Upload
others
View
2
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Time Locations Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type SpecimenMYA
Sahelanthropustchadensis
7-6Biochro.
Toros-Menalla, Chad
Cranium, 2 mand.; no PC bones
2001 Michael Brunet 2001
300-370 cc
2001TM 266-01-060-1
Orrorintugenensis
6-5.7Potas-Argon
Tugen Hills, Lukeino, Kenya
Molar, thick enamel,apelike
Brigitte Senut & Martin Pickford
2001BAR1000’00
Ardipithecus kadabba
5.8-5.2 Alaya/M. Awash Ethiopia
Mandibles,teeth, PC bones; large canines
Yohannes Haile-Selassie 2001
2004 ALA-VP-2/10
Ardipithecus ramidus
5.7-4.3 Aramis, Gona & Middle Awash, Ethiopia
Partial skeleton, teeth, cranium underside, jaws, limbs
Tim White, Berhane Asfaw,Gen Suwa1994
1994ARA-VP-6/1
Australopithecus anamensis
4.3-3.9 E. Turkana, Allia Bay, & Kanapoi, & M. Awash Kenya
Larger canines
1965Patterson
Maeve Leakey, Feibel and IanMcDougall 1995
1995KNM-KP 29281
Australopithecus afarensis
3.7-2.8radiometric
Hadar, Ethiopia; Laetoli, Tanz.
Skull, some skeleton, crania, lower jaws, limbs
1974Lucy
Don Johanson 1978
(446)387-550 cc
1978LH 4 mandible
Australopithecusbahrelghazli(= afarensis)
3.5-3.0 Bahr el Ghazal, Koro Toro, Chad
1993 Michael Brunet1997
1997KT 12/H1
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Time Locations Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type SpecimenKenyanthropus platyops (flat face)
3.5-3.2Argon
W. Turkana, Ethiopia
Small ear hole; thick enamel
1999 Justus Erus
Maeve Leakey2001
400-560 cc
2001KNM-WT 40000
Australopithecus africanus
3-2.4 Gladysvale, Makapansgar,Sterkfontein,Taung, S. Africa
1st African Hominin fossil
1924 Raymond Dart1925
(461)400-560 cc
1925Taung 1 cranium
Australopithecus garhi
2.5 Bouri, M. Awash, W. Turkana,Ethiopia
Long legs, large molars
1999 Berhane Asfaw 1999
450 cc 1999BOU-VP-12/130
Paranthropus aethiopicus
2.7-2.3 W. Turkana, Omo, Ethiopia
Camille Arambourg & Yves Coppens 1968
410 cc 1968Omo 18.18
Australopithecus sediba
1.98-1.78
Malapa, South Africa
Precision grip; modern ankle; primitive heel; asym. brain hem.
Matthew Berger2008
Lee Berger, DeRuiter 201-0
420-450 cc
Paranthropus boisei
2.3-1.2/.7
Koobi Fora,E. Turkana, Kenya; Omo, Ethiopia; Oldovai, Tanz.
Large jaws, molars, sagittal crestB. Wood: meat
Mary Leakey 1959
Louis Leakey
(530)430-545 cc
1959OH 5
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen
Paranthropus robustus
2.0-1.0 Swartkraus; all South AF
Robert Broom 1938
(521)530 or 476 cc
1938TM 1517
Homo habilis 2.4-1.6 Oldovai, E. Turkana, Koobi For a, Kenya
Teeth, craniums, hand bones, left foot
1964, Leakey
Louis Leakey1964
630 cc (510-750)
1964OH 7
Homo rudolfensis
2.4-1.8 Olduvai, E. Turkana, Koobi Fora
= Homo habilis
Valery Alexeev
752 cc 1986KNM-ER 1470
Homo gautengensis
1.9-.6 Sterkfontein, S. Africa
Curnoe 2010
Stw 53
Homo ergaster 1.8-1.5 W. Turkana, Koobi Fora, Kenya
= early African Homo erectus
Colin Groves & Vratislav Mazak
871 cc 1975KNM-ER 992
Homo erectus 1.9-50T Dmanisi, Georgia; E. Africa; Java; Trinil, Indonesia
Teeth, femur, skullcap;Out of Africa 2M
1890/1 Eugene Dubois
870 cc (730-1250 cc)
1894Trinil 2 calotte
1.7-1.8 Dmanisi, Georgia
Oldowan tools
W. Turkana Almost complete skeleton = Turkana Boy
KNM-WT 15000
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen(Sinanthropus pekinensis)( = Homo erectus)
1927 Davidson Black
1927Zhoukoudian (Choukoutien) teeth
Homo heidelbergensis
880-250T (.6-.1)
Mauer, Germany; Boxgrove, England; Bodo, Ethiopia; Kabwe, Zambia
Larger brain 1908 Schoetensack 1908
1270 cc 1908Mauer 1 mandible
Homoantecessor
780T (.7-.5)
Gran Dolina, Atapuerca,Spain
Jose-Maria Bermudez de Castro
1997ATD 6-5
Homo neanderthalis
200T-30T (.2-.03);400-500T in Spain
Kleine Feldhofer, Germany; sites in Europe, Near East, Asia
1-4% DNA in Europeans/Asians
1856 1864, King 1420 cc H. sapiens
Neanderthal 1 calotte (Kleine Feldhofer skeleton); 40KYA
Also Engis, Belgium
1824
Forbes’ Quarry, Gibraltar
1848
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Time Location Features Found Described Brain Size Co-exist Type Specimen
Homo sapiens 200T-(.2-present)
Cro-Magnon, Les Eyzies, France; many sites
Brain size, globe skull,art, only survivor;In Europe, 45 TYA
1868 1350 cc H. neand.
Also Paviland, Gower Peninsula, Wales
1st fossil of H. sapiens
1822/3
Homo floresiensis
<38T-18T(.095-.018)
Liang Bua, Island of Flores, Indonesia
100 specimens/14 individuals
2003 Peter Brown2005
400cc 2005 LB 1
Denisovans 41-50T Denisovia, Siberia
Finger bone, molar, toe bone
2008Maria Mednikova
2010David Reich
5% DNA in New Guineans, Aborigines, Melanesia
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Fingers &Arms
Brow bridge
Face & Chin
Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight
Sahelanthropustchadensis
Small canines worn at tip; thick enamel
thick Massive bb, moder. prognathic face
Toumai skull;small braincase and widely spaced eyesockets
Chimp size
Orrorintugenensis
Thick enamel,Large canines
outer/cortical bone is thickest at top and bottom of neck
Curved fingers
Origin in forested habitat
Ardipithecus kadabba
70-80 lbs.
Ardipithecus ramidus
thin dental enamel ; smaller canines
strongly built arm bones
Anterior Foramen magnum
Origin in forested habitat
70-80 lbs.
Australopithecus anamensis
Rectangular arcade;Thick enamel
Modern bipedal tibia
tiny external ear canal
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge
Face & Chin
Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight
Australopithecusbahrelghazli
mandible fragment, a lower second incisor, both lower canines, all 4 of its premolars
Abel name
Australopithecus afarensis
Smaller incisors, larger molars; thick enamel
large Basin shaped
Lucy 1974, 3.2 M;Bipedal;3.3 M tool use on ungulates
Laetoli, Tanz.footprints1979,3.6 M
3-4 ft. 75-125 lbs.
Kenyanthropus platyops
Deformed cranium
Like rudolfensis?
Australopithecus africanus
Large molars
Limbs more ape
Taung child;Grassy woodland
Bipedal & climber
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge
Face & Chin
Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight
Australopithecus garhi
Animal bones with flesh removed
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Large incisors
Apelike cranium
Australopithecus sediba
4 ft. 2 in (1.27 m)
Paranthropus boisei
Very large, thick enameled molars; small canines
Larger than robustus
Massive, wide, flat face;
no PC bones with cranial remains; pointed sticks
Abrasive food; worn enamel
150 lbs./75 lbs.
Paranthropus robustusHomo habilis Longer
arms than legs
Variable size crania
Oldowan Tools
Per Wood, similar to afarensis & boisei
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge
Face & Chin
Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight
Homo rudolfensis
Body proportions unknown
= h. habilis
Home gautengensisHomo ergaster Teeth
smaller than Aust.
Long, robust lower leg = long distance
Cooked Food?
Homo erectus Femur & tibia more flattened than modern
Bony ridge; sulcus behind; blunt ridge in midline (sagittal torus)
Large socket for head of femur; consistent with habitual bipedal & endurance running
Low crania, greatest width low on cranium; angulated occipital region
Use of hand axes
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominid Teeth Mandible Leg Arm Brow bridge
Face & Chin
Pelvis Notable Non Skeletal Height Weight
Homo heidelbergensis
Smaller Smaller Thick & strong
Not thick
Homo neanderthalis
Thick shafts & large joints in 30-100K European/near East
Large nasal opening; face projects in midline;
Rounded cranium;
202 positions in the mtDNA differ; 1-4% DNA of modern non-Africans
Cranial cavity larger than H. sapiens; burial of dead
Homo sapiens
Home florsensis Homo like limbs; primitive ankle
Primitive wrist
400 cc brain; homo like skull
40 inches
Denisovans X-woman; 385 positions differ; 5% of Melanesians, New Guineans
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Milestones Time
Split from Chimpanzees
5-7 M Split fromGorillas
10 M
Bipedalism 4 MTransformation of the canineStone tools 3.3M/2.6M Hadar, A. afar.Handaxe 1-3 MSpear points 1 MFire 800 T Gesher Benot
Ya’aqov, IsraelStone Hearths, 300T
Symbolic Thought
35 T
Art 35 T
Coexistence circa 1.8M: Paranthropus boisei, Homo rudolfensis, H. habilis and H. ergaster foraged in the same area around Lake Turkana.
In Africa, H. erectus may have evolved into H. heidelbergensis, but in Asia a dead end.
Migrations:
Morphological traits typical of Neanderthals began to appear in European hominids at least 400,000 years ago and about 150,000 years ago in western Asia.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Neanderthal sites: at least 30 (Neander Valley, Germany, 1856; Sipka, Moravia 1880; Spy, Belgium 1886; Krapina, Croatia, 1899-1906; Ehringsdorf, Germany 1908-1925; Le Moustier, France 1908; St. Brelade, Channel Islands, 1911; Kiik-Koba, Crimea, 1924; Mount Carmel, Palestine, 1929; Teskhik-Tash, central Asia, 1938; Saccopastore, Italy, 1929; Guattari/Circeo, Italy, 1939; Shanidar, Iraq, 1953; Amud, Israel, 1961; Kebara, Israel, 1964; Dederiych, Syria, 1993; St. Cesaire, France 1979; Zaffaraya, Spain, 1983; Lakonia, Greece, 1999)
All modern human genes originated in Africa; in past 2 MYA, Africa was source of emigration of a H. ergaster hominin, then a H. heidelbergensis hominin, then several waves of modern humans; modern humans are derived from relatively recent, ca. 50-45 kya migration out of East Africa.
Homo sapiens sites: Pestera cu Oase, Romania, c. 35 kya; Kent’s Cavern, England, c 30 kya; Bacho Kiro & Temnata, Bulgaria 43-40 kya; Papua New Guinea, Australia, Tasmania, 40 kya; Oceania, 35-30 kya; Arctic Circle, 27 kya; preClovis culture, Texas, 15 kya, Monte Verde, Chile, 12.5 kya; Clovis culture, before 11 kya
Homo sapiens: migration out of Africa, then interbreeding with Neanderthals in Western Asia (65,000–90,000 years ago); (contributed 1-4% of their DNA to Homo sapiens); then a move to Southeast Asia; ancestors of East Asians and Western Indonesia arrived later, between 38-25TYA
2 migrations into Asia from Africa
1 - Denisovans: a common ancestor with anatomically modern human and Neanderthal mtDNAs about 1.0 million years ago. This indicates that it derives from a hominin migration out of Africa distinct from that of the ancestors of Neanderthals and of modern humans; 4-6% DNA to New Guinea, Melanesia, Aborigines by 44 TYA; human migration to SE Asia between 75 and 62TYA
2 – No Denisovan DNA: To East Mainland Asia (Han Chinese) and Western Indonesia
Sources:
Bernard Wood – Human Evolution, 2011
Richard Klein – Richard G. Klein, 2009
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Modern Human vs. Chimpanzee Skeleton (after B. Wood):
Human ChimpanzeeForehead Steep LowFace Flat Projecting, snout-likeCranial vault Widest higher up Widest at baseSkull High, globular, rounded SmallerBrain size Large (1350cc) Small (300cc)Foramen magnum Forward in skull Backward in skullCanine teeth Small; smaller,
more incisor like canines that occlude tip to tip
Large, wear on sides; largeupper canines are honed against the first lower premolars, producinga sharp edge in back of the canines.
Dentation Rectangular arcade; small front teeth
Curved arcade; large front teeth
Base of skull Angled StraighterExternal Ear Canal Large SmallThorax Straight sides; cone-shaped Conical, barrel-shaped rib cageLumbar vertebrae 5 3-4Limb bones Straight CurvedLimb proportions Lower limb long Arms longer than legs;
Lower limb shortThigh Bone Straight Angled toward kneeWrist Less mobile More mobileFingers Straight, & long, opposable
thumbCurved, long fingers, & short thumb
Hand Cup-shaped FlatFoot Arched & big toe straight Flat & big toe angledPelvis Basin shaped;
Neonatal head is tight fitLong, narrow;Neonatal head has ++ room
Development –Bones and teeth
Slow Fast
Locomotion Bipedal Knuckle walker
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Chin Present None
More typical of hominin than ape:
Large molars
Small canines
Thicker mandible
Large brow ridge
Canine worn at tip
Hip joint: outer/cortical bone is thickest at top and bottom of neck
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
The Toba catastrophe theory suggests that a bottleneck of the human population occurred c. 70,000 years ago, proposing that the human population was reduced to perhaps 15,000 individuals[3] when the Toba supervolcano in Indonesia erupted and triggered a major environmental change. The theory is based on geological evidences of sudden climate change and on coalescence evidences of some genes (including mitochondrial DNA, Y-chromosome and some nuclear genes)[4] and the relatively low level of genetic variation with humans.[3]
However, such coalescence is genetically expected and does not, in itself, indicate a population bottleneck, because mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA are only a small part of the entire genome, and are atypical in that they are inherited exclusively through the mother or through the father, respectively. Most genes in the genome are inherited from either father or mother, and thus can be traced back in time via either matrilineal or patrilineal ancestry.[5] Research on many genes finds different coalescence points from 2 million years ago to 60,000 years ago when different genes are considered, thus disproving the existence of more recent extreme bottlenecks (i.e., a single breeding pair).[3][6]
On the other hand, in 2000, a Molecular Biology and Evolution paper suggested a transplanting model or a 'long bottleneck' to account for the limited genetic variation, rather than a catastrophic environmental change.[7] This would be consistent with suggestions that in sub-Saharan Africa numbers could have dropped at times as low as 2,000, for perhaps as long as 100,000 years, before numbers began to expand again in the Late Stone Age.[8]
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
2003 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Denisovan distribution (David Reich et al., 2011):
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
References
1. Reich D , Patterson N, Kircher M, Delfin F, Nandineni MR, Pugach I, Ko AM-S, Ko Y-C, Jinam TA, Phipps ME, et al. 2011. Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into southeast Asia and Oceania. American journal of human genetics 89:516-28.
2. Skoglund P , and Jakobsson M. 2011. Archaic human ancestry in East Asia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A.
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Hominin Evolution (based on R. Klein, B. Wood), compiled by Charles J. Vella, 9/2012
Tapeworms: hominids inherited from carnivores (feed on same carcasses)