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Genus and Species Index

Acacia 40Acacia erioloba 50Acanthosicyos naudianus 125Acinonyx jubatus 2, 43, 45Acinonyx jubatus hecki 43Acinonyx jubatus venaticus 43Acinonyx rex 45Acomys 29Aconthos icyos horridis 29Aepyceros melampus 28, 65Afrotis afra 131Alcelaphus buselaphus 67Amblonyx cinereus 167Antidorcas marsupialis 28Aonyx capensis 167Aonyx congicus 167Apodemus 163Aquila rapax 40Arachis 31Arbatus unedo 163Arctocephalus pusillus 29Atilax paludinosus 67Axis axis 65

Babesia canis 38, 39Balanites aegyptiaca 124Boscia albitrunca 54

Canis adustus 8, 11Canis aureus 7, 10Canis crocuta 89Canis familiaris 7Canis hyaena 89Canis lupus 7Canis lupus arabs 27Canis lupus dingo 7, 28Canis lupus pallipes 27Canis mesomelas 8, 11Canis rufus 7Canis simensis 7, 8, 10Capra ibex 66Cerdocyon thous 7Cervus unicolor 65

Chasmaporthetes nitidula 89Chrysocyon brachyurus 7Citrullus lanatus 65Civettictis civetta 169Clarius 66Conepatus humboldtii 168Connochaetes taurinus 25, 65Coturnix coturnix 27Crocuta 90Crocuta crocuta 38, 89, 90Cucumis africanus 123Cuon alpinus 7, 8Cynictis penicillata 2Cyprinion malensis 27

Damaliscus lunatus 28Dendroaspis polylepis 163Desmodillus auricularis 132Diospyros 30Dispholidus typicus 162Dorylus 126Dusicyon australis 7

Eira barbara 168Enhydra lutris 167Equus burchellii 27Equus zebra hartmannae 124Euclea 29Euclea pseudebenus 29

Felis 171Felis margarita 68Felis nigripes 44Felis silvestris 63Ficus 30

Galerella pulverulenta 67Galerella sanguinea 42, 151Galictis vittata 168Gazella 29Gazella dorcas 27Gazella thomsonii 27Genetta abysinica 169

200

Genetta angolensis 169Genetta genetta 87,169Genetta johnstoni 169Genetta maculata 169Genetta servalina 169Genetta thierryi 169Genetta tigrina 169Genetta victoriae 169Gerbil/us 29Grewia 31Grewia flava 125Gulo gulo 168

Helogale parvula 150Herpestes edwardsii 149Herpestes ichneumon 149,158Herpestes javanicus 149, 152, 163Herpestes smithii 149Herpestes urva 149Herpestes vitticolis 149Heterohyrax brucei 66Hodotermes mossambicus 31,41,127,162Hyaena 90, 105Hyaena brunnea 89Hyaena hyaena 89, 90Hyaena hyaena barbara 90Hystrix africaeaustralis 60, 66

Ichneumia albicauda 42lctonyx libyca 167Ietonyx striatus 67, 167Indicator indicator 169

Juniper oxycedrus 163

Kobus leche 28, 69, 131

Larus dominican us 29Lepus 29,67Lepus capensis 75Liberiietis kuhni 149Lontra canadensis 168Lontra felina 168Lontra longicaudis 168Lontra longicaudis longicaudis 168Lontra provocax 168Loxodonta africana 64Lutra lutra 168Lutra lutra lutra 168Lutra maculicollis 167, 168Lutra perspicillata 168Lutra sumatrana 168Lycaon pietus 7,8Lynchailurus serval constantinus 43Lynx pardinus 43, 62

Genus and Species Index

Macropus rufus 28Macrotermes 158Madoqua kirkii 125Martes flavigula 168Martes foina 168Martes gwatkinsii 168Megantereon cultridens 43Melierax canorus 169Mellivora 168Mellivora capensis 28,167,168Mugil cephalus 30Mungos mungo 153Mungotictis decemlineata 149Mustela africana 168Mustela altaica 168Mustela erminea 168Mustela kathiah 168Mustela lutreola 168Mustela nigripes 168Mustela nivalis 167Mustela putorius 167Mustela sibirica 168

Naja 163Nandinia binotata 169

Odontotermes 158Odontotermes badius 126, 159Oncifelis colocolo 43Oreotragus oreotragus 124Ornithodoros savignyi 58Orycteropus afer 18,60Oryctolagus cuniculus 28, 63Oryx gazella 66Osbornictis piscivora 169Otocyon megalotis 2, 8, 11Otomys irroratus 67Otomys unisulcatus 67

Panthera 171Panthera leo 8, 28Panthera leo leo 45Panthera leo melanochaitus 45Panthera leo persica 43, 45Panthera pardus 41, 43, 44Panthera pardus ciscaucasia 43Panthera pardus japonensis 44Panthera pardus kotiya 43Panthera pardus melas 44Panthera pardus nimr 43Panthera pardus orientalis 43Panthera pardus panthera 43Panthera pardus tulliana 43Panthera tigris 44Panthera tigris altaica 43

Genus and Species Index

Panthera tigris amoyensis 43Panthera tigris sumatrae 43Papio 84Papio anubis 86Papio hamadryas 27Parabuthus 162Parahyaena 90Parahyaena brunnea 30, 55, 89, 90Parinari curatellifolia 30Pedetes capensis 28, 162Pelea capreolus 67Perna perna 29Phalacrocorax capensis 30Phalacrocorax carbo 30Phaecochoerus aethiopicus 65Poecilogalealbinucha 167Poina richardsonii 169Prionailurus bengalensis iriomotensis 43Procavia capensis 66Profelis aurata 44Progenetta 89Proteles 89Proteles cristatus 41,90Proteles lalandii 89Pseudalopex culpaeus 7Pseudalopex griseus 7Pseudalopex gymnocercus 7Pteronura brasiliensis 168Puma concolor 45Puma concolor coryi 43Puma concolor cougar 43

Raphicerus campestris 28Rattus domesticus 163Redunca arundinum 28Redunca fulvorufula 67Rhabdomys pumilio 67

Sclerocarya birrea 125Smilodon fatalis 90

201

Speothos venaticus 7, 15Spheniscus demersus 126Struthio camelus 66Suricata suricatta 152Sylvicapra grimmia 28, 66Syncerus caffer 65

Tachyoryctes macrocephalus 30Tachysurus feliceps 30Terfezia pfelii 125Tragelaphus scriptus 28Tragelaphus strepsiceros 28Trinervitermes 90, 126, 128, 132Trinervitermes bettonianus 126Trinervitermes trinervoides 31,41, 120, 126,

127,162

Uncia uncia 44, 66Ursus arctos 8

Viverra cristata 89Vulpes 111Vulpes bengalensis 7Vulpes cana 7, 8Vulpes chama 8,18Vulpes pallida 8Vulpes riippelli 19Vulpes vulpes 7, 26Vulpes vulpes griffithi 7Vulpes vulpes montana 7Vulpes vulpes pusilla 7Vulpes zerda 14

Xerus 29Xerusinaurus 160

Ziziphus 30

Subject Index

Aardvark 18,54,60,77,80,82,109,117,118,123,135,169,170

aardViolf 41,66,87-90,96,100-103,110-112,120, 121, 126-128, 132-134, 137, 139,141,144,148,168,175,176,178,179,181

activity 19, 22-26, 32-34, 37, 41, 54, 58-63,72,81,87,99, 106, 112, 117-121, 126­128, 130, 132, 135, 138-140, 146-148,158, 160, 161, 164, 165, 168-170, 172,177,179-181,183

African wild dog 19foxes 25,26jackals 22-24leopard 60lion 58

adaptation 114,116,121,123,125,128,129,131-133, 137-139, 146, 147, lSI, 156,164,171-173

Africa 1 ,2,8, 14,43,89,97, 126, 127, 149,167,168,171

African wild cat 50,63,68,87,123African wild dog 8-10,12,13, IS, 16,20,22,

26-28,32,34-40,66,84-86,96,110,129,144, 146, 148, 169, 173, 175, 177, 178,181-183

Air Mountains 44allo-parenting 156, 176allo-suckling 108, 109ambush 72,75,76,86androgen 92,104,176Annapurna Mountain Range 5,66ant-eater 127, 137anthrax 83,124aphrodisiac 146Arabian leopard 43Arabian Peninsula 8,14,19,26,37,124,

141,150Arabian wolf 27aridity 2,16,19,20,22,23,25,27,29,31,35,

39,40,42,44-48, 57, 58, 61, 62, 66, 70,72,74,82,84,85,87,90,92,94,98-100,102, 108, 109, lIS, 117, 120, 124, 125,129, 132, 134, 139-141, 146, 152, 157,

159, 165, 167-169, 173, 175-178, 181,182,184

Asiatic lion 43, 45, 58Asiatic wild dog 8,10,13,16,22,39,65,72Atlas lion 45Augrabies National Park 3,66

Bale Mountains 5, 10, 14,24,30,36,39, 180banded mongoose 153, 158, 159, 161, 163,

164,176Bandipur Tiger Reserve 5, 10, 22Barbary lion 45, 46barometric pressure 62, 63bat-eared fox 2,9, II, 12, 14, 19,25 ,26,32,

34,36,39,41,42,66,67,76,79,87,123,125,132,148,168,173,175,179

bear 8biomass 62,64,78,83,95,134,143bird colony 29,42,65biting fly 58black-backed jackal 11,13,14,17,18,22-24,

29, 30, 33, 36, 37, 39-42, 55, 65-67, 73,76,87,123,144-148,169,173,178,180

black-footed cat 44,56,63,68Blandford's fox 8,14,31body size or mass 26,37,52,66,73-75,77,

80,81,83,85,86,105,106,127,128,135,150,156,157,172,173,176,178-182

bone 35,63,78,80,89,90,108,121-123,133,135,136,147,171,182

brown hyaena 30,52, 55, 64, 87, 89-91, 93,95,96,99-102,104,107,109,110,117­120, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 131, 132,134, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143-145, 147,148,173,175,176,178,180,181,183

buffer species 69bulbus glandis ISburrow 25,26,33,37,41,54,56,60,82,108,

109, 117, 119, 120, 123, 135, 139, 145,152,159-161,165,168-170

bush dog ISbushveld 16,38, S0,52, 54, 59, 61, 65, 77, 79,

86,87,92,98,100,120,121,136,144

204

Canid 7,9 ,10,13-16,19,26,27,30,31,34-36,38, 39, 41, 43, 63, 76, 89, 91, 110-112,114, 125, 134, 156, 157, 171-175, 177,179,181-183

Canidae 7-42canine distemper 83cannibalism 64-67,122,124Cape fox 18,26,31,41,87,148Cape grey mongoose 67,152,157, 159-162,

180Cape lion 45caracal 56,61-63,67,77,78,80,81,85,104,

145,147,180carrion 11,27,28,31,36,66,80,91,95-98,

123,124,129,131,132,143,146,147,180cave 82,89,108,135chasing 64,69 ,72-75,77,129-131,133cheetah 2,35,43,44,45,47,48,50,55,56,64,

66,67,74-77,80,82,85,87,96,104,125,145-148, 151, 157, 173, 176-178, 180,181,183

chemical defence 128Chitwan National Park 54Chobe National Park 3, 70CITES 43,90,149,167civet 123,128clan 91-94,96-102,105-110,113-118,121 ,

124, 128-131, 134, 138, 140, 142, 145,178,181,183

clawless otter 167climate 1,2,62,82,141,159,163common weasel 167communication 13-15,33,97-103,152,170,

174,175,182aardwolf 102, 103African wild dog 13Asiatic wild dog 13bat -eared fox 14brown hyaena 100-102jackals 13spotted hyaena 97-100striped hyaena 100wolf 13

commuting 92,107,113,114,116,129,140,142,178,181,183

competition 38-42,46,47,60,64,79,80,83,85-87,90,92,95,98,105,107,111,117,128, 134, 135, 143-148, 165, 169, 181,183

conception 51,56,107condition 27,48 ,53,64, 107, 133conical -toothed cat 171conservancy 15,20,21conservation 7,8, 39, 43-45, 83, 84, 90, 91,

149,168,171,178,183,184cooperation 9,92,93,129 ,164,172,181, 183

Subject Index

cooperative hunting 9,164,181,183copulation 15,51,53,110, Ill, 175copulatory tie 15,111,175cougar 43,45cover 64,66,68-70,72-74,79,181coyote 15Cretaceous Period 171cub 47,49-56,60-62,75,79,80,82-85,96,98,

105-108, 110-112, 114, 117, 118, 125,135,143,144,176,183

cuckoldry 111,112,176,178culling 52,83,84

Dead Sea 5,95defecation 81,98,99,102,138,139,152,153den 10,16,18-20,22,24,31,32,36,38,42,54,

55, 92, 95-100, 103, 106-111, 113, 114,116, 118-121, 135-137, 147, 151, 152,156-160,176,179

density 21,22,24,25,42,46,50, 58,60-62,64,68,74,79,85,93,102,113,118-121,124, 130, 134, 135, 139, 142, 143, 147,158,160,177

desert 1,43,44, 172, 173, 176, 177, 179, 180,183

desert date 125detoxification 138dhole 8,10,13,16,22,39,65,72diet 23-33,40-42,63-68,90,112,122-126,

128, 137, 138, 141, 144-148, 162, 165,168,170,179,180,183

digest ion 81, 122, 123, 134digging 159-161, 163, 164, 169dingo 5, 10,28dirk-toothed cat 171disease 20, 38, 39, 53, 82, 83, 85, 124, 143,

146,165dispersal 10,16-18,22,24,33,47,52,55,56,

64,83,84,92,93,96,116,118,143distribution 7,8,43-45,89-91,149,167-169division of labour 150, 155Djurdura National Park 13, 22domestic livestock 27,29,62,65, 72, 78dominance hierarchy 9,92,93,95-99, 101,

1~lml~I~I~I~I~ln

174,176-178,180,181,183Doiiana National Park 5, 62, 63drought 31,41 ,65,83,84,86,122,124,140,

141,148drowning 38,131dune 31,87,119,147,163dwarf mongoose 150-156, 158, 159, 161-

165,173-176,179,180,182

Eagle 30,40,54,87Egyptian mongoose 158

Subject Index

ejaculation 175embryonic development 104emigration 39,52,96,143,156,165endocrine 176energy 24,27,36,37,47,63,64 ,68,70,72,73,

75,78,95,101,107,122,131,154energy maximizer 72Eocene 2ermine 167Ethiopian wolf 10, 11, 14, 18, 24, 30, 31, 33,

34,36,39,171,180Etosha National Park 4,28,33,38,45,47,52,

53,58,67-69,71,72,80,83,86,94,116,118,124, 130, 140, 146, 157, 178, 182,183

evaporation 37,38,62,63,114evaporative cooling 37,38evisceration 78, 79extinction 44, 45, 171

Faeces 13,14,48-50,54,77,81 ,98-103,125,138, 139, 141, 152, 159, 163, 164, 174,175,180

fat 133,163fatty acid 103feeding 10, 11, 26-40, 63-68, 78-81, 86, 90,

93, 100, 101, 105, 107, 110, 119-141,153,156,158,161-165,179-183

felid 7,26,27,35,43,44 ,46 ,47,49,57,63-65,78,81,82,85,86,89,91,134,171-183

Felidae 43-87, 172fennec fox 14,26,31,34,36-38,183ferret 167fertility 55fertilization 105, 112flea 117,119flehmen 50, 51flooding 160, 180food 11,12,14-20,22-33,36,39-41 ,47,48,

52, 56, 60-68, 72-74, 78-81, 84-87, 90,92-95,105,107,108,111 -128,130-132,134-138, 140, 142, 144-146, 148, 151,156-158, 160-165, 169, 170, 173, 177­180,182,183

aardwolf 126-128,132African wild cat 68black-footed cat 68brown hyaena 125,126,131caracal 67cheetah 66, 67foxes 31,32jackals 28-30leopard 65,66,73,74lion 64,65sand cat 68spotted hyaena 122-124,130

205

striped hyaena 124,125,131wild dog 27,28wolf 27

food caching 16,36,40,42,79,81,86, 135­137, 145, 147, 182

food sharing 164foraging 9,14, 18,19,32-34,42,46,51,83,

85,87,91-93,96-97,100-103,108,110,112-114, 116-118, 120, 121, 124, 126­128, 130-132, 137, 139-141, 147, 148,151-154, 156-158, 160, 163-165, 169,172,174-177,179 -182

forest 7,18,43,44,59,172fossil 43,89,90fox 8,9,11,14,15,18,25,26,31,32,34,111,

171,173,183fungus 125fur 37,78,79,82,105,141fynbos 162

Gemsbok 66,70,71,73,75-77,84,123-126,130,133,143-145,182

gemsbok cucumber 125,141genetics 44-46,89,90,92,105,112gestation 51,53,55,56, 105, 108, 109, Ill,

156-158,168,170Gir Forest 5, 46, 58, 65, 78gland 13,48-51,97,99,101-103,128,138,

152,169,174golden cat 44golden jackal 10,11,17,18,22,23,28,29,33,

36,40 ,173Great Rift Valley 2, 4, 17, 22-24, 40group 9-12,46-49,51,53,57,61,68,70,72,

74,75,78,80,83,86,91-102,105-110,113-118. 121, 124, 128-131, 133,-135,138, 142, 145, 146, 149-153, 155, 156,158, 161, 164, 172-176, 178, 179, 182,183

group formation 9-12,46,47,91-96, ISO,151,173,174

aardwolf 96African wild dog 9Asiatic wild dog 10brown hyaena 95, 96dingo 10dwarf mongoose 150,151jackals 10, 11spotted hyaena 91-94striped hyaena 95

guarding 150,153,156,164,173,174,176

Habit killer 65, 67, 134, 181hair 78-80,105,109,141,158hardpan 38heat 37,78,82,114

206

heatstress 37,69,114,158,160,161,163,177helper 15-18,24,107-110,150,156,157,173,

175-177hermaphrodite 91,104,176herpestid 3,151,152,157,158,165,167,171,

173-176,182Herpestidae 149-165Hluhluwe Game Reserve 115honey-badger 28,39,123,167-169hormone 52, 53humidity 24hunger 74, 181hunting 13,18,20,22,24,26,32-34,39,51­

57,63,64,66,68-76,84,85,87,92,93,108, 116, 118, 122-125, 128-131, 133,134,163,164,168,172,173,179-182

hunting hyaena 89hunting success 34,35,68,69,72,74-77,82,

129-131,133,134,146,178,182hyaenid 2, 13,34,48,76,89-91,97-99,101,

103, 106, 112, 114, 121, 128, 133, 134,137,171,172,174,176,178,180-182

Hyanidae 89-148,172,173hybrid 91hyperthermia 38hypothermia 38immigration 92,93,96,97,99,107-109,143,

175

Indian mongoose 152, 163infanticide 51,98,108,142,151,175ingestion 63, 128, 182injury 85,116,124,130insect 30-32, 34, 41, 68, 123-125, 127, 134,

148, 151, 152, 156, 161-163, 165, 169,170,180

interaction between carnivores 39-42, 85-87,144-148,165,183

aardwolf 148brown hyaena 146-148cheetah 87foxes 41,44jackals 40,41leopard 87lion 86spotted hyaena 144-146striped hyaena 146wild dogs 39,40

mCN 7,43, 149, 168

Jackal 8, 19, 28-30,33,40,54,64,80, 111,178,183

Iudean Desert 5,27,66,84,126,136,146

Kafue National Park 4,28,64,65,69Kalahari 2,3,12-14,18,19,23-26,31,33,36,

Subject Index

39,41,42,46,47,49-55,57,65-68,70­77,79-84,86,87,93,95,96,98-102,105,107-110, 115-120, 123-126, 129-131,133-136, 139-141, 143-148, 157, 162,169,173,175,176,180-182

Kalahari Gemsbok National Park 3,66,87,93,98,115,118,119,147

Karoo 2-4, 56, 67, 68, 85, 57, 177Karoo National Park 3,67,68kill 33-35,54,60,64,66,68-73,75-82,86,87,

90,93,97,114,119,122-125,128-131,133-135, 140, 142-148, 163-165, 170,178,180-182

kill rate 34,68,69,72,75,77,82, 129-131,133,134,178

King cheetah 44, 45Klaserie Private Nature Reserve 4kleptoparasitism 70, 86, 130, 181Korcula Island 5,163Kruger National Park 4,8,20,21,28,38,40,

46,50,52,53,58,64,67,79,81,83,84,86,87,92,93,98,99,107,115,117,122,129,135, 136, 146

Kuiseb River Canyon 94,116,117,124,135,140,145

Lactation 17,52,53,105-109,114,157,177Lake Manyara National Park 4, 58large grey mongoose 149latrine 13,97-102,138,152,174least weasel 167leopard 41,43,44,49,50,53-55,59,60,64­

66, 72-74, 76-82, 84-87, 96, 124, 134,144-148,176,178,181,182

licking 132,134, 137, 138, 182life expectancy 84,85,142Limpopo River Valley 4,31lion 8,35,38,39,41,43,45-53,55,57,58,63­

65,68-70,76-87,96,97, 106, 110, 122,123, 125, 130, 133, 135, 142-148, 151,172,173,175,176,178,181-183

lion mane 45lipid 101, 103litter 47,52,54-56,108,144,151litter size 15-19,85,105,108,109, Ill, 151,

156-158,168,170,175lynx 43,62,63

Mababe Depression 3man 1,3,8,19,27,29,30,38,39,72,85, Ill,

125,142,146,151,165,169,184mange 27Masai Mara 4, 11, 25, 28, 31, 33, 35, 40, 42,

49,58,82,86,92,105,115,118,142Matabo National Park 4,49,59,66,77,79,

80

Subject Inde x

maternal rank 92mating 12.13 , 15,72,96,97.103, lOS, 109,

1l0. 112, 120. 138, 155-157, 172, 176­178

meat consumption 35.79,80.83. 129, 134­136

mediterranean region 83,90,159, 160,162,163

mesic region 2-5.90,115,139.145,151.152,156,159,168.173,175,176,178,184

met abolism 37,38,81.128,177Mezozoic 1micro-habitat 37,41,148midden 22,36,102,103,138,139,152,159,

163,174,175migration 47,57,61,65.92,93,96,113,116,

129,143,178,181mimicry 103-105

physical 103, 104sexual 103-105

Miocene 1,89 ,90,171mole-rat 30, ISOmonogamy 15.17-19, 26,173,175,176monsoon 5, 10,78moon phase 62,63Moremi Wildlife Reserve 3, 10, 12, IS, 16,

21,22, 28, 33, 35, 38, 131mortality 15.16,18.38-42,45,47,51-55,61,

78, 82-85, 106, 108, 112. 116, 120, 121,128,142-144,147,153,165.176,183

Mountain Zebra National Park 3. 56, 67, 76,78,80

movement 19,21-23,57-63,74,75,77.82,92.94,96,100.106,110.112,113,116­119, 122, 129, 132-137. 140. 141. 154,156, 163, 164, 169, 170, 177, 178, 181,183

aardw olf 120,121African wild dog 19,20brown hyaena 119,120jackal 23leopard 59,60lion 57,58spotted hyaena 113-118striped hyaena 118,119

mustelid 3, 167, 171, 172, 174, 175Mustelidae 167-169myrmecophagy 127, 128. 137myth 91,104

Nairobi National Park 4,52,61 .67,75,83.85Namib Desert 2, 5, 11, 23.25, 29, 31,3 3, 36,

37, 39,41 .42.65,78.93,94.96.97,99­101, 103, 115-117, 120, 124, 126, 127.130, 132, 134. 135. 137, 139-141, 143.145, 148,173,178.180.183

207

Negev Desert 5.95,119,125,126,131,136,141,146

Ngor ongoro Crater 4, 9, 12, 16, 17, 28, 29,34,36,39.40,51,53, 66,91-93,96,99,100, 113, lIS, 116, 118, 122, 123, 142.144

nomad 10,1 2,47,48,51,57,58,60,85,92,96-98.107,109,151.163.174,176,178

number maximizer 72nutrition 114.121,124.125.131,132,157Nxai Pan 3,25,31, 34,42

Odour 103, 152oestrus 15,50,53,98,105,111,112157,177Oligocene 2, 171Oman desert 5.19,26,31ostrich 123, 125, 136, 180otter 67, 167ovulation 52,55, 157

Pack 9,10,12,16,20-22,26,27,35,36,39,40,121, 128, 151-158, 161, 163, 164, 173­176,178.182

pair bond 17, 19, SO, ISO, 173, 175. 176Paleocene 171Pampas cat 43panther 43panting 37,38.82parental care 17. 19, 111pasting 97,99-103,110.111 ,132,138, 174,

175pathway 96,99.100,102,114,119.131,132,

159, 174pheromone 51,174philogatry 92photoperiod 62, 63Pleistocene 2, 89, 90, 171Pliocene 2poaching 20,39, 142polar region 167polecat 67,123,165,167population bottleneck 44,46population ecology 38,39.82-85.142-144,

164,165,183caracal 85cheetah 85leopard 84lion 82-84spotted hyaena 142,143

porcupine 60,66.74,77-79,82,84.117,118,123,134

Postberg Private Nature Reserve 3,67, 152,159.160. 162

pregnancy control 52prey 9.10 ,12.15,16,20-22,24-36,38,39.41 .

47, 53-55, 58-60, 62,77-87, 92-94. 107,

208

140, 142-145, 151, 157, 161, 162, 164,165,169,170,172,173,176-182

promiscuity 111,112puma 43,45pup 10,11,15-20,24,25,35,36,38,40,175,

180

Rabies 143,165rabies control 165rain shadow 4, 5, 66rainfall 2-5,12,19,32,39,41,46,65,81,84,

124, 126, 127, 132, 140, 148, 152, 156,157, 161, 173, 181

raking 49,50range use 14,19-27,32,34,36,41,42,49-51,

55-63,68,84,86,90,92,94,97,99,100,108, 112-121, 132, 138, 146, 148, 151,158-173,176-179,181

aardwolf 120,121African wild dog 15, 16, 19,20Asiatic wild dog 22brown hyaena 119,120jackals 22leopard 59,60lion 57,58spotted hyaena 113-118striped hyaena 118,119

raptor 153-155,159,165,169ratel 167,168red fox 26, 31Red Sea 2regurgutation 16-18,35, 109, no, 112, 123,

156reintroduction 33, 38, 66reproduction 15-19,22,39,50-56,83,96-98,

103, 105-112, 116, 120, 121, 128, 138,142, 151, 153, 155-158, 168, 170, 172­178

aardwolf 110-112African wild dog 15, 16Asiatic wild dog 16brown hyaena 109,110cheetah 55,56foxes 18,19jackals 17,18leopard 50,53-55lion 51-53spotted hyaena 105-108striped hyaena 108, 109

rodent 29-34,41,62,66-68, 123, 132, 150,157,160,162-165,168 -170

rubbing post 50Riippell's fox 19,26 ,31,37running 172,181

Subject Index

Sabi Sand Game Reseve 4,59,60sabre-toothed cat 89,90, 171Sahara Desert 2,36,37,44,141,167,182Sahel 5sand tampan 58Savuti Marsh 3,46,48,52, 58, 65, 68-70, 83,

86,93,97, 100, 108, 113, 116, 118, 123,129, 130, 134, 135, 138, 140, 143, 145,146,178,181,183

scavenging 27-30,36,39,63-67,72,78-80,86,87,90,91,95,96,105,121-126,129,134, 135, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146, 179,180

scent trail 129, 131scent-marking 13-15,48,96,97,99-103,110,

Ill, 113, 120, 129, 138, 152, 153, 159,169,170,174,175,177,178

scimitar-toothed cat 171scorpion 53,162,163, 168scraping 13,49,50,97,99,100,139,174seal 29, 30,65, 180seal colony 11, 23, 24, 29, 42, 65, 126, 132,

148,173,180seed 125,141,162Selous Game Reserve 4,8, 58, 83Serengeti 1,2,4,10-12,14-18,20-23,25,27­

29,31-36,38-40,42,46-49,51,55-59,61, 64-68, 72, 77, 78, 80, 82-87, 91-93,96,97,106,107,112-115,118-124,126,129, 132, 134, 136, 141, 142, 144, 151,155,159,164,176,178,181

serval 43sex rat io 15,16,39,51,83,103,142,165shepherd's tree 54,60,82,101,118,129siblicide 106,108,142,176sick-caring 8side-striped jackal 11, 13, 18,24,30,40,173signal 152-154,174,175Simien fox 10,11,14,18,24,30,31,33,34,

36,39,173,180Sinai Peninsula 14,19,26,37Skeleton Coast 4,24,29,36,42,145,148skull 44, 45, 80slender mongoose 42, 151, 152, 159, 161,

162,165,174,177,179small spotted cat 44, 56small-spotted genet 169, 170snake 68,162,163,165snake mongoose 167snow leopard 44,66social behaviour 8-14, 46-50,91-103,106,

118,129,149-155,172-175social hierarchy 9, 92, 93, 95-99, 101 105­

110, 129, 136, 142, 155, 156, 173, 174,176-178,180,181,183

Subject Index

sodium 134,135Somali Arid Zone 2Somali lion 45Southern Savanna 90Southwest Arid Zone 2,11 ,90speed 75,76,128,132spotted hyaena 35,36,38-40,46,47,52,54,

64,70,78-81,84-87,89-92,93,94,96­102,104-110, 112-120, 122-126, 128­l~l~l~l~lnl~l~l~

178,180-183spotted necked otter 167spray-urination 49-50,174springbok 28,31,67,75,87, 123-125, 131,

133,145,147stalking 64,66,68,69,72,73,75,170,181starvation 53,55,82-85,123,124,176stoat 167striped hyaena 40,89-91,95, 100, 103, 104,

108, 109, 118, 119, 122, 124-126, 131,134, 136-138, 141, 146, 176, 178, 180,181, 183

striped polecat 165, 167striped weasel 167suckling 18,19,25,28,52-54,106,108,109,

112Sudanese Arid Zone 2sugar 163Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve 3,23superstition 146suricate 151,152,156,157,160-165,180,182surplus killing 35,64,65,78,134,182survival 39,43,45,47,51-56,82-85,97,102,

104, 107-110, 114, 132, 142, 153, 157,164,183,184

sweating 82synchronous breeding 51,175

Taru Desert 4, 151-156, 158, 159, 163, 164,176,179

taxonomy 7,43-45,89,90,149,167-169teeth 34,35,38,63,76-78,90,105, 121,122,

133,164,171,182temperature 24,25,36-38,60,62,82, 141,

145,158,160,161,177,180Termit Mountains 44termite 25,31 ,32,34,39,41,75,90,112,120,

123, 126-128, 132, 137, 138, 141, 148,154,156-159,161-163,165,179,180,182

termite mound 154,156-159,161,165,179terpene 128,137-139territory 13, 14, 19,20,22-25,27,47,48,56­

59, 67, 85, 92-103, 109, 110, Ill, 113­116, 118, 120, 130, 132, 135, 138-148,

209

150-152, 154, 158, 159, 161, 164, 173­179,181,183

Tertiary 2thermal conductance 37,38thermal insulation 141tiger 43, 44, 50Timbavati Private Nature Reserve 4,92,98,

115, 136, 144tongue 79,128,137,182toxin 128trail 96,99,100,102,114,119,131 ,132,159,

174tree -clawing 174tsama melon 65,81,82,123,125,140,141Tsavo National Park 4,49,59,60,66

Umfolozi Game Reserve 4,81,145ungulate 63,65,71, 115, 119, 122-124, 133,

135,139,141,143,146,180urine 13,14 ,48 -51,53 ,97,98,100,138,139,

174Uruq Bani Ma'arid Protection Area 150

Vigilance behaviour 152-155,164,175viscera 78-80, 136vitamin 125viverrid 3,89,128, 167,171,172,174 ,175Viverridae 169,170,149,167 -170,172vulture 87, 117, 146, 148

VVarthog 65,67,84,108,117,118,122watchman's song 153water 23,37,38,46,58,64,72,78,81,82,93,

94,99,113,116-118,125,129,131,132,134-136,140,141,153,171,178

weaning 16-19,51,54,55,107,109,170weasel 167West Coast National Park 3,56 ,61 ,62white-naped weasel 167white -tailed mongoose 42, 149whooping 97,98,175wild fruit 29,30,66,81,82, 123-125, 140,

141,162,163,168,170,177,179,180wildebeest 25,32,33,65,67,80, 122-125,

130,133, 142, 144wind 68,72,78,110,129,130,132,139,141 ,

145,152wolf 8,27,32,110

Yellowmongoose 2,151,152,157,159-165,177,180,182

Zebra 27,28,35,65,67,122,124,130,163zorilla 167

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