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Index

This index has been carefully made into an encyclopedial entry into the subject matter of this book. Page numbers in bold face indicate definitions, figures and sometimes information judged to be es­sential otherwise. Page numbers in low cast point to other pick-up points in the text. Page numbers between parentheses () show pages where the item is not mentioned by name, but by a synonym or by some statement referring to it. The additional use of cross-references is recommended.

A

abiotic factors 5,7,16,19,63,109,155,163, 186,187,193,194,203,224,270,297,329, 337,340,346,478,484,514,525,548,563 -, impacts 407 -, remanence 404,406

abscission 372ff. absorption 67,76,77,79,202,203,219,386 abstraction 9,11,19,33,161,162, (236, 238),

244,247,294,304,308,(311),316,413,417, 484

abundance 212,297,336 accident 185,186,189,192,385 accumulation, chemical 380 acid deposition 4,80-82,137,202,349,

452 ff., 454-455 -, precipitation (see a. deposition)

acidity 125,138,201,206,221,297,310,349, 376,454 -, tropics 455

acoustic, frequencies 448 -, phenomena 144,145,399,411,448,

449,525 acrotony 110 action spectrum 378 adaptation 33,36,50,117,148,192,252,322,

332,367,376,533,550 adjustment 41,56,162,230,341,358,362,

372,379,385,386,397,399,542 adulthood 38,48,58,114,143 adventitious meristems 58,63,102,545

-, roots (seeroots, a.) aeration 203,208,209 afforestation 165,208,221,223,229,238,244,

349,456,494 agamospermy 511 age 92,155,161,192,221,236,292,293,317,

332,357, 394ff., 412,493, 505, 529

-, class 394ff. ageing 90, 252 aggradation, blocked 171,172,248 ff., 436

- early 234-238,261-262 - phase 167-168,170-175,177,180,

181,184,198,224,227,229-230,237, 238 ff., 245-247, 248ff., 274, 363ff., 402,433,437,447,448,460-46~472,

496,497,502 -, retarded 171, 172, 248ff.

aggregation of organisms 424 aggressive behaviour 131,172,188,373,521 agricultural field 79,160,227,238,241,246,

352,404 -, models(alsoseecrop-) 118,296,354 -, thought 296,300,393,424,539

agriculture 208,242,243,247,262,296,315, 316,352,355,367,421,426,452,457,516, 518,520,527,539,541

agroforestry 3,59,63,67,113,128,137,223, 250,272,352,367,429,450,543,544-545

agrosystem 344 aids 519 algae 109,125,138,144,224 allelopathy 135,234,375,377 allocation 162,165, (186), 325, 341, 354, 362,

374,377,399,532 allometric constants 356

-, functions 369,371 allometry 69, 103,356,357,369~371,541 altitudinal zonation 280-282,476,477,528,

557 AMAX 352,353 Amazonian basin 382,516,517,528,539,

540-541, 554-555 amino acids 67,69,78,219,375 amphibians 143,145,181,192,373 amphimycorrhizae 216 analogy, development 561

598

analysis, systems 16-22, 18, 227, 313,391, 431,484,510,527,547, 548, 559ff., 562

analytical transects 301 anastomosis (see root, a.) anchoring, lianes 118 ff.

-, roots ( see roots) anemochory 300 anemophily 300,397 animal biotopes 177, 182, 532

-, habitat, gradsects 516 -, mobility(seemobility) -, "shopping list" 532 -, trails 399,413

animals 9,15,77,109,125,140,142-151,160, 162, 167, 169, 177, 182, 225ff., 270,300, 304,326,340359,372,400,406,419-424, 439,444,450,452,479,523,525,528,529, 533,535,538,549,558 - burrowing 230,454,535 - large 436-439 - sizes (see size) -, stabilising role 436

antagonism 375 antibiotics 219 antibodies 372 anti-natural 381,410 ants 110,148,190,226,307,419,421,423,

425,513,535,538 apical dominance 110 application 6,56 apomixis 511,518,520,521 arboreal folivores 374 arboricides 160,373 arboviroses 518 architectural analysis 11,45, 167,287,308,

331,363,391,462,464,465,467,484,487, 548,555 - diagram 33,428 - features 10,21,22,170,352 - metamorphosis 37,38,39,40,45,62,

287 - model 29 ff., 34,35,130,132-133,285,

287,290,291,315,356,357,361 ff., 366, 367,381

- modification 372 - pattern 175,280,416,430,494,497 - reconstruction 234 - reiteration (see reiteration) -, series 116,117,132-133,433

architecture 10,18,21,22,36,90,93,94,153, 351,352,366 ff., 436 - and biogeochemistry 366-372 - and process 309 - animal 142 - eco-unit 159,165,166,169,176,193,

292,414,476,479,480,524

Index

- forest 159,165,167,185,190,280,281, 303 ff., 309, 351, 352, 356, 363, 421

- interactive 476,477 - herb 113-117,376 - liane 118-123 - Monocotyledons 131-135 - mosaics 400,401-483,428,447,462,

474,475,476,496-502 - persistent 170 - rhizosphere 197,215,229 - roots (see roots) - shrub 110-113,111 - simulation 432,487 - trees 28,36,82,83,85,95,96,100,109,

281,356,357,367,429,436,494,552 area, minimal 297,298, 389, 481 aromatic carbon-ring derivates 375 arthropodes 145-151,200,373,458 artificial 361,379,395,401,406,413,517,

518,539,543,558 aspect societies 309 assimilation 67,220,315,352

-, potential 352 Assmann classification 180ff. associations 352,389,484,487 asymmetry 290,291,497,543 atmosphere 373 attack 76,187,188,193,238,276,421 attractants 374,380,382,383,384,442 attributes, living systems 162,341, 396ff.,

410,513,522,560,561 Aubrevillean mosaic, (276) 322,388 Auermiihle system 236 autonomous form 397 autotrophs 363 autoecology 296,338,555 autoregulation 550 auxiliary level 18,21,119,295,367,561 availability, water-nutrients 352,354,359,

399,444,557 avalanche 186,492 averages 227,303,339,352,354,362,363,

407,413,421,422,427,453,(481),501,525, 527,528,533,535,541,543,545,554,555, 557,558,563

axes 16,19,30, 31ff., 37, 58, 63,68,81,101, 106,114,117,118,131,206,.367

B

Backman rules 90-91 Backman spruce 92 Backman theory 84-92,95,100 bacteria 209,223-225,316,383,535 balance, animals/people 450

-, animals/trees 438,439 -, regulation/toxicity 373,374

Index

bamboos 30,50,128,131,137,171,244,292-293,458

barbatella 64 bark 16,43,59,66,68,71,74,76,181,187,

206,545 barochory 300 barriers, low probability 519,520

-, man/disease 519,520 basal area 74,101,369,371,527,529,530,531 baseline studies 248,311,334,335 basitony 110,117,123 bats 300,419,440,441 bearers (see carriers) beeches 65,66,70,71,77,86,94,205,212,

280-282,285,288-293,317,331 ff., 350, 369,397,432,445,450,451,460-463,473, 492 ff., 534 ff., 536,537

bees 147,308,442 beetles 226,238,270,374,386,542 behaviour 95,98,162,165,303,409,411,429,

510 -, erratic 104

biochemical 76,77,79,81,145,373 -, warfare 373

biocides 373,379 bioclimate 118,124, 195, 550ff., 551 biogeochemical cycles 344-350,346,363,

366,378,534-542 biogeocoenoses 309,315,318 biological control 190,318-320,383,385,450

- gateway 507 - nomads 297 - soil-activity 202 - straightjacket 507 - type 107,124,156,178-179,207,216,

299ff., 304, 308, 310, 458,488 biomass 10,18,27,68,88,93,95,113,136,

156,165,170,194,333,363,385,478,527, 536,537,539,540-541 - accumulation 337,361,363 ff., 364 ff.,

369ff.,404 - breakdown 337,383 - compartments 341,349,382-385,

528-532 - curves 363 - dead (see necromass) - heterogeneousness 351,352 - model 242-243,534-538 - production 68,81,88,93-96,148,175,

333,344-350,350,382-385,437,478, 526-528, 534ff.,536, 537

-, values 351 biomes 550, 552 bioregulation (see regulation) biosphere 18,549-551 biostasis 67,100,175,194,212-213,227,238,

599

253,265,428,447,448,460,461,463,497, 534

biostaticphase 167-168,175-186,189,198, 230,402,412,428,475,476,482,483,533

biotic effect 394 - factors 5,78,160,186,187,188,194,

224,286,307,337,355,450,525,548 - reach 406-407,409 - remanence,(244) 404-405,416,417,

419,420,453 biotope 114,117,124,125,135,138,142,144,

148,301,303,320,408,436,448,464,466, 485,488

biovolume-time-strategy 336 bird, diversity 448

-, song 399,525 birds 127,142,144-145,174,181,182,291,

321,372,397,406,419,440,445-449,481, 529,533,542,552 -, nesting sites 447

birth rate 317 black boxes 9,19,67,69,153,355 bloodsucking animals 306,411 bonitat (see yield class) bonsai 63 border, effects 276,286,287-288, (320),524

-, layer 341,397,409,533 boundary (also see limit) 306 brachyrhizae 46,47,68,76,124,199,202,203,

234 branch 101,109,190-191 branching 30ff., 45, 56ff., 65, 82, 109, 131

- continuous 30,31 - diffuse 30, 31 - rhythmic 31,35 - roots 48ff -, whorls 36

breeding 320 bud mutation 511 budget, energy and nutrient 325,514 buds 32,33,34,37,48,62,83,110,131 Budowski's rule 331,452,515 buckshot effect 394,453 buffering 219,385,411,454 bulldozer herbivore theory 439,450 buttresses 55,56,81,104,449,476

C

cadaver 525 calculation 321,344,348,352,369,427,445,

497,502,506,540;556 cambial activity 71,80,81-82,84,85,101,

290,291,379 -, production 68,71,73,74,80

cambium 68, 79-~, 83, 93, 101, 128ff., 134, 135,382,545

600

cambiumless plants 79, 128,135 camouflage 307 canopy 41,85,134,143,160,165,181-182,

185,190-191, 202, 266, 307,322, 324, 369, 372,430,431,432,433,435,488,494,497, 519,533,546 - access 432 - closure 83,167, 168, 170 ff., 236, 287,

300,353,412-415,414,435,457,481, 533

- closure, horizontal 414, 533 - closure, vertical 414, 436, (473,474),

533 - dendrogram 431 ff. -, roughness 354,533,542,548

capillary water 211 carbohydrates 516 carbon 72,77,80,109,140,221,222,346

-, cycle 217,224,338,347,352,356,549, 550,553

carriers 3~W, 375, 391,534 carrion feeders 226 carrying capacity 450 carnivore 226, 547 catastrophe 148,160,187,195,393,410 cattle 113,137,256,316,343,344,423 ce\1s 16,67,109,163,372 Central European School 485-494,489,493,

507,548 chablis 160,161,189,193,195,196,198,209,

267,270,276,284,306,413,417,428,436, 460-463,502,503,508

chain, broken 386 chains 7,344,385,397 chance 21,93,362,391,511 change, annual 359

-, gradual 389 -, populational 304,305,481 -, rhythmical 450,564 -, rules of 511-512,564

change-over, silvigenetic 503 - 506 chaparral 207,212 chaotic 81 cheap measures 519 chemical brake 339

- defense 342 elements 224,339,346 environment 125,344 eradication 296

-, fertilisers 221 harvesting 380 interactions 373 lifespan 378 nature 372

-, po\1ution 344,356,455,464 protection 141,219,318,342,380,385

- purity 379,380 - regeneration 380 - repe\1ent 374,375 - specificity 380,385,540 - stimulant 339 - substance-lists 373,540 - synthetic 378 -, thinning 270,379,380

chemosilviculture 372,379,381 chemosynthesis 342 chemotropy 47,50 chlorophy\1 106,140,219 chlorophy\1-less plants 219,222,340 chronocoenoses 309 chronology 104,317

Index

classifications 390, 416, 429 ff., 444 ff., 460, 479,512,547,555 -, hierarchical 512

classical vegetation-science 297 ff., 308-310, 312

clearcut 92,114,152,161,168,171,175,194, 196,220,224,228,259,329,330,335,363, 394,412,532

clearing 160 climagramme 550 climate 20,28,33,36,77,81,83,84,93,95,

117,156,159,169,179,186,202,227,264, 281,331,354,427,476,484,521 -, distribution 548

climatological climax 331, 409 ff., 427ff., 428,431,439,484,485,563

climax species 324,329 fr., 330, 439 climbers (see lianes) climbing stems 118 ff. clones 63,64,66,104,117,120,123,131,135,

511,520 codes 304,305,476 closure (see canopy, gap) co-dominant 180 coenon 18,308 co-evolution 441,451,515 cohesion, fluctuating 212,213,475, 476 cohorts 161,317,387 co\1apse, stage of 403,405,455-456, (555,

556) colonies, animals 307 colonisation 114,125,140,506;531,560 colours 411,442,444,525 commercial species 127,140,270,296,457 communication, internal 162,341,372,376,

397,409,413,448,450 communities 18,22,165,308,309,318,487,

525,539 comparison, agriculture/forestry 354,355,

358 -, biomass production 350,351

Index

eco-unit/tree 342 - gap/chablis 160,506 - individual/community 386 - nature/managed 398 - mosaic/ eco-unit 350ff., 363 ff., 401,

403,412,431,525,526,529 - weight-biomass 352 -, zero-event/shifting event 394,433

compartment 18,19,125,129,143,153,155, 166,175,215,226,295,295-337,314,315, 318,320,324, 341,346,365, 391, 524ff., 528,532 - biological types 299-300 - chemical 349,378 - choice 19,295,346,348, (524) - insect,216,(299) 382ff. - isolated 296 ff., 318,449 - population 295-299 - seed 442 - subterranean 19,197-231,216,217,

231, (353), 381, 383, 528, 534 - tree 8,166,299,324, 382ff., 385, 408,

429-430 compartmentalisation 18,19,129, 295ff.,

528-532 competition 82,169,185,231,250,290,291,

325,366,369-371,429,543 competitive plants 328,329 complex interactions 374 complexity 7,11,108,125,152,162,193,287,

294,310,320,355,366,401,426,452,459, (478),534,539

components 9,19,27,59,100,105-106,109, 138,140,141,143,153,165,167,236,295, 316,365,399,450,452,502,521,534,540, 547 - non-arborescent 109-152,181-185,

215,231-234,236,329,340,358,359, 365,366,399,456,464,466,479,485, 486,503,529,540,541

-, woody 419,502 compounds, protective secondary 374 concepts (see correspondance) concrete system 308 conflict, natural/ managed 398,410 conifers (see gymnosperms) connexus 216,226,317-321,318,319,332,

339,385 -, limitations 318ff.

conservation 518, 534, 562 - artificial 516 - ecosystems 316,387,467,469,516 - genotypes 296,516 - in situ 516,517 - species 316,387,406,467,469,516-

520

consumption 374,383,438,458,497,503 contagion 362,369,388 controlled burning 192,212 continuum 156ff.,161 convergence, animal 144,150

-, sites 484 conversion 4,7,17,180,253,449,467,470,

487,518,527,539 -, forest/savanna 553-554,555

coppice 27, 56ff., 57, 58ff., 104, 119, 196, 261-262,291,335

601

-, with-standards 57,60,171,250,253, 322

coppiced trees 40,57,58,107,110,113,171, 359

coprophages 226 correspondance, concepts 168,309,490,491 cotyledons 30 coverage, crown 284,300,305,496,501 creeping (see prostrated) criteriaformodels 10,18,19,20,21,45,100,

170, 179ff., 266,281, 299, 306,315, 361, 367,369,391,415,417,429,456,487,492, 499,527,547

crop 18,113,118,128,135,151,152,190,223, 244,245,296,316,320,355,358,511,521, 539,544 -, models 79,118,136,296, 352ff., 353,

358-366 crown 37,38,57,80,99,102,109,121,135,

180,192,234,243,272,284,312,336,344, 356,386,412,436,464,483,487,543 - architecture 355,356,369,372,445,

465, (487) - area index (CAl) 21 - canopy (see canopy) - expansion 110,122,177,178-179,

272,312, (386), 483, (487) - shyness 105 - space 369 -, tom-off 193,482,483

crown-depth 102,180-181 -, diagrams 102

crownlet (see sub-crown) cryptogamous plants 138-142, (297), 372, 494 cryptophytes 299 cuttings 37,56,57,63,452,510 ' cybernetics 391 cycles 338,354,428,492,493,509,536-537,

549,563 cyclic development 280 ff., 363, 366, 428,564 cyclone 20,193,393

D

damage 42,77,95,110,230,329,382,410, 453,543

602

damping-off 228 Dansereau codes 305 danserogrammes 304,305,496,498,501 data processing 300 daylength 546,554 DDT 378,380 dead-alley model 413,414,558 death 81,85,90,93,95,105,125,140,141,144,

163, 165,178, 179,186, 194, 195ff., 219, 222,223,230,276,379,385,396,484,528 -, clinical 194,195-197

decay 67,174,179,205,230,276 decomposer refugium 454 decomposition 53,151,190,201,222,227,

229,315,316,341,343,345,450,525 DECORANAmodel 496,499 decorative plants 138, 140,400 defaunated 439 defense mechanisms 76,342,421 deficiency 219,221 deforestation 8,194,244,350,399,426,518,

527,549,554 -, and diseases 519

degeneration 515 degradation 194,223,244,286,349,350,416,

439,453,550,556 -, phase 167-168,181,186-195,230,

237, 238ff., 245-247, 402, 416, 447ff., 487,491, 502 ff.

dendrochronology 83, (317) dense phase 173 denuded land (see landscape) description 9,176,304, 311ff., 372, 485, 506,

549 destabilisation, 193, 202, 206, (230) 454 desynchronisation 104,197 deterministic/random 511,515,525,548,

558,564 -, approach 506,515

detritivores 226, 304,306 development 510

-, stage 487 -, states 176ff.,181

developmental tendency 180 devitalisation 515 diagnosis (inc\. symptoms) 6,83, 98-1IW,

125,140,159,179,195,219,221,231,236, 238,281,310,312,343,371,390,402,417, 432,476,502,507

diameter 69,83,94,95,98,102,113,130,185, 330,362,395,398,529

dicotyledons 130,131 dieback (see death or forest) diet 79,80,182,183,226,321,339,423 differentiation 37,48,63,66,114,122,123,

311

diffusiometer 354 diffusion equations 362

Index

dimensions 21,22,68,94,98,136,338,391 dioxin 378, 380 dipterocarps 39,41,63,66,77,105,169,216,

219,272-276, 332, 335, 376, 377, 424, 451, 499,503

disease 20,141,152,163,169,188-189,195, 222,224,236,329,337,355,358,359,404, 527,563 -, cycles 519ff. -, tropical human 518ff.

dispersal 37,77,107,117,123,127,145,164, 220,226,299,323,330,342,343,397,398, 400ff.,406-407,409, 439, 440,441,442-445,450,528 - agent 77, 144, (226), 398,406,408,

409,437,441,444,445,446,521,528 -, offeranddemand 442-445,443 -, unit 444,445

distribution 96,163,174,181,220,224,282, 367, 373, 390ff., 436, 448, 557 -, biomass 351,352

disturbance 20,160, 195, 307, 393,410,518, 539

diversity 125,166,182,225,243,298,365, 372,382,390,410,414,428,436,442,447, 448,452,456,481,516,517,533,546 -, potential 410,517

djougoung-pete 209,210 dominance 83, 180 dominant species 298,330 dorsiventral 142ff.,151 dosages 10,137,339,373,378,379,381,540 drilosphere 216-217 driving forces 365, 372ff., 379,417,484, 549 dropping (see excrement) drought 20,81,97,138,169,179,195,230,

396,427,433,496,499 dryforests 36,58,59,61,87,109,117,127,

137,202,207,208,223,251-252,253-256,254,374,437,442,470,486,496,498, 528

dunes 403 dynamics, forest 169, 186ff., 231, 282,309,

315,317,359,431,485-494,508,509, 527

E

early successors 329, (531) earthquakes 194,195,393,403 earthworms 142, 151, 200, 216,225,226,230,

316,454,534,535 ECEREX experiment 243 ff., 246, 248 ecocide 379,380,456 ecological balance 137,169,348,450

Index

- communication 341 - cost-benefit 346,562 - equivalence 244, 247,254 - fabric 317,450 - factor 156,324 - filters 109-110 - functions 225,287,382-387 - impellors 372-382 - interactions (see interactions) - interference 507,532,543 - maturity 197 - poison (see poison) - production 67 - resource 310 - state 173 -, time(seeorganict.)

economic maturity 197 economics 69,136,137,180,197,292,327,

(332), 426, (455), 510, 521, 527,556 ecophysiology, 105, 141, 165, (238), (310)

316,317,335,345,350,358,366,381,393, 396,528,552

ecosystem 7,93,104,113,125,142,151,152, 153,157,162,190,215,227,295,298,308, 345,346,373,527,528

ecosystems, large 552-557 ecotone 390 ecotope 366,369 eco-unit 16,18,19,100,113,153,216,227,

320,340,367,378,414,487,493,498,526, 547 - appearing 402,403, 416ff., 424, 427,

448,462 - architecture 166,169,193,372,483 - artificial 224,234, 253,272 ff., 382-

385,399 - average-lived 402 - border 156ff., 169,261,264,268,276-

277, 286, 287 fr., 413,415, 436, 464, 466, 473,479,480,497,506

- classes 402 ff., 523, 524 - communication 160 - composition 389,390,399,401,408-

410,416-419,428,441,448,452,462, 463,468,479,481,482,483,497, 502ff., 522,523, 524 .

- death 165,194,195-197 - definition 155,161,165,177,194-195,

315, 352ff., 354,387,506, 507 - delimitation 155,159,184 - development 166-167,174,176,190-

191,209,215,221,222,224,239, 240ff., 246, 247, 248, 270-272, 292, 304,306,307,324,391,461,462,472, 478,508

- distribution 392

603

- dominating 402,416 ff., 428, 448, 470, 473

- environment 329ff. - examples 231-295 -, filtering layer 162,230, 264 - flow-chart 340 - fragmentation (see fragmentation) - frequency 427 - fusion (see fusion) - herbaceous 455 - heritage 160,202,234 - identical 239,507,522 - interaction 400,452,479,480,522,

523,529,533,543,546 - intermediate (see e. medium) - large 161,169,189,194,221,231-252,

329,330,358,363,379,400,403,408, 429,452,455,465,533

- late pioneer 402,416,473 - limit length 417 - living-system 162, 266, 272 - longevity 402, 409, 416ff. - medium-sized 161,252-266,330,424,

457,470,473 - model 356 - mosaic 315,351,387,391,431,433 - network 436,437,467,473,474,494,

497 - origin 160,263-264 - phase 113,157,167,186, (329) - pioneer 194,205,213,379,400,402,

408, 416ff., 424, 433, 452, 455, 457, 465, 470,473

- production 186 - properties 165,177,181,202,222,

266,287,291,315,341,376,528,549 - relation diagram 339,340,341,342,

343 - replacement 186,190,196-197,267,

(276),379,424,452,508 -, reproduction 162ff. - root-compartment 197-231 - sealing 287 - self-regulation 378 - short-lived 402,409,416ff.,473 -, size 195-197,358,532,533 - small-sized 161,194,197,266-293,

329,330,351,429,533,535 - subsystem 402-403 - subterranean 197-231 - succession 19.5-197 - successor 402,416ff.,424,433 - surface 160,186,261,266,276,430 - surrendering 402,416ff.,427 - survival 162 - transferoffunctions 382-387

604

translocation 162,341,342 - tree, comparison 342 - treeless 436,494,499, 508,509, 539 - trees 322 ff., 329 ff. -, type 171,329,523,524

ectomycorrhizae 216,218,424 ecuilibrium 402,405,427 -452, 433,455,460-

463, 470ff.,472, 474, 475, 476,477, 478, 479,482,483,484,506,533,544 -, spelling 403,405,427,533

edaphon 215-227 efficiency, dispersal 447

-, energy-nutrients 339 -, physiological 352

eggs 144,145,147,148,163,230,318,380,440 elasticity 101,120 elephant 142,321,436-437,439,445

-, regulation 437 elimination 178-179,229,236,287,290,329,

372,515,527,540 -, stage 403,405,452-455,476,506,

515 emergents 415 empirical 179,265,333,369,371,457 end species 230 endomycorrhizae 216,218 endozoochory 300 energy 11,18,61,67,78,81,124,201,222,

316, 321, 344ff., 393, 428 -, exchange 67,124,141,316 -, cycle 338,549,550

entomofauna 227,404 environment (see site)

- abiotic 186,340,523,524, 549 ff. - crowded 325,326 - direct 325,386, (513,515) -, open 325

environmental inputs 92,385, (410) enzymes 374ff. ephemeral 326,327,484 epicormic shoots (also see suckers) 56 epidemics 195,222ff.,518ff.

-, three-step development 519 epidermis 135 epidermal lenses 377,378 epiphylls 124 epiphyte niches 182 epiphytes 124-127,137,140,181,190-192,

198,207,301,330,473,414,488 equilibrium (see ecuilibrium) erosion 107, 114, 186, 193, 208, 296,349, 403,

404,456 escape 387,451 establishment, seedlings 291 eU(;alypts 10,41,45,58,61,68,92,226,332,

378,406,521

Index

evaporation, energy 78,550 -, transpiration 348,353,550, 554

even-aged 161,236,238,259,291,317,350, 417,423,492,493,533

event (also see zero-event) 344 evolution 39,101,106,325,373,510-522,

525,550 exactitude 10,23,310-311,321,333,355,389,

485,559 examples (see forest examples) excesses 137, (224), 379, 455, 542 excrements 397,437,440,525 experiments, forest 240-245,253,291,367-

371, (379), 381, 399, 404, 424, 527,557 exotic species 8,163,171,188, (234), 238, 332,

377,399,407,456,467,468-469,484,521, 524,557

exozoochory 300 expansion 143,178-179 explanation 9,14,100,105,288,291,310,

338,366,381,388,401,413,441,478,515, 517,549

exploitation, of environment 308,455 -, forest 335,455

exposition 189,264,457, 470ff. extension 94, 291 extinction 8,162,244,360-361,385,510,514,

517,531,564 exudation 76

F

factor 354,478 facultative parasite 222 families of regulating substances 374,381 fauna 182,449 feedback, 68,75,79, 110, 124, 162,169,284,

(309) 322,340,341,342,353,441,532 - abiotic 341,514 - architectural 372 - climatic 554 - community 514,532 - interspecific 169,514,532 - multilevel 512,514 -, two-level 511,514

feeding 320,371 femelwald 252 fermentation layer 199-201 ferns 9,27,39,71" 124,125, 138, 1~9, 473,

485,488,508 fertilisation 163,407,450 fertiliser 4,43,223,296,355 figs 53,124,127,129,440,441 filariose 518 filtering 110,162,171,175,230,264,341,396,

397,525 final forest 490,491

Index

fire 20,160,161,186,187,192-193,197,212, 241,244,255,329,357,391,393,396,403, 433,453

firewood 107,171,250,394,411,516 fisheye 356,357,369 fishes 142,145,147 fitness 518,520,521 flexibility 107,114,120,127,148,216,272,

320,323,335,385,453,514,515,534,562-563

floodplains 189,193 flooding (see inundation) floristic (see species composition)

-, identity 507 flow models 315,358,359 flowchart (see relation diagram) flows 11,78,79,159,175,217,310,321,338,

348,353,358,366,428,537,539,549 flowering 33,34,37,38,62,77,104,114,135,

190,326,329,336,442,450-452 -, synchronicity 440

fluctuations 159,212,213,228,355 fluidity, eco-unit 411 flush 96 flux (see flow) flying 142,144,148,406,446 food chains 143,338,341,399

- compartments 306, 556 - plants 118,136,137,182,247,400,

458,516 - pyramid 151,338 -, webs 318,319,338,366

forcing functions 353,355,359,361,378 forecast 10,90,92,159,169,176,(212),243,

315,332,359,361,385,391,395,427,506, 522,531,556,559

forerunners 180,236 forest 227,448

- acidification 298 - architecture (see architecture) - blocks, arbitrary 316 - borders: exposition (see exposition) - canopy (see canopy) - clearing (see land cl.) - compartment (see compartment) - component 59,100,119,125,138,

140,142,143,145,161,165,173,176, 253,321,325

- conservation 5,296,316,426 - decline (see f. dieback) - degradation (see degradation) - development 6, 159ff., 161,168,176,

227,228-229,245,297,303,556 - dieback 125,141,187,188,202,215,

231,349,453,542 - district 401

605

- dwellers 145,160,382,399,408,417, 424,449

- eternal 401 - examples 266-267, 294ff. - - Mrica 486

- Antilles 286, 287 ff. - - Australia 58,219,226,375,382-

385,431,435,516,529,530-531 - Austria 280, 284 ff., 285, 462, 492,

493 - - Belgium 543 ff., 546-547 - - Brazil 246, 247ff., 304,306, 458,

475,476,539,540-541 - Brunei 476-479,477

- - Cameroun 424 - Canada 187,320,557 - Central Mrican Republic 458 - Central Europe 168,280-282

- - China 411,516,522 - - Colombia 206,207,256 ff., 258,

411 - - Costa Rica 147,214,223,302,303,

331, 374, 411, 419, 423 ff., 506, 535, 538,540,543,544-545

- Cote d'Ivoire 13,99,175,194,199, 248ff.,251-252, 253 fr., 276ff.,277, 292,298,311-314,350,389,413, 437,488,546 Czekoslovakia 281,282,428,430, 462

- Denmark 94,350,351 - Ecuador 128-129,194,208,

256 ff., 301, 382, 424, 431,433, 473, 474,546 Europe 171,182,224,408,423, 437 ff., 466, 539

- - Finland 356,357,358, 526 - - France 56,113,168,175,188,213,

231-234,261-262,278, 279 ff., 368-369,395,398,460-463,461,463, 494 ff., 496 ff., 497,500-501

- - Gabon 49,122,149,203,419,429, 437,447,448,449,543,555 Gambia 390 Germany 86,125,157,168,174, 177,188,386,389,462,489

- - Great Britain 209,366, ,462 - - Greenland 557 - - Guyanas 54,55,102,117,123,

129,147,190-192,194,206,209-210,211,213,240-245, 246ff., 409, 416,417,419,418,420-422,442-445,448,476,487,488

- - Hungary 318,319 - - India 99,272,481

Indonesia 4,46,61,125,169,219,

606

250,272-276, 389ff., 396, 413, 428, 429,478,479-481,480,503,528, 539

- - Israel 473 - - Italy 259-200,492,493 - - Japan 282-284,292-293,362,431,

432,470 - - Kenya 208,436-437 - - Malaysia 151,250,476-479,477,

527,528 - - Mediterranean 34,117,193,458,

459,470,471,472,473,546 Mexico 112,113,144,164,168, 381,439 ff., 446-447,502-506,504

- - Netherlands 54,60,86,99,134, 172-173,212,234-238, 238ff., 256-257,262 ff., 263,269,270,288-291, 304,305,323,353,355,369,370-371,416,418,448,449,464,465, 467-470,468,469,495,496,499, 521,542,543,546

- - New Zealand 250,382-385,507-508,509

- - Panama 448 - - PapuaNewGuinea 99,194,249,

250ff.,508 - - Peru 458 - - Philippines 138 - - Poland 228-229,267-268,462 - - Portugal 356 - - Puerto Rico 345, 346, 528 - - Singapore 182,184 - - Southeast Asia 476-479,477 - - Spain 472,473 - - Sri Lanka 413,415 - - Sudan 254-256 - - Suriname 15,96,183,239, 240ff.,

270-272,439,459,540 - - Thailand 102,103,528 - - Transvaal 496,498

U. SA 161,168,186-187,188, 194,199-200,204,205,207,223, 264ff., 265, 279, 282, 327,360-361, 362-365,364,373,382,413,439, 445,484,497,521,555 U.S.S.R. 356,357,358

- - Venezuela 351,429,433,437,553-554,555

-, -, Zaire 481-483,482 - experiments 240ff. - exploitation 190,194,243,519 - fertilisation 43,79,344,355,358,407,

539ff. - fragility 534 - floor 123,185,186,190-191,198,458 - grazing 439

Index

- health 140,(221),222,379,385-386, 452

- humanised 312,410 - inventories 549 - land 165 - management 5,69,192,195,250,272,

317,362,382,386,387,390,410,426, 437,450,483,490,506,516,519,527, 549

- marsh 253,256,286,496 - mosaic 103,109,144,153,155,157,

168, 176ff., 194,227,243,276,281,282, 341,362,388,395,433,486,489,497, 510,518,547

- natural (see forest, virgin) - parklike 439 - photology 543-546,543 - prehistorical local 399 - primary 164,241,246,312,329 - pristine (see f. virgin) - production 142, 296, 345, 346ff.,350 - products 113,118,125,128,137 ff.,

140,381 ff., 426, 442, 450 - protection 141,151,195,308 - reconstitution 408 - reconstruction 399,426 - regeneration 119,162,163,165,186,

196,221,335,336,431,525,532 - relics 253,262,282,293,426,449,470,

472 - reserves 5,14,280,284 - robust 534 - scale-drawing 155,302 - secondary 113,137, 164, 240ff., 329,

410ff., 418, 431 - soils 198 ff., 201, 454-455, 460, 535 ff. - stability 533 - state 113,125,141,390,392 - succession (see succession) - transect 10,11,156,231,252,266-

267,302-303,315,483 - type 143,297,389,401,431,436,447,

488,501,552 - variability 548 - virgin 102,113,168,171,174,177,

243, 256,267 - 268, 282, 296, 362,393, 430,435,437,462,487,493,543

-, vitality (see vitality) forestry 3-5,9,53,66,69,79,90,128,137,

222,238,272,296,315,323,355,385,407, 453,510,516,527,548 -, and lianes 119 -, classical European 358

FORET model 359ff.,360-361,391 fork 102 fossiltrees 74,101,367

Index

founder hypothesis 513,521 fractal scaling 367 fragmentation 120,168,175,197,236,239,

243, 246ff.,248, 249,253, 259,260, 267, 284,288,289,317,329,330, 363ff., 365, 379,388,391,393,404,407 -408, 410, 416, 418,448,453,467,473,479,490,492,494, 532,533,534,542 - artificial 335,395,453 - early 234,243,247,254,261,396,400,

411,417,490,491,526 - late 238,246, 264ff., 265,284,287,

335,490 -, and fusion, rule of 561-562

fragments 476,477,479,480 fragmented innovation 197,239 ff., 406-407 freak years 77, 195, 403 free trunk 102, 428 frequency 104,160,194,212,303,362,417,

448,505 frost 169 frugivores 181,230,374,397, (440),447 fruit 106,135,136, 181ff., 190,247,275,374,

444-445,525 - offer-demand 442-445,443 - fruit production 37,62,63,69,77,83,

104,135,182,333,336,445,446,450-452

-, types 275,444-445 functional shift (see transfer) fungi 9,109,124,138,139, 140ff., 144,165,

169,189,193,200,205,216,226,275,291, 316,419-424,527,542,549 -, non-mycorrhizal 222-223

fungus-insect relationships 374,383 fusion 262,276,282, 284,285-286,288-293,

317,329,332,388,391,416,417,428,430, 467,468, 472, 473, 476ff., 479, 483, 490, 492,532,533,535,542 -, premature 436 -, rule of (see fragmentation)

G

gallery forest 99,191, 253ff. gamblers 429, 432 game 152,299,316,439,449

-, management 449-:450 gap 18,28,153,323,366,388,431,436,448,

462,506,528-529,532,543,546 - border, (see eco-unit, b.) - -, 431 - -, allogenic 457, (462),543 - -, autogenic 431,457,(462) - definition, (see eco-unit, d.) - model 156,195,266,358-366,506,

507,528

607

-, phase 160,195,266, 359ff.,431,435, 507,532

-, requirements 323 gas exchange 354 gene 510,511 ff.

-, dominant 511 -, pool 515 -, recessive 511

generalist, biological 323,405,408,442 genet 136 genetics 31,83,104,138,296,559 genetic, availabilities 510

- diversity 419ff. - drift 511 - information 397,400 - level, privileged 512 - message (see g. information) - reservoir 510 -, system 18,105,562

genome 510 -, transmission 510,511

genotype 171,296,323,332,334,382,399, 510,518

geographical 138,156,224,261,282,294, 330,331,521

geology 476,477,478 geometrical pattern (also see grid) 413 germination 30,77,122,140,146,163,164,

171,192,210,244,317,323,359,397,428, 445,502-503, 525, 543, 545 -, requirements 322,323 -, temperament 322ff.,529

germplasm 510 giant 108,244,436,437 gigantism 108,367,561 glaciation 467,514,522,550 gradient 156, 158, 268,287,389-393,404,

421,436,442,507,528,533,547,557 -, modeling 156,390 -, modulated 159,533

grafting 56,63,65,66,386 grass and innovation 234,454 grasses 109,114, 131ff., 136, 137, 156, 234,

244,255,313,330,332,375,403,454,469, 494,495,541

grassification 137, (244), 496,499 gravity 300, 529 ' grazers 229,230,256,344,436-439 greenhouse 97,522, (550) gregarious 410 grid analysis, 12, 14;156,304,(357),367,

(496) 548 ground truth 431,432,479 groundwater 199,209,211,212,542 group-cutting 161,252,412 groups, regulating substances 374

608

growing season 96 -, space 366,369,370,371

growth 67,73,85 ff., 95, 390ff. - and-yield 156,238,300,335, 352ff.,

358,527 - arrested 97, 177 - continuous 31,97 - curve 85-90,100 - direction 543 - dynamics 113,367 - determinate 30,131 - factor 371 - form 110 - height 31,90-91,94,95,96,100,101,

130,169 - modulations 95 - old (see old) - pattern 130,162,211,367 - performance 323,439 - phase 90,94 - population 325ff. - potential 180,325 - primordial 90 - rate 86,90-91,232,247,288,290,328,

330 - ring 68,74,81,83,86,87,92,93,96,

290,356 - rhythms 96,104 - rhythmic 30,48 -, tricyclic 90

guilds 189,230,316,318,385,534 gymnosperms 30,34,53,54,63,66,70,74,82,

86,93,99,102,179,186-188,192,219,234-238, 264,265, 281, 282ff., 348, 354, 398, 423,445,470-473,492,493,508,521,539, 543,546

H

h/ d ratio 99 ff., 179 ff., 283, 284 h /h ratio 102ff.,179ff. habitat 142,160,184,365,414,428,436,448,

(479),516,521,552 -, preferences 448,531-532

half-tolerant (see semi-tolerant) hapaxanthy 77,135 hardwood species 179, 188ff. hardy species 169,221,228,234,405,411,

439,452,456,457,515 harmonisation, methods 294

-, species/environment 521 harvesting 69,165,168,172,223,243,252,

259,266,335,454,532 -, consequences 455,532

hatching 525 health (see forest, tree)

-, human (see human)

heartroot 45,53 heartwood 74 heather family 127,185,366,458,469 hedge 97,406,408,457

Index

height 90-91,98,102,169,179,261,304,305, 327,330,412,529 -, class 180,305 -, diameter, eco-unit 266 -, growth (see growth) -, levels 413

heliophiles 190, (322 ff.) herbicides 373 herbivores 151,169,182,339,397,408,423,

481,547 -, large 436-439

herbs 9,23,50,95,96,109,113-118,169,173, 185,192,228,229,291,299, (312),376, 408, 411,412,418-419,436,437,473,533,539, 542

heterogeneousness 230, 243ff., 248, 252, 261, 267,351,352,416,460

heterotrophs 224,363,365 hierarchical classification 298

-, selection (see selection) hierarchies 16,18,19,20,22,29,37,67,68,79,

105,109,140,155,159, 162ff., 166,227, 243,281,295,308,309,310,320,340,352, 362,378,382,388-389,410,431,442,476, 490,510,512,523,524,532-534,555,559

hierarchy, broken 413 -, inverted 513

Holdridge triangle 550 holism/reductionism 560 homeorrhesis 175 homeostasis 67,175,250 homogeneous 176,250,297,315,389,410 homogenisation 247,301 ff., 404,406 honey (see nectar) hoplexols 309,311-316,412, 496

-, contents 313 hormones 67,81,110,372,373,378,379 hospitality (see site h.) host 141,148,218 human artefacts 125

- eye 307 - factor 316,332 - forest-component 316,332,549 - health,381ff.,(510) 516-520,556 - health and forest management 520 - impact 100,112,194,248,286,332,

342, 356, 411, 426, 452, 467, 470ff. - population 143,144, (243), 382, 386,

424,450 - prey 150 -, remanence 420

humidity 169

Index

humification 200,347,348 humus 151,181,199-201,206,238,284,341,

376 -, desintegration 454 -, forms 201,376

hunting 316,344,437,438,450 hurricane 193,394,404,427,438,453 hydrochory 300 hydrological 101,124,140,165,204,211,348,

353,389,451 hyphae 140,218,219,275 hypothesis 9,53,105,505,506,507,515,550,

555,559

ice rains 344 idealisation 302 ff., 413 immobilisation 354 immunity 380 impact, biotic 186,187 ff., 342

-, emotional 187,372 impellor 343,372,378,379,380,381,382,

383,384,385,398,440,442,525,540 -, design 381 -, natural system 381,382-385 -, driven processes 382-385,440

increment 88,89,93,95,169,356,487,527, 528 -, cores 292

indicator 83,84,113,125,138,140,297,298, 311,361,436,484,485,495,508,547 -, undue 507

individual 162 infiltration 114,212 inflorescence 106,114,115,135,136,366 information 11,16,162,321,322,343,403,

421,423,510,521,522,525,563 - activated 400,525 - bearers 163,343,375,400,424,525 - flow 374,375 -, loss 369, 561

inheritance 511ff. inhibition 110, 375ff. inoculation 219,220,221,223 inorganic matter 200 innovation phase 166-168,169-170,186,

192,195,196,198,221,227-228,231-234, 240-245,261,363,376,428,447,448,502, 529,543 -, preparation of 195 -, species 169,221,230,261,324,376,

400,405 input-output relationships 9,18,19,67,69,

70,73,80-81,124,217,311,320,342,357, 523,524

inputs 348,404

609

-, abiotic 523,524,525 -, from mosaic 404

insects 41,107,110,142,144, 145, 148-1~, 160,165,169,174,181 ff., 184,185,186, 190,225,226,238,316,372,374,375,408, 419ff.,535ff.

insect compartment 184,216,304,306,307, 318-319,320, 376, 38Uf. -, life-space 182,184 -, traps 306,307

insecticides 307 insectivores 169, 225 inside-outside 162 installation, stage 396,403,405,403-411,

410,456,494,495, (532) -, -, monotony 410-411

integrated control (see biological c.) intensity 194 interaction diagram (see relation d.) interactions 104,109,110,152,161,169,185,

190,201,212,216,219,222,309,317-321, 332,333,334,341,369,391,423,444,466, 478,481,499,503,510,524,529,535

interactions, hierarchical 337,391 -, omitted 362

interactive effects 394 interactors 513, 514 interception 524,533, 543,546 interdisciplinary studies 311 interface, disease/human 519

-, plant/animal 442,443,444,445,516 -, root/soil 535

intermast 451, 453 intermediate architecture 36 internal clock 451

-, organisation 185 internode, simulation 366 ff., 367 interwoven forests 288,397,507 inundation 20,77,97,160,186,193,209,212,

349,427,475,476,492,542,552 invaders 247,287,329,379,456 invasion, roots 457 inversion level 50Uf.

-, morphological 102 in-vitro multiplication 66,511,520 irradiation (see radiation) irreversibility, rule of 563-564 irreversible 454,481,534 island, biological 362,388,408,449,529, (559)

-, biogeography 449,507 isobars 159 iso-curves 158,159 isohyetes 159 isolated compartments (see compartments) isoluxes 159,543 isotherms 159

610

J

JAWOBAfamily 359 -, model 358ff.

jugung-paytay (see djougoung-pete) juvenile 28,45,114,130,417

K

K-strategy 325,402 K-r-strategy 325,326, 327 K-r-strategy, shift 336,515 kaleidoscopic mosaic 427-428,427,433,452 key, European forest-types 310

- event 253,400,403,405,451 - fruittypes 444-445 - function 101 - moment 90-91 - population 393 -, species 393

key-and-lock 163,222,234,243,400 KIAMBRAM model 359,529-532,530,531

L

laggers 180 lammas shoot 96 land clearing 404 ff., 406,407,417,424,455,

467,470 -, use 160,(296),355,392,404,518,535,

554,564 -, unit 297,389,391,527

landscape 109,114,155,313,341,359,362, 365,388,390,552-557 -, denuded 400ff., 402, 455

landslide 114 large-herbivore dilemma 438 larvae 148,169,189,226,383 late secondary species 324

-, successors 329 -, pioneers 247,392 -, tolerant species 322

layer 169,175,176,180,221,227-231,292, 304,311,397,400,412,414,415,468,495, 496,533

layering 56,57,65,66,119-120,123,414,415, 487,492,533 -, from below 175,250

L-dopa 375 leaching 540ff. leaf 69,70,71,78,99,104,110,128,136,180,

305,328,354,429,533 - abscission 372 - area index (LAI) 21, (362),528,535,

538,543 - canopy models 354,543 - iridescence 376,377,378

Index

-, mass 18,312,354,533,543 -, shape spectrum 300, 301,305 -, sheen 376

lecythidaceous trees 441,442 legumes 56,58,59,74,87,95,107,121,179,

190,199,200,208,223-224,226,247,292, 332,335,348,374, 419 ff., 424, 451, 512, 515,521

Leibundgut model 486-490,491 leishmanniose 518,519 lens-shaped physiognomy 167,169,172,259,

263,264,267,275 lethal products 373,377

-, selection 510ff.,513 -, treshold 335

levels (systems) 18,21,22,29,104,105,109, 140,159,166,227,243,281,287,295,307, 313,321,340,352,358,362,363 ff., 366, 372,379,382,410,414,435,442,490,499, 506,523, 524, 559 ff.

lianes 107,117,118-124,137,182,255,279, 286,292,301,321,330,408,411,436,528, 533 -, role 171,182,248,286-287,321,379,

408,412,436,437,473,474 lianeblanket 171,248

-, curtains 287,436 -, support 118,120, 121

liberation 95,177,190 lichen 124,125,139,224,299,494 life cycle 88-89,108,141,148, 197ff.,423,

441,518 -, keyed 441 -, plants 419,423 -, modulations 92-98

life form spectrum 300 - forms 182, 299ff., 301, 304, 305, 324,

328,488 -, histories, 324, (328) 414 -, span 7,27,69,77,90-91,169,212,

247,330,332,378,391,392,409 light (also cf. radiation) 80,97,297,533,543-

546,547 - interception 285,291,300,354,479,

480,533,543 - demanding species 28,290,322,324,

329,494,495 - regime 323,533 - requirements 322 - spectrum 545 -, transmission 543,546

ligniculture (also cf. plantation, wood) 296, 394

limiting factor 354,390, (539) limits 9,12,16,37,115, 156ff., 159,166,169,

176,185,264,304,339,366,389-393,563

Index

eco-unit (see eco-unit, definition) - individual organism 386 - natural 12,14,16,19,37,156,161,

167,177,264,297,337,339,361,389, 506,548

- non-living 390ff. - silvicultural 426 - spatial 12,14,16,22,156,177,261,

297,389-393 -, temporal 14,16,22,159,170,393-394

line plantings 457 lingering trees 180,181 litter 53,55,68,162,171,181,198,199-201,

202,206,217,221,227,229,259,283,313, 314,316,320,328,341,345,347,375,376, 377,383,399,454,479,525,528,529,549 - accumulation 387,399,464,466,

(479) -, cycle 354ff.,383ff. -, decomposers 316,347,373,375,424,

450 living systems 18, 339,340, 372,390,476, 483,

548 lizards 143 location,offactors 372,381 lock-and-key, (see key) logging, (see harvest, wood) longevity 7,46,109,176,185,244, (297), 328,

378,409,534 long-term 215,427 lopping 59,61 loss, eco-units 452 losses, energy-matter 339,350,359,528,540 loxodontochory 300

M

machines, heavy 160 macroclimate 228,252, 307

- elements 346,355 - fauna 225, 228 - gradients 436

macrorhizae 46,47,76,199,202 malaria 518,519,520 mammals 143-144,150,169,173,181,182,

291,359,424 manageable models 11,152,165,184,320,

322,335,339,349,355,366,374,460,478, 483

managed forest 148,161, 168,215, 234ff., 238ff., 250,252, 300, 322, 327, 438,490

management, options 344 manager, forest 335,510 man-made 8,112,113,142,161,272,349,

366,515,539 mangrove forest 48,53,66,151,203,209,286,

287,527,552

mapping 21,22,391,397,447,494,507, 527 ff., 548, 550, 552

marcotting 57,66 marsh (see swamp) marsupials 226,409,419 mass, flowering 442

-, blown 525 -, standing 487,492

mast, fruiting 450-452 -, years 77,104,(190),329,450-452

matter-and-energy 337 ff., 393

611

mature phase 157,175,185,227,529, (555) maturity 38,90-91,173,193,197,478,484 Mayan forestry 3,166,168,170,173,175,186 measuring method 159,321,348,366,528 mechanical treatment 234,241, 243, (329),

380,404,417,418 medicinal plants 59,316,373,381 ff.,400 megafauna 439 megaphylls 299 meranti family (see dipterocarps) meristems 30,31,32,33,37,42, 47ff., 68, 83,

95,130,131,163,299,379,545 meristem, double-function 30

-, mutation 511 mesofauna 225 metabolism 143,144,145 metamorphosis, architectural 28

-, insect 148 meteorological extremes 453 mice 424 microbivores 226

- climate 228,243,287,376,524,533 - coenon 18,308,309,484 - coenose 308, 309 - element 346ff.,355 - fauna 140,225,376,404 - flora 376,404 - gradients 436 - habitat 308 - organisms 109,151,200,216,342,376 - relief(see soil) - sites 400,404,407,418,420

migration 8,141,142,144,148,164,192,196, 234,241,341,380,400,440,514,521,531, 563

mineralisation 200,201, 454-4S5 mineral cycles 549 miniaturisation 106-107,108, 109,110, 114,

125 minimal structural area 389 mini-systems 372 miracle species 172,221 misharvest 296 mixed axes 32,58

-, concepts 173,175

612

- forests 238,266,276,315,317,326, 358,360-361,369,395,399,460,467, 486ff., 492,493, 497, 526,527, 533, 536-537, 543

mobility, animal 142 ff., 307 -, pattern 162 -, plants 190-191

model 9,10,21,110,295,361,393 - architectural 21,22,30,36,50,114,

178,244 - conform phase 28,30,33,36,39,44-

45,100,179 - conformity 30,34,38,42,50,99,110,

178, 179 - criteria 10,18,19,244,333,338 - dead-alley 413 - descriptive 9,176, (196), 304, 372,

506 - explanatory 9,100,176,190-191,359,

523 - four-level 547 - geometrical 322ff.,354 - graphical 507 - 509 - incomplete 296 ff. - landscape ecology 552-557 - linking 366-372,393 - manageable (see manageable) - management 490,527 - mathematical 161,332,358,367,390,

484,492,506,559 - mixed stand 276,279,358, 486ff.,

527,533 - numerical 322ff.,492,493 - renewable resources 555,556 - silvological 361 - stand 356ff., (478), 487 - theoretical 495 - three-level 478,506 - two-level 352,353,357, 359ff., 361,

362,367,369-371,372,506,508,543 moder humus 201,202,454 modulation 159,352,363,399,401,419,421,

422,484,555,556,563 - circadian, daily 92,98,458 - life-cycle 92 - seasonal 96-97,458 - years 95,363 -, yearly 92,95

molecules 373 ff. -, families 374,381 -, lifespan 379,380

monitoring 6,103,125,159,550 monkeys 15,143,181,182,321,338,399,440,

445,481,516 monocarpy 77 monocotyledons 30,50,110, 114, 124, 127-

Index

138,190-191,192,209,210,256,301,485, 488,508

monocultures 109,197,317,354, (358), 369, 404,406,407,410,533

monoculture, weaknesses 109,404,534 mono layers 354 monopodium 32,48,131,291 monospecific 410 monotony, installation stage 410-411 montane forest 193,209,223,280-285,301,

349,470 ff., 473,474,492-493 mor humus 201,202,221 morphological inversion 102 morphology 18,311,328 mortality 160,162,164,185,188,190,212,

224,231,284,317,344,359,393,428,438, 484,507 ff., 557 -, mode of 195,438

mosaic (see forest, silvatic) mosquito 148, 411 moss carpet 140,466 mosses, 9,39,109,124,125, (129) 139,140,

173,185,284,291,299,466,494,508,528 mull humus 201,202 multilayers 354 multiplication, seeds 37, 120ff.

-, spores 138 -, vegetative (see vegetative m.)

museum mosaic 467 mushroom 140,141 mutation 510,511,559

-, potential 517 -, survival effects 512

mutualism 124,141,222,375,386,514 mycelium 140,141,221,222,276 mycorrhizae 9,73,141,169,202,208,216-

222,224,226,275,386,452,455,499,503, 513,535

myrmecophilous 421,425

N

nanophylls 299 natural enemies 385

- limits (see limits) - substances 378 - systems 4,7-8,16,113,171,426,467,

543 nature-conforming forestry 90,222, (238),

316,381,410, (426),438,494 nature conservation 195,282,387,393,426,

437,439, 449ff.., 516,549, 552, 563 necromass 151,184,229,340,375,523,524,

525 -, accumulation 230

necrophages 226 necrosphere 340,341,343,523,525

Index

nectar 440,441 needle (see leaf) NeIder experiment 369,370-371 nematodes 141,142,151, 188ff., 216, 225,

'226,231,291,383 ff., 384 neo-natural mosaic 407,439,467, 468-4/l},

484,542 neoteny 114 network (see eco-unit n.) niche 148,171,173,184,190-191,223,230,

291,329,365,372,399,419,448,458,525, 533

nitrogen 219,223 - cycle 224,338,347,539,549 -, fixation 200,216,223,224,347 -, indicators 297 -, input 69,539

noosphere 549 normal 102,148,398,413,427,453,558 normalcy, silvicultural 394 ff., 398,412

-, silvigenetic 394ff.,412 notions (see correspondance) numbers 10,11,102,104,110,114,136,152,

172,193,196,227,266,297,300,325, 333 ff., 354, 377, 398, 417, 427, 524,530

nursery 214,220,221,451 nutrients 48,67,78,81,124,141,198,202,

217,219,316,321,374,421,535,536-537, 539,540-541,553 -, organic 125,140

nutrient, balance-sheets 539,540

o

- cycles 217,224,242-243,347,348, 358,366

- distribution 72,217,218,374,421, (540)

- loss 339 - saturation 224 - uptake 376,536-537

oaks 33,34,52,59,60,61,96,112,174,181, 186,231,238,239,261-262, 263-264,284-287,285,288-291,318-320,331,348,367, 369,398, 402ff., 410, 429, 445, 450, 451, 457,464,465,467, 470ff., 473, 494, 495, 515,534,536-537

oasis 137 objective/subjective 10,316, 410ff. oculation 66 offer and demand, (see dispersal) offspring 114,125,441 old-age phase 487,491 old-growth stand 264,265 omnivores 306 ontwatering 209,212,413 optimal phase 487,490,491

613

orchids 108,125-126,129,137 ordination, population-data 300,496,498,

499,547 organ 11,16,18,67,104,109,131,372,378 organic matter 53,140,160,186,199,202,

206,208,217,222,341,348,378,419,454, 495,528,535 -, remains 243, (525) -, time 89-90,93,(227)

organisation, complex 325,342 -, similar 560

organism 11,16,18,85-90,109,152,155,162, 163,310,316,341,362,372,378,510

organisms, availability 399 originofspecies 510ff. orthostichy 47,48 orthotropy 32,33,37,46,58,83,117,120,287,

291,366 oscillation (see modulation) outbreak 385 outputs 9,70,348 overpopulation 450 overshooting 169 oxygen cycle 549

p

palatability 328 palm civilisation 137 palms 27,50,58,68,71,79,128,131,135,137,

140,156,190-191,204,250,272,303,436, 473,474,475,476,528

parameters, diagnostic 125 -, growth 68-69,92,101,102,113

paramos 127, 206,207, 256 ff., 258, 349, 557

parasitism 124,127,141,148,151,163,169, 187,188,222,227,296,306,332,386,411, 514,518

partner organism 141,142 patch 155,166,190,234,323, 359ff., 366, 388,

403,449,507,529,552 -, mosaic 403,531-532

pathogens 195,219, 222£f., 296, 339, 386, 411, 518ff.

pathogen niches 519 pattern (see architectural)

-, management-induced 490 -, radiometrical 479

patterns and functions 227,230, (309), 533 -, and pathways 185,310, 534ff.

pattern and process, 8; 156, (309) 310,366, 407,490,548

pattern-oriented thought 310 peat 202,206,207,259,373,478,539 performance (see system) perforon root-box 48,50,51,52,221,232

614

periodicity 193,317,329,395, (427),428,440, 450-452,563

persistence 172,175, 176ff., 185,221,380 pessimistic hypothesis 505-506 pest 20,148,152,186,190,195,236,296,321,

329,337,355,358,380,382-385, 394, 404, 421,423,450,527,563 -, potential 385

pesticides 296,373,385 ff. phanerophyte 299 pharmaceutics 381 ff. phases, compared 168,197

-, terminology (see ph. compared) phasic development 98, 166ff., 187,215,224,

227-231,270-272,304,307,351,363,364-365, 366,487,493, (529)

phenolic acids 375ff. phenology 104,328,528 pheromones 380ff.,398 phloem 67,74,79-80,124,135,342,382,

423 photography 11,294,356,555 photopigments 323, 545 photosynthate 219,222,328 photosynthesis 21,30,37,67,69,70,72,98,

102,140,220,328,352,376,535,545 photosynthetic energy 102,352 phyllosphere 340,341,342,397,400 physiognomic, classification 431,435,485,

486,487,488 -, profile diagram 301,478 -, structure 496-502

physiognomy 473,478,485,488,548 phytocoenose 308,309 phytohormones 110,162,339 phytomass 201,351,363,421,442,523,524,

525,528,533,543 -, distribution 351

phytopathology 190 phytophages 226,228-229,304,306,385,

408,411 phytosociological matrix 496,498

-, models 11,156,162,163,176,177, 253,267,284,297,298,436,485,487, 494,507 ff., 529, 547

pines 5,66,82,85,98,99,105,135,155,161, 174, 188ff., 202,208, 209,219,220, 227, 228-229,237, 238ff., 259, 260, 331, 335, 356-358,366,367,382-385,386,397,448, 470f[,494,495,502,503, 521, 526

pioneer 93,113,115,194, 324ff., 329, 388, 392,484 - overtopping 247 - species 169, 256, 297,324,400,483,

529,531 - stand 388

Index

-, tree 28,49,93,95,140,144,179,189, 190,223,244,324,421,433,474-476

pipe model theory 356 pipes 122-123,357,459 pixels 12,13,14,15,361,391 plagiotropy 32,33,37,46,117,120,131,142,

285,287,291,366 plant breeding 118

-, containers 214 plantations 4,57,59,135,161,171,190,197,

202,221,227,234-238,238 ff., 259, 270, 272-276,288,327,394,401,404,407,410, 416,418,442,451,539

planting distance 137, 234, 236, 327 -, stock 236

plenterwald 168,266,395,426,464,490,491, 492

pneumatophores 47,55,203,209,552 podzol 200,208,209,234,355,460,464 podzolisation 208,209,454,464 poison 77,98,120,137,145,150,219,339,

372,378,383,540 -, natural 373,378,379

poisonous plants/animals 373 polarity 372 polder 209ff., 223,256, 332,407,416,418,

494,542 pole phase 173 pollarding 59,60,113,194,223 pollen, long-distance transport 419ff. pollination 107,144,148,149, 299ff., 343,

397, 419ff., 440,441, 442 pollution 3,79,80,83,86,125,165,180,188,

194,207,215,219,224,230,244,297,333, 344,394,395,521, 539ff., 550, 555,556

polyclimax 484 polycyclic silviculture 270 polyphenols 375ff. poplars or willows 59,64, 65, 66, 92, 96, 97,

189,209,211,213,223 ff., 224, 256, 278, 369-371, 407, 457

population 8,14,19,66,104-105,118,169, 185,227,300,381,386, 390ff., 395, 412, 484-522, 534, 552 - animal 296,413,531 - biology 11,104-105, (227),296,358,

362,366,391,511 - counts 413 - curves 417 - density 373,419f[,452 - dynamics 317,381,390ff.,422 - eco-units 155 - growth 325 - insects 304ff.,413 - numbers 325 ff., 438 - of organs 104,127

Index

- plant 296 - production-units 136 - reiterated models 45,104 - shifts 344 - trees 304ff.,325ff.,451,520

populations, key 393 potential, set 18,176,402

- trees 167,172, 192,229, 312ff., 324 - natural vegetation 163,297,495 - production 113,353,354,527,535,551 - productivity 550,551

pragmatism 152,316 precipitation 348,470,472,473,550, 554 precision (see exactitude) precuilibrium 403,405,409,412-426,418,

464,465,467,468-469,470,471-47~

485ff.,542 - development steps 416ff. - rules 417 - silviculture 424,426 -, spelling 412

predator 145,151,169,182,226,304,306, 385,406,447

prediction (see forecast) preparation (see innovation) prescribed burning 192,212,357 prey animals 110,145,169,321,406 primary species 324,423

-, succession (see succession) probabilistic 506,548 process-and-pattern 310,490 process-oriented thought 310 process oscillation, rule of 563-564 producers, primary 318,339,342,363,385,

526,547 -, secondary 318,339,385,398 -, tertiary 318,339

production (also see ecological production) 7,67,67-98,141,153,165,317,337-387, 563 - attainable 354 - basic processes 67 ff. - compartments 528-532 - curves 317 - ecology (see ecophysiology) - functions 69 - eco-units 337-387 - epiphytes 127 - gross 352 - herbs 118,165,539 - insects 383 ff. - lianes 123-124,528 - massive 451 - maximum (also see AMAX) 300 - models 238,242, 315, 320ff., 333,337-

387,350-358,490,522-548,541,554

615

- monocots 135-136 - mosaics 525-528 - parameters 421,422, (528) - principles 350-358 - shrubs 113 - transfer of 382-385 - trees 69, 81, 100, 383 ff., 525-528 - species-wise 528 ff. - strategies 378 - systems 69,71,73,95,135, (220), 383 - wild 386 -, wood 300,526-528

profile diagrams (see transects) prognosis (see forecast) progression 433,435,496 prolepsis 32,33 proliferation 125,140,148,151,162,163,171,

195,236,379 proof, scientific 9-10 propagule 399,406,445-449,523,524

- architecture 406 - bank 163ff., 166, 169, 186, 192, 193,

196,198,215,221 ff., 236, 238, 243ff., 250,253,297,340,376,400,404,407, 416,423,439-445,446,525

- -, composition 523, 524ff. - information 163,192,398,437,525 - longevity 439,440 - mass 399,406 - patterns 440 - size/mutation 511 -, stocking 446

proportion 11,100,101,136,303,328,369, 417,424,505

proportional diagnosis 98-104,179 prostrated forms 116,117,123,131,185 protection forest (also see erosion) 492 proteins 67, 374ff., 516 proton cycle 349, 454ff. provenance 520-522 pruning 62 pseudo-rhythmic 48,51 pulpwood 197,243

Q quadrat, permanent 496,499 quantitative methods (see numbers) questions, scientific 10,20,79,102,244,294,

R

295,300,304,316,321,348,349,355,391, 497,533

r-strategy 325,402,411 radiation 71,93,98,109,159,169,180,185,

186,190,220,276,341,345,352,547 rain 160,193,212,440,451,540,554

616

rainforests 4,11,34,35,36,41,55,83,87,100, 113,114,150,171,176,179,181,185,193, 195,197,217,221,240-245,246,272-279, 297 ff., 330, 345, 350, 351, 377, 378, 399, 415,426,442,448,476-483,529,547,552-554 -, age 401 -, identity 401

ramet 136 random/deterministic 511,515,525,548,

558,564 -, heterogeneousness 162,243

randomness 162,243,310,346,361 ff., 391, 397,487,559 -, seeming 399

rate (also see growth) 353 ratio 98,103,136,195,231

-, photosynthesis/respiration 363ff. rattan 118,128,134,137

-, civilisation 137 reafforestation 165,174,228,238,355,399,

401,426,456,464,521 reallocation (see allocation, resource) reconstruction, images 369,403,534,535 recovery 222,383,453,462,539 recreation 165,439,467 recurrence 162, (186), 367, 476 reductionism/holism 560 redundancy, guild members 401 reference line 99-100,103 refugium 454,554 regeneration, natural 270, 282, 387,431,449,

450,451,494,499,502-503,529,533 -, phase 166,250,487,491 -, surface 529-531

regenerative reiteration 41,77,99,143 regime, shifting events 427,436,476,507 regression 99,100,159,197,379,424,433,496

-, curves 528 regulation 19,79,93,105,125,138,142,145,

148,216,227,307,321,342,343,533,558 -, biochemical 150,373,375,376,442

reiteration 16,23,39,42,43,51,56,57,58,60, 63,64,66,81,82,95,96-97,99,102,104, 110,114,119,121,131,160,163,171,174, 178,179,336,366,386,436,445,446,452, 472,473,479,483,515,545,565 -, criteria 45 . -, pattern 178,180 -, phase 41,45

relation diagrams 73,227, 338,340, 343, 345, 360,364,490,499,503,522-525,523,563

relict (also cf. forest r.) 317 remanence (see abiotic, biotic) remote sensing, 12-14, 156,(190),369,397,

(415) 430, 431,432, 478ff.

Index

reorganisation phase 168,171,175, 186ff., 195 ff., 230, 276, 363, 422

repetition 367,561 replacement, lost individuals 230

-, lost organs 56, 230 replication 510 replicators 511,513 representativity 339,391,415,456,484,496,

501,525,527,529 reproduction 77,104, 162ff., 325ff., 341,

397,399-400,403,429,458,510 - asexual 511 - information 162,342,403,522 - key-and-lock 163,400 ff., 403 - sexual 511 - strategy 332, 429,432 -, success 440

reptiles 143,145,181,(414) repUlsion 375 requirements 322 research 6,45,216,231,239,242-243,294,

311 ff., 318, 335, 389, 393, 410,445,446, 459,479,481,506,519,520,525,527,535, 549

reserve stocks 77,80,83,106,328,348,459 resilience 195,230,329,454,533 resin 273,274,275 resistance 141,372,380,396,533 resolution, spatial, temporal 12,14,279,359 resource allocation 325,341,362,374,382,

399,532 -, conservation 190,421,450 -, distribution 548-557

resources 18,43,162,165,176,310,381,421, 450,554,557

respiration 67,73,76,348,351,376,382,528 restoration 455,456 reversibility 222,383,453,455 rhizome 115,116,137 rhizomorph 140,222 rhizosphere 45,165,167,185,193, 197ff.,

207,212,216,217,229,284,340,341,342, 397,456-459 -, development 198,229

rhizosynthesis 46,67,69,72,76,79,221 rhythm (see growth r.) rhythm, endogenous 97 richness (see species r.) ring (see growth r.) rinnovazione 261 risks 329,330,349; 373, 391,392,447,453,

511,519,534 rivers 212, 349 rodents 144,145,169,173,375,419 roles of trees 59,323 root access 208

Index

- anastomosis 49,66,124,386,457 ff. - architecture 208,212,234,535 - area index (RAJ) 535, 538 - asphyxiation 193 - biomass profile 199,200,202,203,

(535) - branching 48 ff. - cannibalising 205 - clod 209,210,215,220,457 - compartment 169,197-231 - degradation 454 - dynamics 457 - experiment 208 - floor, definition 207 - -, impermeable 208 - -, vertical 214,215 - floors 193,207-215,341 - formation 104 - hairs 46,47,76,99,124 - invasion 205,206,457 - layers 230 - mass 18,197,228-231,458,543 - map 456 - mat 202,217 - maxima 199,200,208 - nodules, 200, (209) 223-224 - occupation, pattern 202-207,211,

214,215 - reiteration 205,208 - respiration 202, 208 - strategy 204 - suckers 44,64,66,114,169 - surface 219,535,538,545 - systems 45-56,123,160,179,202,207,

208,214,333 - -, size 202 - tips 208,218,221 - tubers 458,459 - zone, superficial 199,203,208,454,

455 rooted animals 307 rooting 63,454 rootless 140,162,340,524 roots 39,44,76,96,99,114,128,137,375,386,

454,456,538,545 - adventitious 48,53,60,123,124,127,

131,205,440,441 - aerial 45,53,198 - architecture 45 ff., 199ff., 212 - air-pruning 214,215 - anchoring 49,117,186,208 - diatropy 45,47 ff., 202, 203,204,206,

234,457 - differentiation 45 - mixed 46,47 ff., 53 - negatropy 46,47 ff., 202, 205

617

- plank- 55 - primary 47,50,53,128 - positropy 45,47 ff., 200,203,204,208 - secondary 47,51,53,128 - seedling 50 - stilt- 55,203 ff., 204, 205, 552 -, tractile 115,117

rot 138,185,192,193,205,222,223,276 rotation 59,195,333 ff., 358,386,394,453 routes (see trails) ruderal plants 328, 329 rules 6,8,559-565,559,564ff. rule-of-thumb 75,76,79,142,197,231,339,

343,540 runoff 348, 349 rural forests 3,6,56,59,62,137,172,266,278

-, health 520

S

salinity 552 sampling plots 525, 526,527 sandwich model 21,559 sandy soil 202, 208, 349, 448, 464, 494, 495,

499 sapling 189,291,324,335,419,506 saprophages 228-229,304,306 saprophytes 140,141,222,226 sapstream 18,67,69,75, 76ff., 78-81,93 ff.,

98,101,105,123,127,131,135,162,187, 220,339,342,356,383,386,451,522,541

sapwood 356,383 saturation 234,394,429,451 saurians 145,448 savanna 128,191,202,251-256,266,436-

437,438,448,486,488,552,553 sawnwood 107,175,197,492 scale 107,389,481,552

-, rulesof 560,561 scales 10,156,179,194,234,310,532,552 scar 20,77,185,383 scarcity 212,224,355,426,440 scatter, points 159 schichtung 176,412-415,414 sciaphilous pioneers 247 scientific beliefs 10, (242-243), 410, (439),

515 seasons 90,95,96,117,148,159;201,212,

227, 299,307, 310, 320, 329,440, 445, 450, 451,476,521

second growth 388 secondary species 28,329,330,423,531

-, vegetation 410,479 sedimentation 193,203 seed 30,106,114,117,127,135,138,160,163-

164,192,196,253,256,330,374,398,428, 562

618

- bank 163,164, 196, 256, 404, 439ff., 529

- digestive tract 445 - distribution 440,446 - harvest 520 - longevity 439,529 - orchard 66 - physiology 324,374 - predation 440 - predator 148,424 - production 445,446,451,502-503 - shadow 440,447 -, tree 66,446,451,518,521

seedling 169, 189, 220, 227 ff., 253,326,327, 330,335,336,375,419,428,506,533 -, carpet 326,387 -, phase 28,30,50,90,114,121,166,253,

275,326 seedlogs 204 selection 8,105,118,329,518

- animals 374 - artificial 520 - chemical 374 - consumers 374 - dispersers 374 - pressure 325,404,448,510-522,525,

534 - - abiotic 515 - - extrahereditary 514 - - interheriditary 514 - - intrahereditary 514 - - pesticides 520 -, -, suprahereditary 514 - hierarchical model 510-515,513 - natural 51 Hf., 517 - rules of 511, 512 - silviculture 168,335,401,426,438,

464,492,516 - stepped 512 -, trees 521

selective cutting 161,270,335,394,395,412, 454,462, 492ff., 532 -, interaction 511 -, thinning 327

selfish gene theory 510ff. semi-arid (see dry) seminaturalforest 113,156,174,188,(238)

-, treatment 380 . semitolerant trees 322,329,497,508 senescence 179,186,(250) separated decomposition 230 sequences 156,166,221,228-229,288,322,

334,376,428,434,487,561 seres 484,494,495 serules 484 set, appearing 403,408, 448,462,475

Index

- dominating 448 - past 295,307,308,315,402,428 - potential 18,176,186,295,307,308,

315,402,428,468 - present 176,185,295,307,308,315,

402,412,428,468,478 - structural 18, 288 - surrendering 448 -, trees 165,193

sexual maturity 38,90,91,360,393 -, offspring 138,163,458,521

shade-tolerant tree 28,179,190-191,244, 247,282,285,290,292,322,324,329,529

shelter 320 shelterwood 280,451 shift, functional 229 shifting agriculture 243,244,246,248,249 ff.,

404,408,420,424,508,539,540-541 - event 168,393-394,395,403-404,

416,424,427,433,436,438,473,506, 507,525,548,553

- -, rare 416,427,453,462 - Iife-form-spectrum 304,305,557 - mosaic 363,364-365,528-532 - -, matrix 502-506 -, species composition 557

shifts, unwanted 394-398,395 shoots 59,102,180 shoot-root ratio 99 short shoots 58,62 shortlived 169,228,244,336,352,405 shrub 50,95,107,109,110-113,127,170,171,

207,223,247,249,291,330,412,436,459, 499,529,533

shuttle transfer 533,534,562 side-effects forest exploitation 519ff. signals 162,165,185,186,339,380,386,421,

423,438,447,448,538,545,546 silvaticmosaic 16,18,19,146,153,155,156,

163,168,176,216,250,308,331,340,378, 387,414,433,434,459-483,492-493,498, 502 ff., 504-505, 518, 526,543,547,548-557,558 - - adjustment 397,399 - - attributes 396-401 - - borders 397,532 - - chemicals 378 - - components 187 - - cyclone 193 - - definition 388-389,401 - - development 403, 405, 416 ff., 420,

422,423,434,435,448,484,492, 493,494,507

- - examples 459-483 - - fauna/flora 427,517 - - gradients 287,389-393

Index

- - inputs & outputs 523,524 interaction 481,529,535,543,549

- - internal communication 397, 408 ff., (438),440,443 -444, 448

- - internal translocation 397,399, 409,421,437,438

- - layers 400 - - lifespan 401 - - limits 389-394 - - living system 396-401 - - minimal area 481 - - natural 426,433,439 - - production 522-548

properties 397,398,421,529,542, 549

- - reproduction 397,399-400 - - roots 456-459

- shifting 393-394, (533) size 389ff.,532-533

- -, stages 403-456,405,434-435 - mosaics, examples 459-483 -, unit 388

silvicultural design 5,6,7,14,113,128,138, 161, 163ff.,195, 204, 223, 231, 266,315, 362,380,401,426,450,494,520,522,528, 558,562,563,564 -, diagram 332 ff., 333-334, 352 -, systems (see system, s.) -, treatments 95,107,123,137,192,194,

310,343,344,371,380,385,559-560 silviculture 3,5-6,7,22,96,101,102,105-

106,107,118,128,137,151,163-165,168, 171, 176, 180, 202, 221, 255ff., 266, 296, 316,317,326,358,362,372,386,412,424-426, 449 ff., 490, 492, 520, 522,527, 532

silvigenesis 391, 401,434,467, 503,508, 509 silvigeneticcyc1es 401,431-436,433,503

-, diagram 431,435 SILVI-STARmodel 432,487,532 silvology 7,23,108,128,141,152,272,296,

361,382,386,413,490,510,515,520,535, 548,558

silvological rules 6,559-565,565 similarity quotient 298 simplification 152,166-167,349,352, 360ff.,

366,367,385,478,540,559 simulation, century 365,492,530, 531

- model 196,242-243,315,332,345, 349,353,358,366-372,381,432,465, 487,492,493,527,542

- thousand-year 361,362,492,493,530, 531

sinkers 53,54 site 28,63,64,81,113,153,155,162,193,195,

199,253,286,287,323,334, 389ff., 416, 467, 470ff.,478, 492,493, 498, 535, 547

619

- change 191,193,400-401,454-455, 464,467,484,507,515

- c1ass,335,391,400,(478) 490,527, 555

- correlations 284 - distribution 548-557 - fragment 346 - gradient 421 - homogeneousness 155,252,393,404,

406,428,481,524 - hospitality 117,125,200,221,238,

244,255,287,288, 390ff., 392, 427, 439, 453,460,462,473,492,515

- limits 390 ff. - maps 548,552 - mosaic abiotic, 18,22,256,389,

390 ff., 392,481,504-505, 524 - preparation 236,404,407 - productivity 335 - properties 404 - quality 546-548 - variability 22,64,193, 389, 459ff.,

535ff.,557 size 7,11,27,46,85-87,90-91,92,109,123,

136,138,155,161,169,179,192,196,325, 330,503,524,532,534,560 - animal 142,143,225,325 - eco-unit 261, 265ff. - end 90-91,143, (325) - maximisation 325 -, transect 231

smell 525 snag (see stump) snakes 142,143,145,147,169,373,378 social hygiene, human 519 social position 95,180

-, system 519 society 3-8,56,308,309,519 soil 20,43,45,48,50,81,93,98,127,146,169,

192-193,195,223,227,255,262,270,304, 418,473,477,535,539 - acidification 201,206,221,376,454-

455,508 - aggregates 206 - buffers 206 - cohesion 212 - compaction 165,214,21),244,272,

418,454 - components 216ff.,535 - deterioration 509,539 - development. 484 - distribution 548 - drainage 202,(210) - drying-out 212 - exhaustion 456 - fauna 215 ff., 225-227, 376, 481, 549

620

- fertility 217, 220fT., 296, 450,473,478, 535ff., (539)

- flora 215fT., 244,376, 481 - hierarchy 313 - homogenisation 230, 454fT. - horizons 55,124,193,199-201,206,

207,209-210,230,311,314,389,476, 477,535,538

- impoverishment 410,456, 539 - layers 193,199-201,202,207,221,

313-314 - microrelief 195,212,255,256,268,

270,404 - mineral 140,200,201,202,244,297,

529 - organic 193,341,376,416,495,528 - poisoned 456 - profile 198 fT., 283 - requirements 322fT., 323, 529 - ripening 209,211,223 - suspended (see suspended s.) - unfertile 354,465,495,499 - virgin 407 - weathered 200,455 -, wetting 207,212,255

soils, temperate 202 -, tropical 200,202,209

song, birds 399,448 -, pitch 448

sound (see acoustic) source-sink 75,135,310,338,549 spacing 300 spatial dimensions 88,227,243,309,395,506

-, impact 244,395 -, limits 243,389-394,534

specialisation, biological 229,323,325,442 speciation 8,510-522,517,534,564

-, irreversible 534 species 296,330,371,518

- area curve 298,302 - choice 96,107,137,163,165,223,358,

381,385 - composition 153,163,165,176,185,

222,224,225,243,270,282,344,363, 389, 400fT., 419,420, 422, 447,466, 467, 484,485,490,494-496,495,498,501, 506,507,508,509,552,557

- counts 297,298,427fT.,517 - demographic groups 404 - dominance 410 - frequency 20,302 - inventory 301 - key 393 - Linnean 511 - list 301,302 - replacement 484

Index

- populations 8,11,14,18,156,185, 227, 243, 295, 295-299, 308fT., 361,422, 431,510-522

- richness, 147, 152, 184,(190) 226, (243),259,272,280,283,292,297,320, 419 fT., 428, 442, 448, 473, 481,485, 542, 563

spectrum 300,361 spiders 145,225, 226 spiralling, roots 214 spores 106,124,129,138,140,141,163,185,

192,221,276,398 sprouting 56, 360 stabilisation 228, 427,454-455 stability, mosaics 411,427,496,533 stand 10,18,19,74,79,94,100,102,104,106,

161,166,174,189,227,234,269,300,321, 353,366,371,387,452,460,487,490,534, 543,558 -, diagnosis (see diagnosis) -, rolling-up 189 -, structure 180,489,490

standard profile 302-303 standardisation, methods 294,359-361,413 state of a tree 529

-, silvigenetic 503-505 statistics (see stochastic) steady state 67,143,175,306,363,364-365,

422,428 stemflow 348 stepped inputs-outputs 340

-, process 412fT. stimulation 80,339,379,513 stochastic approach 10,14,21,99,156,159,

176,227,332,339,361 fT., 366fT., 391, 464, 484,487, 506, 515, 525 fT., 527, 555, 558

stock (see reserve-) stolon 114,117,137 storage (see reserve) storey 412£f.,415 storm 20,80,101,160,193,252,329,382,393,

395,398,453,460,474 strain 453

-, elastic 453 -, plastic 453,454

stranglers 124,129,440,441, 529 strata 22,176,308-309,311,322, 412 ff., 415,

496,501 stratocoenoses 308,309,315 strategy 114,116,118,227,232-234,304,310,

324ff., (328), 367,378,387,421,445,458, 562 -, multiple 459

stress 28,80-82,98,127,140,276,328,336, 355,366,387,427,452,453,464,473,474, 475,476,499,521,522,542

Index

- amount 355 - and site-quality 335, (355) - factor 20,276,355,387,522 - long-lasting 454-455,522 - peakJoad 98 - self-induced 354ff. - selection 336, 337 -, tolerant plants 328,329

stressor 354,355,358,371 structural approach 10, 11,22, 361 ff., 548

- ensemble 167,175,176,181,185,190-191,193,202,247,248,250,253,272, 282,292,295,308,412,483,497,533

structures 101,310,548,552 strugglers 429,432 stufung 176,412-415,414, 416ff., 431,433,

436,467,468,479,482,483,492,494,497, 533,542,548

stump 169,205,222,291,464,466 -, sprouts 57,59,64,160,169,171,291

subcommunities 484 subcrovvns 39,66,103,104,174,181,479,480 substitute mosaic 454 subsystem 9,16,93,141,152,155, 361ff., 372,

378,560 substrate 124,125 subterranean 114,207 succession 125,166, (189),190,195-197,229,

243, (256), 323 ff., 329,330,389-393,401, 405,431-436,434,435,484-522,507-509, 550 - architectural 507 - 509 - diagram 405,421-422,508,509 - models 323,391,481,493,528-532,

539,548 - primary 125, (224), (256), 324, (329),

407,494,495 - secondary, (329) 407,417,424,494,

495 successional dynamics 403, (481),486, 487,

491 -, series 487,508, 509 -, stage 157,169,330,487

successor trees 28, 329 successors, early 329 suckers 56,57,102, 112, 119 sugars (see carbon) summer 98,212,546 sunflecks 543,546 sunlight (also see radiation) 356 supersystem 18,19,155,340,362,389,560 support 101,127 suppressed trees 176,177,178-179,180,190-

191 suppression 83,95,176 surface, production 68

621

survival 5,6,28,93,107, 114, 138, 162,175, 212,272,275,288,360,372,378,387,441, 447,452,458,511,539 -, transfer 387

suspended soils 181, 198 sustained use 5,272,316,534 SWAMP model 359 svvamp 191,287,496 svveeping effect 394,396,403,424,453 svving 101,193 SWITCH-routine 529,532 syllepsis 32,33 symbiont 219,220,330,339,341 symbiosis 7,39,73,76,124, 140ff., 162, 208,

223,421,425,514 symbiotic protection 219,425 sympodium 30,32,48,49,117,131,136,291 symptoms (see diagnosis) synchronisation 39,97,190,252,440 synecology 296,338 synergetic factors 195 syntaxa 297 syntaxonomic models 297,298,362,389,396 synusiae 18, 216,308ff.,310-311, 412 system 8,9,11,12,18,340,365,372,378,.478

T

- abiotic 157 - animal-driven 451 - behavior 10 - choice 12,20,23 - closed 175 - concrete 308 - cost -benefit 562 - development steps 560,561 - equivalence 105 - interaction and size 560 - limits of 9,12 - levels (see levels) - life-support 521 - living 18,67,105,142,153,157,162,

361 ff., 396-400, 476, 548 - open 79,175 - performance 69,93 - physical 361ff. - renevval 562 - sheltervvood 280 - silvicultural 4,5,8,14,90-91,102,

109,113,165,195,236,252,308,326, 334,356,382,424-426,448,450,453, 506,521

- size/organisation 560 - social-human 316, (382)

tannin, decomposition 376 taproot 45,50,53,208,214,215,232 taxa 374

622

temperament, and Budowski's rule 331 - contradictory 332 - examples 331 ff. - trees 93,179,244,247,250,280,291,

303,310,321-337,404,529,531 -, tropical 332

temperate-region forest 4,34,35,36,41,55, 71,77,90,113,118,143,171,179,201,202, 209,223,234-240,247,267-270,279-286, 288-293, 297ff.,326, 376,445,.446,485, 534,536-537,543,545

temperature 138,144,145,156,157,158,169, 221,283,359,550,554

temporal 395,506 tending 327,407 terminology (see correspondance) termites 149,185,190,200,216,226,255,307,

513,527,535 territory, animal 144-145,397 ff., 481, 483 testosterone, birds 373 texture 403 theory 9,12,227 thickening 94,95,128,131 thicket 227,228-229 thinning 79,85,123,137,165,223,230,238,

239,270,327,343,357,371,380,382,407, 454,457,462

three-level (see model thr.) throughfall 348 throughputs 348 throwaway organs 76,123 thunderstorm 224 tillage 404,406,407, (467) timber 3,186,190,296,316,410,490

-, estate 5,6,14,227,236,401,533,534 time dimension 88ff., 106-107, 159, 179,227,

309,354,359,381,401,492,534 -, interval 505 -, Ispace 512,534

tissue 16,18,67,95,372 tolerance 28,121,178-179,190-191,244,

247,282,292,324,330,494,497,508 -, ratings 324

tonic 379 topophysis 63,372 toposequences, (193) 195,253,313,314,428,

430,457,460,500-501, 503,504-505, (552) topsoil 203,204,404,456· Torquebiau calculus 399,502-506 toxicity 77,206,339,372, 373,375, 377,378,

454 tracks, engine 244, 272 traditional concepts 160,399,400,426 trails 399,413 trait 563 transaction organisms 510

transdisciplinary language 311-316 transect (see forest transect)

-, rhizosphere 197

Index

-, style 236,242,244,302,368-369,488 transfer offunctions 105-107,127,287,307,

367,380,382-387,532-534 - -, ruleof 562-563 - ofinformation (see information) - of matter 142,338,374 - of stability functions 534 -, shuttle-like 562

transformation, ecosystems 190,503 -, transects 368-39.)

transition 178-179,184,389,397,479 -, matrix 505

translocation 18,67,78,162,165,341,342, 409,413,421,423,437,447,448,450,523, 525

transmission 523, 524ff., 533, 543,546 -, pathogens 518-519 -, signals 448,449

transpiration 67,78, 98, 348, 386,542 transport 67,78,81101,123,142,145,341-

343,419 traplining 399,440 treatment 243 tree 9, 16, 27ff., 109, 161, 165, 176-181,303,

359,367,411,542,553 - and-gap 323,359 - breeding 520-522 - by tree 276,281,315,361,380,394,410 - classes,IUFRO 179-181,(265) - classifications 322 - clusters 332 - compartments 8,166,321-337,330 - development 332,333-334 - dominant 95 - I eco-unit comparison 342 - epiphyte 124 - establishment 323,359,429 - fall (see also chablis) 160,193,194,

198,394 - fast growing 408,426,521,539 - fern 138,139,473,474 - function 177 - future (see t., potential) - genotype 83 - growth 366,367,532 - health 180,281,323,386 - life-cycle 28,67,84-85,88-89,94,100,

104, 108,178, 323, 333 ff. - line 557 - monocot 130,132-133 - morphogenesis 156 - mortality 323,393,395 - multiple-purpose 3, (296)

Index

- opportunistic 43 - pathology 141 - past 167,174,178-179,181,186,265,

273,281,429,476,483 - phase 175 - physiognomy 486,489 - potential 167,172-173,176,177,178,

181,185,192,249,265,273,281,292, 303,324,429,468,476

- present 167,174,175,176,178-179, 181,185,249,265,273,281,324,393, 429,476,479,533

- proportions 101,532 - replacement 492,493,532 - seed 446, 521 - seedlings 227ff.,231-234,533 - small 112 - Is oil tables 323,324 - species 361, 486ff., 506, 542 - -, richness (see sp. richness) - state 178-179 - strategies 27,326,329,428-431,432 - support (see support) - temperament 28,93,244,250,280 ff.,

290,291,303,310,321-337,428,467, 507-509,529

- vigour 180 - vitality 81,84,180,185,188,194,371,

487 -, vulnerable 188,193,206,521

treeless (see eco-unit, t.) trophic, groups 228

-, levels 339 tropics 48,96,118,143, 156ff.,178, 179, 181,

186,193,198,217,224,297 ff., 373, 439-445,473-483,485,529-532,552,553-554

trunk 27,34,39,45,56,59,65,67,74,101, 102,111,112,127,160,180,189,193,344, 528 -, biomass 535 -, fluted 81 -, hollow 174,185,205

turnover 243,315,316,321,337 ff., 351 ff., 428,506,535,552

two-level models 352,353,357,359 ff., 361, 362,367,369-371,372,506,508,543

U

Ulrich model 201,206,454-455 underground specialisation 114-117,258-

259,528 undergrowth 28,117,127,134,139,140,171,

190-191,238,285,288,378,448,478,494, 546

understorey (see undergrowth)

uneven-aged 161,259-200,264,317,423, 492,493

unrealistic management 395 unstable mosaic 533 unwanted effects 562 uprooting 54,160,193,210,212,244,268,

270,276 urban trees 215, (221),407 urwald, (see forest, virgin) use of this book 565

623

useful organisms 137,152,160,316,423,510, 563

useless organisms 316, 510 ff., 563 utilitarian (see pragmatism)

V

variables 353 variegated leaves 185,376 varzea 474,475,554 vector 523, 524

-, disease 148,189,518,519 -, nutrient 142,523,524 -, seeds 442ff.

vegetation pyramid 496 ff., 498,501 -, Isiteinteractions 391,401,484,555 -, structure 354,412-413

vegetational analysis 264,297 ff., 413, 484, 488,555

vegetations 109,113,125,165,177,191,256, 284,484,488,498,548,555

vegetative growth 366,450 -, multiplication 37,56,63,64,120,123,

131, 163, 317, 359ff.,452, 458 Verhulst's formula 325 veri an ding 209 vertical distribution, leaves 545

-, gradients 354 vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae 216 viability 330 vigour (see vitality) virgin forest (see forest, v.) visualisation 303,318,319,378,392,397,400,

414, 416, 429 ff., 438, 443, 485,487, 534, 536-537

vitality 79,81,96,98,101,102,125,180,185, 188,231, 335ff.,336, 356, 371, 487 -, seedlings 99

vitamins 67,69,78,219,516 vivipary 143 vocabulary, trans disciplinary 312,314 volcano 194,403,473,539 volis 160,193,195,284,508 volume 68,136,304,528 vorrat 492 vulnerable 396,521

624

W

warfare 373,519 warmblooded animals 307 washing-out, nutrients 224 wasps 318-320,382-385,440,441 water 300,373,386,444,525,533,541,542

- balance 349,470,542 - budget 98,349,541,542 - compartment 348 ff. - cycle 242-243,338,348,349,549,550,

554 - flows 78,212,455 - lianes 120,122 - logging 186,193,195,394,454 - nutrient-carrier 78,349 - pathways 349,(386) - recycling 554 - repellent layer 207 - retrieval 208 - table 209,211,212, (256) - storage 349 -, uptake 208,211,218,219,349

wattle-and-daub 59 wavelength, light 323,376,546 wave regeneration 186,187 waves, interference 507 weakened trees 222,223,281,379 weather 227,353 web, food (see food)

-, interactions 190,440,514,518,525 weed 115,117,128,137,165,171,231-234,

236,296,316,521 -, killer 379,380 -, trees 37,292,521

weighing 68,320,321 weight 101,136,353,528 Westra's rule I 209 whorls 36 wilderness studies 248 wildlife 143,165, 171,215,371,437ff.,449,450 willows (see poplars) wind 101,186,215,300,354,394,400,444,

473,525,529,533,542 windthrow 223,250,270,280, 354, 507,509 wine 118,160 winstrips 214 winter 97,144,159,179,186,438,440,546 wood 3,4,5,14,21,27,56,63,68,77,79,91,

92,93,101,107,114,135,165,171,184, 194,292,327,330,349,356,383 ff.,392, 426,526,528 - dead 41,88,93,139,140,148,184,

189,192,198,205,227,230,231, (264 ff.), 267, 307,320, 383 ff., 418-419, 473,474

- end-use 197 - harvest 160,165,192,223,243,252,

Index

259,317,353,344,349,365,393,394, 454,539

-, production estate (see timber) woody plants 299,330,340,419,552 world climate 522,525,550

-, geology 525 worldwide productivity maps 460,550,551 worms 142,143,151 wounds 185

X

xylem 67,71,73,74,79-80,118,124,131,342 xylophagous 184,189

y

Yangambi classification 485,486 yeast 138,383 yellow, fever 518

-, flowers 442 yield 5,14,69,91,135,156,221,327,527

-, class 94,95,296, 546ff. -, tables 113,118,296,316,335,349,372

Z

zero-event 159ff., 163,164,165,168,176, 186,192-1~197,203,212,230,323,354,

362,365,430,433,507 - artificial 236,241 - brutal 241 - character 160,163,169,186, 192ff.,

332,363 - cyclones 193-194 - earthquakes 194 - eco-unit 196 - fire 192-19.3,241,244,329 - homogeneous 234 - human impacts 194,236,252,264,329 - humidity air 194 - intensive 329 - landslides 194 - magnitude 160 - propagules 244 - proportions 276 - rare 195, 453 - synergetic 194 - unpredictable (see z., rare)

war 263-264 - water 193 -, wind 193-194,250,280,329,473

zones, production 169 -, transitiorr 389,397

zoocoenoses 309 zoomass 523,524,525,535 zoophages 228-229 zoophily 300,441 zoosphere 340,343,524,525 zygote 136,163,511