, 166, 218
phreatic aquifer, 216, 219solid, 167
unsaturated, 297Mass balance law, 199
Mass concentration, see Concentration
Mass fraction, 348, 387, 405, 418, 501, 504,622
definition, 345
normalized, 622, 625, 627
salt, 622, 623, 631Mass transfer
between fluid and solid, 418between fluids, 415
coefficient, 417, 419
interphase, 305, 382, 415nonequilibrium, 415
Materialinterface, 166
surface, 167, 312, 603
Material derivative, see Total derivativeMathematical model, see Model, 526
Matricpotential, see Potential
pressure head, 292
suction, 259Matrix
banded, 579, 580blocked, 580
diagonal, 555
fully populated, 569inverse, 579
lower triangular, 582non-negative definite, 358
non-symmetric, 569
positive definite, 581, 718
solution, 530, 579sparsely populated, 579, 580
symmetric, 358, 553, 569, 581, 718
tridiagonal, 580upper triangular, 582
Maximum contaminant level, 379, 515Maximum likelihood estimate, 757
MCL, see Maximum contaminant level
Mean, 643ensemble, 651, 687
spatial, 648temporal, 648
Mean free path, 127Mechanical
energy, 111
equilibrium, 409Mechanical dispersion, see Dispersion
Megascopic scale, see ScaleMeshless method, 559, 565, 569
Metaheuristics, 700, 720
Method of characteristics, 574, 585modified, 576
Method of fundamental solutions, 560Method of steepest descent, 581, see
Steepest descent method
Michaelis-Menton kinetics, 428, 430Micropore, 402
Microscopic representative elementaryvolume, 43, 49, 53, 399
Microscopic scale, see ScaleMIN3P, see Computer code
Mixture theory, 125MLAEM, see Computer code
Mobile water, 458
balance equation, 458MOC3D, see Computer code
MOCDENSE3D, see Computer codeModel, 31, 698
calibration, 37, 269, 742coefficient, 35
methods for determining, 38
compartmental model, 35complete, 205
3-D flow, 203flow, 161
single component, 445
statement, 223three phase flow, 339
transport, 341, 432unsaturated flow, 320
complete flowunsaturated, 297
compositional, 501
826 Index
conceptual, 1, 32, 33, 62, 205, 206, 338,458–461, 463, 464
content of, 33, 204
continuum, 35, 42advantage of, 45
definition of, 29lumped parameter, 35
mathematical, 1, 34, 205, 464
content of, 34multi-cell, 35
numerical, 36, 207physical, 1
reactive transport, 508
saturated-unsaturated flow, 309single cell, 376
use of, 40validation of, 36
Modeling process, 31
MODFLOW, see Computer codeMoisture capacity, 304
Moisture diffusivity, see DiffusivityMoisture diffusivity equation, 305, 323
Molal, 407
Molar concentration, see ConcentrationMolar fraction, 308, 345, 411, 418, 487,
488, 504
Mole fraction, see Molar fractionMolecular scale, see Scale
Molecular diffusion, 347, 355, 402, 463
coefficient, 348, 350Momentum
balance equation, 124, 148
balance law, 199Monitored natural attenuation, see
Remediation technique
Monod kinetics, 430dual, 432
Monte Carlo simulation, 639, 652, 666,671, 677
Motion equation, 124, 179, 205, 289coupling between phases, 289
non-Darcian, 147nonlinearity of, 293
three phase flow, 337
unsaturated, 289MT3DMS, see Computer code
Multi-cell model, see ModelMulticomponent system, 479
Multilayered aquifer, see Aquifer
Multiobjectivedecision making, 731
Multiobjective optimizationε-constraint approach, 734
indifference function approach, 732
lexicographic approach, 733
parametric approach, 733utility function approach, 731
Multiscale, 56Multivariate function, 644
NAPL, 11, 18, 19, 33, 42, 67, 330, 342, 415,425, 505, 513, 518, 520, 521, 523, 590
definition of, 18NAPL Simulator, see Computer code
Natural attenuation, 391, 424Natural bioattenuation, see Remediation
technique
Natural replenishment, 27, 84, 108, 314method of estimating, 85
Navier-Stokes equation, 44, 53, 56, 128,
129, 131–133, 199Nernst-Planck equations, 349Neumann boundary condition, see
Boundary condition
Neumann expansion, 678Newton method, 718
Newton-Raphson method, 559Newtonian fluid, 126
Nitrification, 18NLP, see Nonlinear programming
No-jump condition, 186in total stress, 242
No-slip condition, 127, 129, 132, 133, 138,199
Non-dominant effect, 148, 467, 474
Non-Fickian model, 370Non-inferior solution, 729
Nonaqueous phase liquid, see NAPLNonequilibrium reaction, see Reaction
Nonlinear least square, 751, 752Nonlinear programming, 700, 713
geometric programming, 713quadratic programming, 713separable convex programming, 713
Nonrenewable resource, 8Nonstationary, 757
process, 645, 673Nonunique solution, 729, 743
Nonwetting fluid, 255, 258Normal distribution, 727
NUFT, see Computer codeNumerical dispersion, 466, 557, 570, 576
Numerical method, 36, 207Numerical model, see Model, 525
Numerical oscillation, 556Numerical solution, 526
transport, 508unsaturated flow, 330
Index 827
Objective function, 30, 695, 698, 699, 728
examples, 696linear, 700
nonlinear, 712Onsager reciprocal relationship, 122
Operational yield, 26Operator splitting, 508, 574Optimal solution, 540, 696, 698, 700, 701,
705, 706, 708, 712, 721, 722, 724, 732,733
multiobjective, 728Optimal yield, 26
Optimization, 37, 580, 698, 755chance constrained, 726, 728
constrained, 698, 713deterministic, 728
mathematical statement, 699, 723multiobjective, 728
mathemtical statement, 728nonlinear, 712
unconstrained, 698, 713, 727Ordinary kriging, see KrigingOsmotic potential, see Potential
Overlapping continua, 44, 422, 458, 459,463
Packing factor, 119Pairwise weight comparison, 735
Parameter determination, 591Parameter estimation, 37, 269, 587, 662
conditional, 744deterministic, 755geostatistical model, 756
local, 745problem, 742
regional scale, 755Parameterization, 755
Paretofront, 730
set, 730solution, 729
ParFlow, see Computer codePartial air pressure, 308Partial differential equation, 35, 162
elliptic, 141hyperbolic, 475
Particle tracking, 526, 584, 585, 589backward, 575
forward, 576Partition of unity method, 559
Partitioning coefficient, see IsothermParts per million, 345
Pathline, 571, 584Peclet number, see Dimensionless number
Penalty method, 700, 713, 724
Pendular ring, 261–263, 265, 267, 273, 275,287, 294, 458, 459
Perched aquifer, see AquiferPercolation, 109
Performance function, 662Periodic
cell, 57, 61
function, 58structure, 56
Periodic autoregressive method, 86Permeability, 118
anisotropic, 14, 54, 76, 77, 120, 124, 126
barrier, see Remediation techniquedarcy unit of, 118
dimensionless intrinsic, 136
effective, 267, 286, 292, 293, 295, 297,307, 320, 321, 337, 338
anisotropic, 293
isotropic, 296three fluids, 337
to air, 293
to water, 293typical relations, 296
empirical formulae, 119
equivalent anisotropic, 78heterogeneous, see inhomogeneous
homogeneous, 76hysteresis in, 297
inhomogeneous, 76
intrinsic, 118, 119isotropic, 76, 120, 126
relative, 294, 295, 337curve, 295
gas-NAPL, 338
NAPL-water, 338three phase, 339
two phase, 338
typical curves, 294representative values, 118
saturated, 291second rank tensor, 124
unit of, 118
unsaturated, 291variations in time, 120
Permeable reactive barrier, 392, seeRemediation technique
Perturbation method, 59, 620, 677, 678,687, 691
PEST, see Computer code
Petrov-Galerkin finite element method, seeFinite element method
Petrov-Galerkin formulation, 557
pF unit, 260
828 Index
Phase, 344
definition of, 42Phase average, see Average
Phase change
isothermal, 305phenomena, 306
rate, 308PHAST, see Computer code
Phreatic aquifer, see Aquifer
Phreatic surface, 67, 69, 192, 283boundary condition on, 192
equation of, 611shape of, 192
PHREEQC, see Computer codePhysical containment, see Remediation
technique
Piezometer, 48, 112
Piezometric head, 69, 111, 260definition of, 112
equivalent, 334Piezometric surface, 69, 113
Pivot rule, 707
Planar incremental stress, 245Planar stress assumption, 246
Plum interception, see Remediationtechnique
Pollution source
abandoned wells, 17acid precipitation, 18
agriculture, 18
classification by QTA, 12classification of, 13
diffused, 13distributed, 13
drilling mud, 17
impoundment, 16inorganic contaminant, 12
non-point, 13organic contaminant, 12
pathogenic organism, 12point, 13, 14
sanitary landfills, 15
septic tanks, 14spills, 17
storage of solid chemicals, 17storage tanks, 15
tailings, 17
uncontrolled dumps, 16Ponding, 320
Pore size distribution index, 270Pore throat, 259
Pore volume, 378Porosity, 51, 73
areal, 115
effective, 74, 116
interconnected, 74non-interconnected, 74
typical value of, 73
volumetric, 115Porous medium, 1, 66
continuum approach to, 42
definition of, 45deformable, 167, 171, 300
deformation of, 172homogeneous, 52
inhomogeneous, 52
isotropic, 360periodic, 140
Porous plate, 266Positive definite matrix, see Matrix
Positive definite tensor, see Tensor
Potential, 113, 271as intensive quantity, 271
chemical, 278, 408, 409gravity, 272, 277
harmonic, 616
Hubbert’s, 113, 127, 137, 174, 180, 213,239, 276
macroscopic level, 270
matric, 265, 270, 272–274osmotic, 276
pressure, 275
soil water, 272, 277solute, 272, 276
surface, 275, 276thermal, 272, 277
total, 271, 278
Potential energy, 112, see EnergyPotential evapotranspiration, see
Evapotranspiration
Powell method, 715, 716
Power spectral density function, 673Precipitation, 2, 8, 13, 17, 21, 27, 81, 84,
85, 87, 88, 109, 193, 313, 314, 318,319, 614, 633
acid, 18chemical, 343, 385, 391, 444
mineral, 382, 421, 498
synthetic sequence, 86Preconditioning, 581
matrix, 582Jacobi, 582
Preferred solution, 731
Pressureenergy, 112, 276
head, 112Pressure potential, see Potential
Primary field, see Electromagnetic field
Index 829
Primary source, 513
Primary variable, 205, 299, 446, 505Principal
axes, 122, 145, 711
directions, 123, 362minor, 360radii of curvature, 257
values, 122Probability density function, 668
joint, 669Psychrometric law, 387PULSE, see Computer code
Pump and treat, see Remediationtechnique
Pump-treat-inject, see Remediationtechnique
Pumping, 387, 534
test, 745
Qanat, see KanatQuasi-Newton method, 715, 718
Radial basis function, 564, 566compactly supported, 569
Radioactive decay, see Decay
Radionuclide decay chain, 480Radius of influence, 609Rain harvesting technique, 84
Randomboundary condition, 678
field generation, 639, 652conditional, 670, 675unconditional, 670
function, 640, 643number generator, 668, 725parameter, 687
parameter field, 675phenomenon, 86
process, 639, see Stochastic processvariable, 640
continous, 640
Random walk method, 576Raoult’s law, 411, 416Rate constant, 394
degradation, 401first order, 397, 398second order, 398
Rate law, 394, 399first order, 397
integrated, 398second order, 394
Rate of reaction, see Reaction
RBF, see Radial basis functionReactants, 392
Reaction
bimolecular, 392binary heterogeneous, 408
canonical form, 486
equilibrium, 391, 392, 488fast, 471
first order, 397porous medium, 400
forward, 394half life, 398
heterogeneous, see Reaction, inhomoge-neous, 390
higher order, 398homogeneous, 385, 392
inhomogeneous, 385kinetic, 490
nonequilibrium, 412, 490order of, 394
rate constant
first order, 419rate of, 391, 392, 510
rate-limiting step, 397reverse, 394
reversible, 392slow, 472
under equilibrium condition, 385
under nonequilibrium condition, 386unimolecular, 392, 398
Reactive transport, 345, 589Realization, 641, 643, 666
Recession curve, 102Recharge, 611, 614, 678
artificial, 635
estimation methods, 88precipitation, 84
Reciprocity, 135Redox reaction, 345
Regional groundwater balance, 107Relative humidity, 275, 311
in soil, 309
Relative permeability, see PermeabilityRelative vapor pressure, 275
Reliability, 727Remediation, 512, 514
Remediation technique, 512air sparging, 515, 520
air stripping, 516
bioremediation, 424, 523biosparging, 427
bioventing, 426cap, 515
clay blanket, 515cutoff wall, 515, 516
electric heating, 523
830 Index
electro-kinetic enhanced, 523
grout curtain, 515
hydraulic containment, 518
monitored natural attenuation, 514
natural attenuation, 523
permeability barrier, 515
permeable reactive barrier, 522
physical barrier, 515
plume interception, 518
pump and treat, 477, 516
pump-treat-inject, 517
slurry wall, 515
soil vapor extraction, 391, 519
soil venting, 515, 519
steam injection, 523
vapor sorption method, 275
Renewable resource, 8
Representative elementary volume, 35, 45,47, 48, 51, 52, 54, 73, 75, 126, 138,147, 148, 163, 271
averaging approach, 124
characteristic size of, 54
definition, 45
lower bound, 52
size of, 48, 49
Representative macroscopic volume, 54,212, 372, 463
Reproducing kernel particle method, 559
Residence time, 378
effective, 380
Residual, 543, 581, 655, 751
Residual saturation
air, 265, 280, 282, 295
effective, 282
NAPL, 333
nonwetting fluid, 295
Respiration, see Biodegradation
Restoration, 514
Retardation, 436
coefficient, 380, 381, 434
factor, 436, 462, 482
Retention curve, 261, 264, 333
analytical expressions for, 269
main drainage curve, 280
main imbibition curve, 280
primary drainage scanning curve, 281
primary imbibition scanning curve, 281
reversal point, 280
scanning curves, 280
RETRASO, see Computer code
REV, see Representative elementaryvolume
Rewetting, 262
Reynolds number, see Dimensionlessnumber
Richards’ equation, 305, 321, 324, 587Risk, 667
analysis, 667River-aquifer interaction, 97
RMV, see Representative macroscopicvolume
Robin boundary condition, see Boundarycondition
Rock types, 66RORA, see Computer code
RT3D, see Computer code
SA, see Simulated annealingSafe yield, 22, 25
Saltwater intrusion, 588, 593, 722, 725, 727boundary condition, 610, 612
confined aquifer, 613exploration, 596
in multilayered aquifer, 620interface, 593, 606, 613–615
interface condition, 604occurence, 593
oceanic island, 615phreatic aquifer, 614
sharp interface, 588, 595, 597, 601, 604,607, 610, 613, 615, 629, 630, 634, 635
sharp interface model, 601, 725
sources of, 599transition zone, 353, 593–597, 601, 607,
620–622, 624, 625, 629–635
wedge, 594Sample space, 640
Sanitary landfills, see Pollution sourceSaturated zone, 2, 67
Saturation, 252apparent, 281
at discontinuity between two porousmedia, 283
distribution, 283
three phases, 333effective, 269, 281
insular, 262insular residual, 282
reduced, 269Saturation-capillary pressure relation, 268
Scalefield, 140
laboratory, 140macroscopic, 44, 49, 109, 140
megascopic, 49, 52, 54–56, 63, 140, 143,372, 373
microscopic, 19, 35, 42–46, 48, 49, 55, 63
Index 831
molecular, 42, 44, 49
pore, 55Scale effect, 375
SDE, see Stochastic differential equation
Search space, 724convex, 704, 719
nonconvex, 700SEAWAT, see Computer code
Seawater intrusion, see Saltwater intrusionSecant method, 754
Secondary field, see Electromagnetic fieldSeepage
face, 158, 194, 443, 607
velocity, 115Self-adjoint differential operator, 135, 143
Semivariogram, 654, 672, 685, 757Sensitivity, 744, 756
analysis, 41, 206, 652, 661definition of, 38
coefficient, 664
normalized, 664matrix, 665, 689, 758
Septic tanks, see Pollution sourceSequential iteration approach, 508
Sequential non-iteration approach, 508Shape factor, 119
Shape function, 551SHARP, see Computer code
Sharp boundary, 183
approximation, 183, 442SHE, see Computer code
Simple kriging, see KrigingSimplex method, 701, 706
graphical solution, 701restricted normal form, 708
solution steps, 708
vertices of, 705, 706Simulated annealing, 700, 720
Single cell model, see ModelSink, see also source, 166, 205
line, 105point, 105, 195, 198
Size exclusion, 371Slack variable, 708
SLAEM, see Computer code
Slurry wall, see Remediation techniqueSocial preference function, 731
Social welfare function, 731Socio-economic factor, 27, 695
Soilbulk density, 433
classification of, 71
grain size distribution, 71laboratory measurement, 72
moisture, 3
size separates, 71Soil vapor extraction, see Remediation
technique
Soil venting, see Remediation technique
Soil water potential, see PotentialSoil water zone, 68
Solid matrix, 42, 66deformation of, 172
Solid phases, 498
Solubility, 405air in water, 308
Solubility product, 408Solute, 344, 411
Solute potential, see Potential
Solute transport, 1, 342, 586, 587, 5902-D point source, 450
advective, 585continuous injection in infinite column,
452
density dependent, 166, 526, 585, 587,588, 590, 621, 622, 625, 627
equation, 538infinite column, 447
infinite column with adsorption, 448intantaneous slug, 448
multicomponent, 590, 591
multiphase, 590multispecies, 585–587, 590
reactive, 586, 587, 590, 591semin-infinite column, 452
source in semi-infinite domain, 451
Solvent, 344Sorption, see Adsorption
Sorption curve, 264Sources and sinks, 388
areal, 451
chemical reaction, 413chemical species, 385
distributed, 388heterogeneous reaction, 414
in mass balance equation, 382, 383, 388
in mathematical model, 432point, 355, 450, 477
pumping and injection, 382, 387, 433radioactive, 433
radioactive decay, 400rate of production, 471
types of, 385
Space transformation, 674Spatial statistics, 648
Speciation, 487, 488Specific discharge, 116, 132, 166, 298
cross-sectional area averaging, 137
832 Index
definition of, 111
in air water flow, 291relative to solid, 127, 291
volume averaging, 137
Specific retention, 287Specific storativity, see Storativity
Specific surface, 75measurement, 76
typical values of, 76Specific yield, 216, 285, 286
relation with grain size, 217
Spectral method, 670, 673, 678Spring, 100, 196
a simple model, 102artisian, 101
depression, 100discharge, see Discharge
hydrograph, 101
in confined aquifer, 197in phreatic aquifer, 197
perdched, 100types of, 100
Stability, 527conditionally stable, 532
of solution, 203
unconditionally stable, 533Stagnation
line, 608point, 608, 619
Standard deviation, 645, 727State variable
examples, 696
Stationary process, 644, 647strongly, 647
weakly, 647Statistical
measure, 643population, 640
Statistically
anisotropic, 646homogeneous, 643, 653, 656, 668, 674,
685
inhomogeneous, 645, 672isotropic, 646
strongly homogeneous, 647weakly homogeneous, 647
Steam injection, see Remediation technique
Stochasticanalysis, 39
boundary element method, 678differential equation, 676, 680
finite element method, 678integral equation, 678
model, 679, 687, 688
process, 639–641
Stoichiometric
coefficient, 393, 483equation, 392, 483
Stoichiometry, 392STOMP, see Computer code
Storage
change in, 107coefficient, 214, 534
Storage tank, see Pollution source
Storativity, 28, 107, 175, 214, 745, 754confined aquifer, 214
phreatic aquifer, 216random field, 669
sensitivity of, 663
specific, 180, 301, 602saturated flow, 175
specific mass, 174, 180
specific volume, 175, 180Strack’s potential, 616
Stream
effluent, 98influent, 98
Stream function, 234Lagrange, 234
Stream-tube, 233, 235
Streamline, 233, 236, 476refracrtion law, 191
Streamline diffusion finite element method,see Finite element method
Streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkinmethod, 557
stabilization factor, 558
Strong formulation, see Finite elementmethod
Strouhal number, see Dimensionlessnumber
Subdomain, 183
method, 547Subsidence, 7, 26, 92, 167, 177, 179, 237,
238, 244, 245, 249, 696, 697, 699
2-D model, 239
as constraint, 239by pumping, 247
vertically integrated model, 247
Substantial derivative, see Total derivativeSubstrate, 425
inhibition constant, 431
Subsurface water, 2, 65, 66Suction, 259, 292, 305
curve, 264head, 292
SUPG, see Streamline-upwind Petrov-Galerkin method
Index 833
Surface
runoff, 314diffusion, 351
films, 270tension, 252, 254, 257
water, 3Surface potential, see PotentialSurfactant, 254, 255, 523
Sustainable management, see ManagementSustainable yield, 22, 314
definition, 25example, 23
SUTRA, see Computer codeSVE, see Soil vapor extraction
SWAT, see Computer codeSWM, see Computer code
SWMM, see Computer codeSWRRB, see Computer code
System identification problem, 743
Tableau, 708, 711
Taylor series, 528, 529TDEM, see Time domain electromagnetic
method
TDS, see Total dissolved solidTemporal statistics, 648
Tensiometer, 48, 267Tension, 259Tensor
first rank (vector), 121identity, 133
notation, 121positive definite, 122, 135, 141, 143
second rank, 120, 121symmetric, 121, 122, 135, 141, 143, 293
transformation rule, 123zeroth rank (scalar), 121
Terminal electron acceptor, 426Terzaghi-Jacob theory, 179, 238, 246
Theis solution, 663, 746, 752Thermal equilibrium, 409Thermal potential, see Potential
Thermodynamic equilibrium, 409Thomas-Fiering model, 86
Threshold pressure, 264, 284Throat, 263
Time domain electromagnetic method, seeGeophysical method
Time domain reflectometry, 267
Tortuosity, 118, 136, 147, 350, 351, 423isotropic, 350
tensor, 350Total derivative, 168, 184, 466, 475, 476,
572, 578
Total dissolved solid, 18, 595, 622
Total flux, 164, 346, 371Total head, 111
TOUGH, see Computer codeTracer test, 744Tradeoff
function, 731rate function, 731
Transfer coefficient, 442Transient electromagnetic method, see
Time domain electromagnetic method
Transition zone, see Saltwater intrusionTransmissivity, 149, 150, 207, 214, 745, 754
anisotropic, 235harmonic mean, 535
inhomogeneoustype 1, 77type 2, 77
phreatic aquifer, 217random field, 669
sensitivity of, 663simple average, 535
Transpiration, 103Transport equation, 625
Transverse dispersion, see DispersionTravel time, 478Trefftz method, 560
Trend, 757Turning band method, 670, 674
Type curve, 747Cooper-Jacob, 749
graphical solution, 747Hantush-Jacob, 747
Hantush-Neuman, 747
Unbiased estimate, 655Uncertainty, 637, 698, 726
aleatoric, 638analysis, 652
boundary, 638epistemic, 638
information, 638initial condition, 638
intrinsic, 638model, 637
parameter, 637Unconditionally stable, see StabilityUnconfined aquifer, see Aquifer
Undrained test, 175Uniqueness of solution, 203
Unit impulse, 180Univariate function, 644
Universal hysteresis, 282Universal kriging, see Kriging
834 Index
Unsaturated flow, 586–589analytical solution, 322in terms of
moisture content, 305piezometric head, 304suction, 305
methods of solution, 321Unsaturated zone, 3, 67, 69, 251, 626Unstable solution, 743Upconing, 594, 607, 608, 619, 631, 632Upscaling, 56
Upstream approximation, 556Upwind approximation, 556UTCHEM, see Computer codeUtility function, 731
Vadosewater, 69
zone, 67, 69, 109, 313Valence, 345Validation of model, see ModelValue function, 732Van der Waals force, 255, 401Vapor extraction, 380Vapor pressure, 410
partial, 410saturated, 410
Vapor sorption method, see Remediationtechnique
Variable density, 350, 585, 595, 596, 624,625
mathematical model, 622Variable density solute transport, see
Density dependent solute transportVariance, 644, 649Vertical equilibrium hypothesis, 334Vertical integration, 208Very low frequency electromagnetic
method, see Geophysical methodVOC, see Volatile organic compoundVoid ratio, 74Void space, 42, 66
interconnected, 67, 74Volatile organic compound, 411, 519Volatilization, 382, 407, 412Volume average, see AverageVolumetric fraction, 48, 252Volumetric strain, 169
Water blob, 288Water capacity, 301
hysteresis in, 302
Water conservation construction, 84
Water content, 252
Water divide, 4, 608
Water policy, 695
Water quality, 87, 695
Water storage, 90
in aquifer, 91
in surface reservoir, 91
Water table, 67, 152, 154, 158, 159, 283
Watershed models, 85
Weak formulation, see Finite elementmethod
Weakly stationary process, 647, 674
Weighted residual method, see Finiteelement method
Weighting function, 543, 547
Well
artesian, 181, 195, 196
casing, 112
collector, 608, 635
construction, 106
flowing, 196
gallery, 609, 619, 635
monitoring, 112
observation, 112
pumping, 722
radial collector, 105
skimming, 609, 635
Well function, 746
Hantush-Jacob, 451
series approximation, 746
Well-posed boundary value problem, 199
Brinkman equation, 201
Navier-Stokes equation, 199
Well-posed problem, 203, 320, 743
Wellhead protection area, 589
Wettability
fractional, 255
intermediate, 331
Wetting
angle, 254
fluid, 255, 257
scanning curve, 280
WHPA, see Computer code
Wiener-Khinchine transformation, 673
Young’s equation, 255
Young-Laplace formula, see Laplaceformula