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214

Index

Acquino, Cory 159ageing and social policy 5, 6, 31–2agriculture 18–19Armed Forces of the Philippines

Retirement and Separation Benefit Scheme 53

ASABRI 43Asian economic crisis 19, 22, 183–9ASKES 88–9, 107ASTEK 40, 150, 153Asuransi Kesehatan Pegawai

Negeri see ASKESAsuransi Social ABRI see ASABRIaverting the old age crisis 38–9, 177

Barisan Nasional 155Barisan Socialis 161British rule

in Malaysia 154, 183in Singapore 161

capitalism, and social policy 5–6Central Provident Fund see CPFcharitable organisations,

Singapore 68Chatichai 167Children’s Allowances, Thailand 62Civil Servants Medical Benefits

(CSMB), Thailand 103class politics and social policy 9Community Health Card (CHC),

Thailand 104Constabulary, Health, and Teachers

Pension Fund, Philippines 53CPF 54–8, 67, 71, 74, 75, 76, 78, 97,

98, 161, 166, 164, 177, 178, 193Crone, Donald 12–13culture and social policies 7–8culture, Asian 7–8, 149

democracy 8–10, 53, 111, 151–2, 154–6, 158–9, 161–5, 162–8, 191

Democratic Action Party (DAP) 156

demography 32–3, 182dependency theory 13Deyo, Frederic 11DPR (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat) 151Dutch rule, in Indonesia 122, 123

East Asian economic crisis see Asian economic crisis

economic development and social policy 4–6

economic development, Southeast Asia 17–19

educationacademic performance 140demography 148–9, 182efficiency 139–40equity 141–2ethnicity, Malaysia 149financing 135–7industrial strategy 148–9meritocracy, Singapore 149policy outcomes 138–9privatisation 121, 126, 130–1,

133, 142, 181provision, comparative 134–5state intervention, rationale

for 120–1education policy, explanation of

patterns 147–9Edusave 130elections 8–9

Indonesia 151Malaysia 155Philippines 158–9Singapore 161, 162, 163Thailand 168

Employee Provident Fund see EPFEmployers Confederation of

Thailand 168Employment Injury scheme,

Malaysia see SOCSOEPF 45–8, 67, 70, 76, 79, 91, 107expenditure, public 23–9

Index 215

expenditure, public, on social policies 26–9

external debt 173

foreign direct investment 172free Medical Care scheme,

Thailand 167

globalisation and social policies169–74

Golkar 151Government Pension Fund,

Thailand 64Government Services Insurance

System see GSISGSIS 51, 53–4, 71

healthAccount 3, Malaysia 92efficiency 111–13equity 113–16expenditure patterns 108–10, 180financing

compulsory savings 107expenditure 106mechanisms 83–6private financing 84public financing 83social insurance 85–6, 107user charges 84–5

privatisation 84, 86–7, 181Indonesia 91Malaysia 92–3Singapore 100–1Thailand 103

provision 104–5state employees, schemes for

Indonesia 88–9Philippines 94Singapore 97Thailand 103

state intervention, rationale for 81–3

Health Review Committee, Singapore 100

health status 110–11housing finance, Singapore 56housing 56Huk rebellion 157

ideology 11ILO 30, 61, 166, 192IMF 158, 159, 187, 190income inequality 22–3Industrial Relations Act,

Malaysia 157industrialisation, and social

policy 5–6inequality, Southeast Asia 22–3inflation, in Southeast Asia 18informal employment 69–70,

114, 192Injury and Invalidity Benefits,

Malaysia see SOCSOinternational forces, affecting social

policy 13–14International Labour

Organisation see ILOInvalidity Pension scheme,

Malaysia see SOCSO

Jaminan Hari Tua ( JHT), Indonesia 43

JAMSOSTEK 39–42, 70, 77, 78, 88–9, 107, 153

Jesudason, James 155Jones, Catherine 7–8Jones, Gavin 73

Keynesianism 190Koperasi Jasa Karya Raya 40Korea, South 79, 179Krugman, Paul 183

liberalism 10, 30, 160

Macpherson, Stuart 192Magsaysay 183Malayan Communist Party

(MCP) 156Malayan Trade Union Congress

(MTUC) 156Marcos, Fidel 158–9, 183martial law, Philippines 159Medicare, Philippines 94–5, 107Medifund, Singapore 99Medisave, Singapore 55, 56, 59, 92,

97–8, 107, 108, 164Medishield, Singapore 98–9, 107, 164

216 Index

Midgley, Hames 15MPR (Majelis Permusyawaratan

Rakyat) 152

National Defence Fund, Malaysia 50National Economic Policy,

Thailand 166National Heroes Welfare Donation

Trust Fund, Malaysia 50NEP 124, 155, 157New Economic Policy see NEP

OECD 72, 73, 86, 109, 113, 140, 173Old Age Benefit Scheme, for the armed

forces, Malaysia 50

Pancasila 153PAP 150, 161–5, 184Partai Demokrasi Indonesia

(PDI) 151Parti Islam Malaysia (PAS) 156People’s Action Party see PAPPhibunsongkhram 166Philippine Health Insurance

Corporation (PhilHealth) 95politics and social policy 8–9,

181–3Indonesia 150–3Malaysia 153–7Philippines 157–60Singapore 160–5Thailand 165–9

poverty, Southeast Asia 19–22PPP (Partai Persatuan

Pembangunan) 151privatisation 22, 84, 86–7, 90, 92,

100–1, 102, 103, 106, 113, 117–18, 126, 130–1, 133, 142, 181, 195

Provident Fund see social policy: provident fund

public assistance 35–6public choice theory 8public finance, Southeast Asia

23–9Public Service Pension Scheme,

Malaysia 49

Ramos, Fidel 159

Regular Armed Forces Pension Scheme, Malaysia 50

Revenues, public 25–6Rodan, Garry 160Rural Health Services Scheme,

Malaysia 90

Savings and Employees Scheme, Singapore 59

Semangat ’46 156Senior Care Fund, Singapore 100Severino, Jean Michel 185Singapore Democratic Party 165Social Action Party, Thailand 167social groups and social policy 9social insurance 37–8, 66, 85–6,

107, 192social policy

Asian culture 7–8, 148, 195class explanations 9cultural explanations 6–8expenditure, Southeast Asia 26–8explanatory framework 144–8group politics 9institutionalist explanation 11international explanations 13–14political explanations 8–13,

181–3socio-economic explanations 4–6statist explanation 9–13

Social Reform Agenda, Philippines 159

social securityadequacy 68–74ageing and family structure 72–4coverage 68–70, 178design flaws 76–8equity 75expenditure patterns 66–7family support for the aged 72–4informal employment 69–70Korea, South 79mechanisms, options 34–9patterns of policy 176–9

government-financed 35–6informal 31provident fund 36–7social insurance 37–8voluntary contribution 38–9

Index 217

private sector employeesIndonesia 39–42Malaysia 45–9Philippines 51–3Singapore 54–8Thailand 60–3

privatisation 195public sector employees 67, 178

Indonesia 42–5Malaysia 49–50Philippines 53–4Singapore 58–9Thailand 63–4

provident fund 36–7, 45–8, 54–8, 63, 64, 66, 76–7, 78, 177

public assistance 179replacement rate 70–1social assistance see public

assistancesocial insurance 37–8, 66, 192,

107state intervention, rationale

for 31–4Taiwan 79voluntary schemes 42, 66

Social Security Act, Thailand 60–2, 79, 166–7

social security arrangements, options 34–9

social security system, Philippinessee SSS

social welfare, literature review 4–15socio-economic development and

social policy 4–6SOCSO 48–9, 91, 107SSA, Thailand 60–2, 71, 75SSS, Philippines 51–3, 71, 94state and social policy in Southeast

Asia 144–7

state intervention in social policy, rationale for 31–4, 81–3, 120–1

statist explanations 11–13Suharto 150–3, 182Sukarno 150, 182

Tabungan dan Asuransi Pegawai Negeri see TASPEN

Taiwan 79, 179TASPEN 42–3, 77, 150trade unions

Indonesia 153Malaysia 156–7Philippines 160Singapore 162Thailand 168–9

trade, international 171–2

unemployment insurance, Thailand 189

UNESCO 121urbanisation 19

voluntary social security schemes 66

welfare state 2, 5, 153, 161, 163, 183WHO 180Wilensky, Harold 5, 10Workers Compensation Scheme

Malaysia 49Philippines 54Thailand 103

World Bank 3, 20, 21, 22, 31, 38, 61, 77, 124, 177, 188, 189, 192

World Health Organisation (WHO) 108

world systems theory 13

Yayasan Dana Jaminan Sosial 40