20
REFERENCES

REFERENCES - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/.../19401/13/13_references.pdf · 2018-07-09 · References Balatova-Tulack'ova, E. 1979. Introduction of semi-natural temperate

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    5

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Allan, N.J.R. 1986. Accessibility and altitudinal zonation models of mountains. Mount. Res. Dev. 6(3), 185-194.

Altieri, M.A. 2000. Enhancing the producti_vity and multifunctionality of traditional farming in Latin America. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World EcoL 7, 50-61.

Anderson, J.M. 1994. Functional attributes of biodiversity in land use systems. In: Greenland, D.J., Szabolcs, I. (Eds.), Soil resilience and sustainable land use. CAB International, Wallingford, pp. 267-290.

Anderson, V.J. and Briske, D.D. 1995. Herbivore induced species replacement in grasslands: is it driven by herbivory tolerance or avoidance? Ecol. Appl. 5, 1014-1024.

Andren, 0., Zhao, X. and Liu, X. 1994; Climate and litter decomposition in Naiman, Inner Mongolia, China. Ambio 23(3), 222-224.

Anonymous. l990a. Red List of Threatened Animals. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, IUCN, Cambridge.

Anonymous l990b. Appendices I and II, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. CITES Secretariat, Lausanne.

Anonymous. 1994. Indian Cold Desert: A Status Report on Biodiversity. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, India.

Arroyo, M.T.K., Armesto, J.J. and Villagran, C. 1981. Plant phenological patterns in the high Andean Cordillera of Central Chile. J. Ecol. 69,205-223.

Aswal, B.S. and Mehrotra, B.N. 1994. Flora of Lahaul and Spiti (A cold desert in North-West Himalaya), Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.

Augstburger, F. 1983. Agronomic and economic potential of manure in Bolivian valleys and highlands. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 10, 335-346.

Augustine, D.J. and Frank, D.A. 2001. Effects of migratory grazers on spatial heterogeneity of soil nitrogen properties in a grassland ecosystem. Ecology 82(11), 3149-3162.

Auld, B.A., Menz, K.M. and Medd, R.W. 1979. Bioeconomic model of weeds in pastures. Agro-Ecosystems 5, 69-84.

Bailey, D.W., Gross, J.E., Laca, E.A., Rittenhouse, L.R., Coughnour, M.B., Swift, D. M. and Sims, P.L. 1996. Mechanisms that result in large herbivore grazing distribution patterns. J. Range Manag. 49, 386-400.

References

Balatova-Tulack'ova, E. 1979. Introduction of semi-natural temperate meadows and pastures in Grassland Ecosyetems of the World: Analysis of grassland and their uses (Ed. R.T.Coupland) Cambridge University Press, pp. 115-126.

Bansal, R.K., Kshirsagar, K.G. and Sangle, R.D. 1988. Efficient Utilization of Energy with an Improved Farming System for Selected Semi-Arid Tropics. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 24, 381-394.

Bartolome, J., Franch, J., Plaixats, J. and Seligman, N. G. 1998. Diet selection by sheep and goats on Mediterranean heathwoodland range. J. Range Manag. 51, 383-391.

Becker, K and Lohramann, J. 1992. Feed selection by goats on tropical semi-humid rangeland. Small Ruminant Research 8(4), 285-298.

Berkes, F., Hunt, I.D. and Hunt, K.D. 1998. Diversity of common property resource use and diversity of social interests in the Western Indian Himalaya. Mount. Res. Dev. 18(1), 19-33.

Betteridge, K., Andrewes, W.G.K. and Sedcole, J.R. 1986. Intake and excretion of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus by grazing ·steers. Journal of Agricultural Science 106, 393-404.

Bhasin, V. 1997. Water sharing and human solidarity in Ladakh. Journal of Human Ecology 8(4), 279-286.

Bhasin, V. 2000. Socio-cultural Adaptation in Cold Deserts. Journal of Human Ecology 11(3), 215-234.

Billings, W.D. 1987. Constraints to plant growth, reproduction and establishment in arctic environments. Arctic and Alpine Research 19, 357-365.

Biondini, M.E., Patton, B.D. and Nyren, P.E. 1998. Grazing intensity and ecosystem processes in a mixed grass Prairie, USA. Ecol. Appl. 8(2), 469-479.

Bjonness, I.M. 1983. External economic dependency and changing human adjustment to marginal environment in high Himalaya, Nepal. Mount. Res. Dev. 3, 263-272.

Bliss, L.C. 1956. A comparison of plant development in microenvironments of ·arctic and alpine tundra. Ecol. Monog. 26, 303-337.

Bliss, L.C. 1966. Plant productivity in alpine microenvironments on Mt. Washington, New Hampshire. Ecol. Monog. 26, 125-155.

Bohle, H. and Adhikari, J. 1998. Rural livelihoods at risk. How Nepalese farmers cope with food insecurity. Mount. Res. Dev. 18, 321-332.

Bowman, W.D., Theodose, T.A., Schardt, J.C. and Conant, R.T. 1993. Constraints of nutrient availability on primary production in two, alpine tundra community. Ecology 74, 2085-2097. ·

. 132

References

Browman, D.L. 1984. Pastoralism and development in high Andean arid lands. J. Arid Environ. 7, 313-328.

Brown, J.H. & Heske, E.J. 1990. Control of a desert grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild. Science 250, 1705-1707.

Bullock, D.J. 1985. Annual diets of hill sheep and feral goats in southern Scotland. J. Appl. Ecol. 22, 423-433.

Casimir, M.J. and Rao, A. 1985. Vertical control in the western Himalaya: Some notes on the pastoral ecology of the nomadic Bakrwal of Jammu and Kashmir. Mount. Res. Dev. 5(3), 221-232.

Casimir, M.J., Winter, R.P. and Glatzer, B. 1980. Nomadism and remote sensing: animal husbandry and the sagebrush community in a nomad winter area in western Afghanistan. J. Arid Environ. 3, 231-254.

Chacon, J.C. and Gliessman, S.R. 1982. Use of the "non-weed" concept in traditional tropical agroecosystems of South-eastern Mexico. Agro­Ecosystems 8, 1-11.

Chakravarty-Kaul, M. 1998. Transhumance and customary pastoral rights in Himachal Pradesh: claiming the high pastures for Gaddis. Mount. Res. Dev. 18, 5-17.

Champion, H. G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. A revised survey of the forest types of India. Manager of Publication, India.

Chang, D.H.S and Gauch, H.G. Jr. 1986. Multivariate analysis of plant communities and environmental factors in Ngari, Tibet. Ecology 67 (6), 1568-1575.

Charles, W.N., McGowan, D. and East, K. 1977. Selection of upland swards by red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) on Rhum. J. Appl. Ecol. 14, 55-64.

Chauhan, M.S., Mazari, R.K. and Rajagopalan, G. 2000. Vegetation and climate in upper Spiti region, Himachal Pradesh during late Holocene. Current Science 79(3), 373-377.

Chu-Lin, L., Fox, J., Xing, L., Lihang, G., Kui, C. and Jieru, W. 1999. State policies, markets, land use practices and common property: 50 years of change in a Yunnan village. Mount. Res. Dev. 19, 133-139.

Collins, S.L. & Glenn, S.M. 1990. A hierarchical analysis of species abundance patterns in grassland vegetation. Amer. Natur. 135, 633-648.

Colloway, R.M. 1995. Positive interactions among plants. Botanical Reviews 61, 306-349.

Cook, C.W., Child, R.D. 1971. Recovery of desert plants in various states of vigor. J. Range Manag. 24, 339-343.

133

References

Coppock, D.L., Ellis, J.E. and Swift, D.M. (1986). Livestock feeding ecology and resource utilization in a nomadic pastoral ecosystem. J. Appl. Ecol. 23, 573-583.

Coughenour, M.B., Ellis, J.E., Swift, D.M., Coppock, K.G., McCabe, J.T. and Hart, T.C. 1985. Energy extraction and use in a nomadic pastoral system. Science 230,619-625.

Covich, A.P. 1976. Analyzing shapes of foraging areas: some ecological and economic theories. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7, 235-257.

Crawley, M.J. 1983. Herbivory: The dynamics of Animal-plant interactions. Blackwell Scientific Publication~ Oxford.

Crawley, M.J. 1988. Herbivores and plant population dynamics. In: Davy, A.J., Hutchings, M.J. and Watkinson, A.R. (Eds.), Plant Population Ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 367-392.

Crawley, M.J. 1989. The relative importance of vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores in plant population dynamics. In: Bemays, E.A. (Ed.) Insect-Plant Interactions, Vol.1 CRC Press Inc. Boca Ralon, Florida; USA, pp. 45-.71.

Crook, J.H. and Osmaston, H.A. (Eds.) 1994. Himalayan Buddhist villages, Environment Resources, Society and Religious life in Zangskar, Ladakh. University of Bristol. pp. 866.

Damhoureyeh, S.A. and Hartnett, D.C. 1997. Effects of bison and cattle on growth reproduction and abundances of five tallgrass prairie forbs. American Journal ofBotany 84, 1719-1728.

Dawson, W.R. and Bartholomew, G.A. 1968. Temperature regulation and water economy of desert birds. In: Brown, G. W. (Ed.) Desert Biology, Vols. I, II. New York Academic. 14 (1), 357-395.

Day, T.A. & Detling, J.K. 1990. Grassland patch dynamics and herbivore grazing preference following urine deposition. Ecology 71, 180-188.

Dazhong, W. and Pimental, D. 1984. Energy inputs in agricultural systems of China. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 11, 29-35.

De Ruiter, P.C., Neutel, A.M. and Moore, J.C. 1995. Energetics, patterns, of interaction strengths and stability in real ecosystems. Science 269, 1257-1260.

de Vries, M.F.W. 1995. Estimating forage intake and quality in grazing cattle: A reconsideration of the hand plucking method. J. Range Manag. 48, 370-375.

Devendra, C. 1978. The digestive efficiency of goats. World Review of Animal Production 14(1 ), 9-22.

Dhar, U., Jee, V and Kachroo, P. 1994. Ladakh: An Update on Natural Resources. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.

134

References

Diaz, S., Acosta, A. and Cabido, H. 1994. Community structure in montane grasslands of central Argentina in relation to land use. Journal of Vegetation Science 5, 483-488.

Duncan, P. (1992). Horses and grasses. Springer~ Verlag, New York.

Eckhlom, E. 1975. The Deterioration of Mountain Environments. Science 139, 764-770.

El Hag, G.A. 1976. A comparative study between desert goats and sheep efficiency of food utilization. World Review of Animal Production 12, 33-43.

Farooquee, N.A. and Saxena, K.G. 1996. Conservation and utilization of medicinal plants in high hills of Central Himalaya. Environ. Conserv. 23,75-80.

Fehmi, J.S., Kam, J.F., Ries, R.E., Hendrickson, J.R. and Hanson, J.D. 2002. Cattle grazing behaviour with-season long free-choice access to four forage types. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 78 (1 ), 29-42.

Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. and Allen-diaz, B. 1999. Testing a non-equilibrium model of rangeland vegetation dynamics in Mongolia. J. Appl. Ecol. 36, 871-885.

Fox, J.F. 1979. Intermediate -disturbance hypothesis. Science 204, 1344-1345.

Fox, J. L., Nurbu, C., Bhatt, S. and Chandola, A. 1994. Wildlife conservation and land-use changes in the Trans-Himalaya region of Ladakh, India. Mount. Res. Dev. 14(1), 39-60.

Fox, J.L., Sinha, S.P., Chundawat, R.S. and Das, P.K. 1991. Status of snow leopard Panthera uncia in Northwest India. Bioi. Cons. 56, 283-298.

Franco, A. C. and Nobel, P.S. 1989. Effect of nurse plants on the microhabitat and growth of cacti. J. Ecol. 77, 870-886.

Frank, A.B., Tanaka, D.L., Hofmann, L. and Follet, R.F. 1995. Soil carbon and nitrogen of northern Great Plains grasslands as influenced by long-term grazing. J. Range Manag. 48,470-474.

Frank, D.A. & McNaughton, S.J. 1992. The ecology of plants, large mammalian herbivores and drought in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 73, 2043-2058.

Fraser, M.D. and Gordon, I.J. 1997. The diet of goats, red deer and South American camelids feeding on three contrasting scottish upland vegetation communities. J. Appl. Ecol. 34, 668-686.

Fynn, R.W.S. and 0' Connor, T.G. 2000. Effect of stocking rate and rainfall on rangeland dynamics and cattle performance in a semi-arid Savanna, South Africa. J. Appl. Ecol. 37, 491-507.

135

References

Gabriel, 0., Cibils, A., Borrelli, P. and Humano, G. 1998. Stable states in relation to grazing in Patagonia: a 10 year experimental trial. J. Arid Environ. 40, 113-131.

Giampietro, M. 1997. Socioeconomic constraints to farming with biodiversity. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 62, 145-167.

Gibson, C.W.D., Dawkins, H.C., Brown, V.K. and Jespen, M. 1987. Spring grazing by sheep: effects of seasonal changes during early old field succession. Vegetatio 70, 30-43.

Gordon, I.J. and Illius, A.W. 1988. Incisor arcade structure and diet selection in ruminants. Functional Ecology 2, 15-22.

Gordon, I.J. 1989. Vegetation community selection by ungulates on the Isle of Rhum II. Vegetation community selection. J. Appl. Ecol. 26, 53-64.

Grant, S.A., Suckling, D.E., Smith, H.K., Torvell, L., Forbes, T.D.A. and Hodgson, J. 1985. Comparative studies of diet selection by sheep and cattle: the hill grasslands. J. Ecol. 73, 987-1004.

Grier, C.C. and Ballard, T.M. 1981. Biomass nutrient distribution and net production in alpine communities of the Kluana mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada.

. Canadian Journal of Botany 59, 2635-2649.

Grime, J.P. 1973. Control of species diversity in herbaceous vegetation. Journal of Environ. Manag. 1, 151-167.

Guillet, 1983. Toward a cultural ecology of mountains: The central Andes .and the Himalaya compared. Current Anthropology 24(5), 561-574.

Gupta, R.K. 1994. Resource Ecology in Cold Desert. In: Pangtey, Y.P.S and Rawal, R.S. 1994. (Eds) High altitudes of the Himalaya (Biography, Ecology &

. Conservation), published by Gyanodaya Prakashan, Nainital. pp. 138-178.

Gutierrez, J.R. 1998. Vegetation in an altitudinal gradient along the Rio Loa in the Atacama Desert ofNorthem Chile. J. Arid Environ. 40,383-399.

Hanley, T.A. (1997). A nutritional view of understanding and complexity in the problem of diet selection by deer. Oikos 79, 209-218.

Hanley, T.A. 1982. Cervid activity patterns in relation to foraging constraints: Western Washington. Northwest Science 56, 208-217.

Hanski, I. 1982. Dynamics of regional distribution: the core and satellite species hypothesis. Oikos 38, 210-221.

Hansson, A.C., Zhao, A.F. and Olof, A. 1994. Fine-root growth dynamics of two shrubs in semi-arid rangeland in inner Mongolia, China. Ambio 23(3), 225-228.

136

References

Havlin, J.I., Kissel, D.F., Maddux, J.D., Claassen, M.M. and Long, J.H. 1990. Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen:. Soil Scientific Society of America Journal 54, 448-452.

Henley, S.R., Smith, D.G. and Raats, J.G. 2001. Evaluation of 3 techniques for determining diet composition. J. Range Manag. 54, 582-588.

Hess, C.G. 1990. "Moving up-Moving down" agropastoral land-use patterns in the Ecuadorian paramos. Mount. Res. Dev. 10 (4), 333-342.

Hester, A.J., Gordon, I.J., Baillie, G.J. & Tappin, E. 1999. Foraging behaviour of sheep and red deer within natural heather/grass mosaic. J. Appl. Ecol. 36, 133-146.

Hiernaux, P. 1998. Effects of grazing on plant species composition and spatial distribution in rangelands of the Sahel. Plant Ecol. 138, 191-202.

Hodgson, J and Illius, A.W. (1996). The ecology and management of gr@Z;ing systems. CAB International, Wallingford, England.

Hodgson, J. & Grant, S.A. (1981) Grazing animals and forage resources in the hills and uplands. In: Frame, J. (Ed.) The Effective ·use of forage and animal resources in the hills and uplands. British Grassland Society, Hurley, Maidenhead, Berks, pp. 41-57.

Hodgson, J. 1990. Grazing Management-Science into practice. Longman, London.

Holland, E.A., Parton, W.J., Detling, J.K. and Coppock, L. 1992. Physiological responses of plant populations to herbivory and their consequences for ecosystem nutrient flow. Amer. Natur. 140,685-706.

Holland, E.A. and Detling, J.K. 1990. Plant response to herbivory and below grmmd nitrogen cycling. Ecology 71, 1040-1049.

Holway, J.G. and Ward, R.T. 1965. Phenology of alpine plants in Northern Colorado. Ecology 46, 73-83.

Hulme, P.E. 1996. Herbivory, plant regeneration and species coexistence. J. Ecol. 84, 609-615.

Huntly, N. 1991. Herbivores and dynamics of communities and ecosystems. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22, 477-503.

Illius, A.W. and Gordon, I.J. (1992). Modelling the nutritional ecology of ungulate herbivores: evolution of body size and competitive interactions. Oecologia 89, 428-434.

Ives, J.D. and He, Y., 1996: Environmental and cultural change in the Yulong Xue .. Shan, Lijiang District, N W Yunnan, China. In: Rerkassem, B. (Ed.), Montane Mainland South East Asia in Transition. Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand, pp. 1-16.

137

References

Ives, J.D. and Messereli, B. 1989. The Himalayan Dilemma: Reconciling Development and Conservation. Routledge, London and New York, pp. 295.

Janis, C (1976) The evolutionary strategy of equidae and origin of rumen and cecal digestion. Evolution 30, 757-774.

Jarmillo, V.J. and Detling, J.K. 1988. Grazing history, defoliation and competition: effect on short grass production and nitrogen· accumulation. Ecology 69, 1599-1608.

Jarmillo, V.J. and Detling, J.K. 1992. Small-scale heterogeneity in a semi-arid North American grassland II. Cattle grazing of simulated urine patches. J. Appl. Ecol. 29, 9-13.

Jefferies, R.L., Klein, D.R.and Shaver, G.R. 1994. Vertebrate herbivores and northern plant communities-reciprocal influences and response. Oikos 71, 193-206.

Jina, P.S. 1995. High Pasturelands of Ladakh Himalaya. Published by Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.

Kachroo, P., Sapru, B.L. and Dhar, U. 1977. Flora of Ladakh. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun, India.

Kala, C.P. and Rawat, G.S. 1999. Effects of livestock grazing on the species diversity and biomass production in the alpine meadows of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Tropical Ecology 40(1), 69-74.

Kala, C.P., Singh, S.K. and Rawat, G.S. 2002. Effects of sheep and goat grazing on the species diversity in the alpine meadows of Western Himalaya. The Environmentalist 22(2), 183-189.

Kala, C.P. 2000. Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Bioi. Cons. 93, 371-379.

Kapadia, H. 1996. Spiti, Adventures in Trans-Himalaya. Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi.

Katoh, K., Takeuchi, K., Jiang, D., Nan, Y and Kou, Z. 1998. Vegetation restoration by seasonal exclosure in the Kerqin Sandy Land, Inner Mongolia. Plant Ecol. 139, 133-144.

Kevan, P.G., Thomas, V.G. and Belaoussoff, S. 1997. AgrECOLture: Defining the Ecology in Agriculture. J. Sustain. Agric. 9(2/3), 109-129.

Kikuzawa, K. 1995. Leaf phenology as an optimal strategy for carbon gain in plants. Canadian Journal of Botany 73, 158-163.

Kikvidze, Z. and Nakhutsrishvili, G. 1998. Facilitation in subnival vegetation patches. J. Veg. Sci. 9, 261-264.

138

References

Kingery, J.L., Mosley, J.C. and Bordwell, K.C. 1996. Dietary overlap among cattle and cervids in northern Idaho forests. J. Range Manag. 49, 8-15.

Klikoff, L.G. 1965. Microenvironmental influence on vegetational pattern near timberline in Central Nevada. Ecol. Monog. 35, 187-211.

Knapp, A.K., Blair, J.M., Briggs, J.M., Collins, S.L., Harnett, D.C., Johnson, L.C. & Towne, E.G. 1999. The keystone role of bison in North American tallgrass prairie. Bioscience 49, 39-50.

Kohlamann, S.G. & Risenhoover, K.L. (1994) Spatial and behavioural response of response of white tailed deer to forage depletion. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 72, 506-513.

Kovach, W.L. 1993. MVSP plus, version 2.1 users manual. Kovach computing services, Pentracth, Wales, U.K.

Kreutzmann, H. 1993. Challenge and response in the Karakoram: Socio-eco~omic transformation in Hunza, Northern areas of Pakistan. Mount. Res. Dev. 13(1), 19-39.

Krysl, L.J., Hubbert, M.E., Sowell, B.E., Plumb, G.E., Jewett, T.K., Smith, M.A. and Waggoner, J.W. 1984. Horses and cattle grazing in the Wyoming Red Desert I. Food habits and dietary overlap. J. Range Manag. 37, 72-76.

Kuramoto, R.T. and Bliss, L.C. 1970. Ecology of sub-alpine meadows in the Olympic Mountains, Washington. Ecol. Monog. 40, 317-347.

Landsberg, J., James, C.D., Maconochie, J., Nicholls, A.O., Stol, J. and Tynan, R. 2002. Scale-related effects of grazing on nature plant communities in an arid rangeland region of South Australia. J. Appl. Ecol. 39,427-444.

Leishman, M.R., Westoby, M. & Jurado, E. 1995. Correlation of seed size variation: a comparison among five temperate floras. J. Ecol. 83, 517-529.

Levin, R. 1968. Evolution in changing Environments. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA.

Liang, C., Michalk, D.L. and Millar, G.D. 1951. The ecology and growth patterns of cleistogenes species in degraded grasslands of eastern Inner Mongolia. J. Ecol. 39, 584-594.

Lichtenberger, E. 1975. The Eastern Alps. Oxford University press, Oxford.

Lichtenberger, E. 1978. The crisis of rural settlement and farming in the high mountain region of continental Europe. Geographica Polonica, 181-187.

Lichtenberger, E. 1986. The succession from an agricultural to leisure in high mountains of Europe. In: Allan, N.J.R., Knapp, G. and Stadel, C. (Eds.), Human Impacts on Mountains. Rowman and Allanheld, Totowa, New Jersey.

139

References

Loomis, R.L. 1984. Traditional Agriculture in America. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15, 449-478.

Macfarlane, W,V., Howard, B. ·1970. Water in· the physiological ecology of ruminants. In: Philipson, A. T. (Ed.)· The physiology of digestion and metabolism in the ruminants, Aberdeen, Oriel, pp. 362-374.

Maikhuri, R.K., Rao, K.S. and Saxena, K.G., 1996: Traditional crop diversity for sustainable development of Central Himalayan agroecosystems. Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. 3, 8-31.

Maikhuri, R.K., Nautiyal, S., Rao, K.S. and Saxena, K.G. 2001. Conservation policy-people conflicts: a case study from Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (a world Heritage site), India. Forest Policy and Economics 2, 355-365.

Mallon, D.P. 1991. Status and Conservation of Large Mammals in Ladakh. Bioi. Cons. 56, 101-119.

Mani, M.S. 1990. Fundamentals of High Altitude Biology. Revised Second Edition, Oxford and ffiH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

Marrs, R.H., Bravington, M. and Rawes, M. (1988). Long· term vegetation change in the Juncus squarrosus grassland at Moor House, northern England. Vegetatio 7 6, 179-187.

May, D.E. and Webber, P.J. 1982. Spatial and temporal variation of the vegetation and its productivity, Niwot Ridge, Colorado. In: Halfpenny, J. C. (Ed.) Ecological Studies in the Colorado Alpine, University of Colorado, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, 37, pp. 35-62.

McArthur, I.D., Sayad, S_. and Nawim, M. 1979. Rangeland livestock production in western Afghanistan. J. Range Manag. 2, 163-179.

McNaughton, S.J. and Georgiadis, N.J. 1986. Ecology of African grazing and browsing mammals. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17, 39-65.

McNaughton, S.J. 1979. Grazing as an optimization process: grass-ungulate relationships in the Serengeti. Amer. Natur. 11, 691-703.

McNaughton, S.J. 1983a. Serengeti grassland ecology: the role of composite environmental factors and contingency in community organization. Ecol. Monog. 53, 291-320.

McNaughton, S.J. 1983b. Compensatory plant growth as a response to herbivory. Oikos 40, 329-336.

McNaughton, S.J. 1985. Ecology of a Grazing Ecosystem: The Serengeti. Ecol. . Monog. 55(3), 259-294.

McNaughton, S.J. 1993. Grasses and grazers, Science and Management. Ecol. Appl. . 3 (1), 17-20.

140

References

McNaughton, S.J. 1994. Biodiversity and function of grazing ecosystems in Biodiversity and Ecosystem function. In: Schulze, E.D. and Mooney, H.A. (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, pp. 361-405.

Menard, C., Duncan, P., Geraldine, F., Georges, J.Y., and Lila, M. 2002. Comparative foraging and nutrition of horses and cattle in European wetlands. J. Appl. Ecol. 39, 120-133.

Messerschmidt, E. 1953. Gilgit and Baltistan. (Zeitschrift) fiir Geopolitik 4, 235-237. .

Milchunas, D.G., and Lauenroth, W.K. 1993. Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecol. Monog. 63, 327-366.

Milchunas, D.G., Sala, O.E. and Lauenroth, W.K. 1988. A generalized model of the effects of grazing by large herbivores on grassland community structure. Amer. Natur. 132, 87-106.

Mishra, C. 1997. Livestock depredation by large carnivores in Indian Trans­Himalaya: Conflict, perceptions and conservation prospects. Environ. Cons. 24(4), 338-343. .

Mitchell, R. 1979. An analysis of Indian agroecosystems, Interprint, New Delhi. pp. 180.

Molinillo, M and Monasterio, M. 1997. Pastoralism in paramo environments: practices, forage and impact on vegetation in the Cordillera of Merida, Venezuela. Mount. Res. Dev. 17(3), 197-211.

Mooney, H.A. & Billings, W.D. 1960. The annual carbohydrate cycle of alpine plants as related to growth. American Journal of Botany 47, 594-598.

Moretto, A.S. and Distel, R.A. 1999. Effects of selective defoliation on the competitive interaction between palatable and unpalatable grasses native to a temperate semi-arid grassland of Argentina. J. Arid Environ. 42(3), 167-175.

Mwalyosi, R.B.B. 1992. Influence of livestock grazing on range condition in south­west Masailand, Northern Tanzania. J. Appl. Ecol. 29,581-588.

Nagy, J.N., Steinhoff, H.W. and Ward, G.M. 1964. Effects of essential oils of sagebrush on deer rumen, microbial function. Journal of Wildlife Management 28, 785-790.

Nautiyal, B.P., Pandey, N. and Bhatt, A.B. 1997. Biomass, production potential dynamics and turnover rate in an alpine meadow of north-west Himalaya. Journal of Hill Research 10 (2), 95-102.

Nautiyal, M.C., Nautiyal, B.P. and Prakash, V. 2001. Phenology and Growth form distribution in an alpine pasture at Tungnath, Garhwal Himalaya. Mount. Res. Dev. 21(2), 177-183.

141

•. I

References

Nautiyal, S., Maikhuri, R.K., Semwal, R.L., Rao, K.S. and Saxena, K.G. 1998. Agroforestry systems in the rural landscape-a case study in Garhwal Himalaya, India. Agrofor. Sys. 41, 151-165.

Neff, D.J. 1974. Forage preference of trained mule deer on the Beaver Greek watersheds. Arizona Game and Fish Department Special Report No.4.

Negi, G.C.S., Rikhari, H.C. and Singh, S.P. 1993. Plant regrowth following selective horse and sheep grazing and clipping in an Indian Central Himalayan Alpine meadow. Arctic and Alpine Research 25(3), 211-215.

Negi, G.C.S., Rikhari, H.C., Ram, J. and Singh, S.P. 1993. Foraging niche characteristics of horses, sheep and goats in an alpine meadow of the Indian Central Himalaya. J. Appl. Ecol. 30, 383-394.

Negi, G.C.S., Rikhari, H.C. and Singh, S.P. 1992. Phenological features in relation to growth forms and biomass accumulation in an alpine meadow of the Central Himalaya. Vegetatio 101, 161-170.

Nemoto, M., Lu, X., Li, S., Jiang, M. & Liu, X. 1992. Influence of livestock grazing on vegetation at sand dunes in semi-arid eastern Inner Mongolia, China. J. Japanese Soc. Grassland Science 38, 44-52 (in Japanese with English summary).

Ngwa, A.T., Pone, D.K. and Mafeni, J.M. 2000. Feed selection and dietary preferences of forage by small ruminants grazing natural pastures in the Sahelian zone of Cameroon. Animal feed Science and technology 88 (3-4), 253-266.

Ning, W. 1998. Impact of changing Agropastoral systems on Agrobiodiversity: A case study of QinghaiMTibetan Plateau. In: Partap, T and Sthapit, B, (Eds.) Managing Agrobiodiversity, Farmer's changing perspective and Institutional Responses in the HKH Region. Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 115-131.

Noy-Meir, I. 1974. Desert ecosystems: Higher trophic levels. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5, 195-214.

Nussar, M. and Clemens, J. 1996. Impacts on mixed mountain agriculture in the Rupal Valley, Nanga Parbat, Northern Pakistan. Mount. Res. Dev. 16(2), 117-133.

0' Reagain, P.J. and Grau, E.A. 1995. Sequence of species selection by cattle and sheep on south African sourveld. J. Range Manag. 48, 314-321.

Oba, G., Vestaas, O.R. and Stenseth, N.C. 2001. Relationship between biomass and plant species richness in an aridMzone grazing lands. J. Appl. Ecol. 38, 836-845.

Odum, H. T. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd Edition, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, USA.

142

References

Oechel, W.C., Hastings, S.J., Vourlitis, G., Jenkins, M., Riechers, G. and Grulke, N. 1993. Recent change of Arctic tundra ecosystem from a net carbon dioxide sink to a source. Nature 361, 520-523. ·

Okalebo, J.R., Gathua, K.W., Woomer, P.L. 1993. Laboratory methods of soil and plant analysis: A working manual, TSBF, Nairobi, Kenya.

01ff, H. and Ritchie, M.E. 1998. Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13(7}, 261-265.

Osem, Y., Perevolotsky, A. and Kigel, J. 2002. Grazing effect on diversity of annual plant communities in a semi-arid rangeland: interactions with small-scale spatial and temporal variation in primary productivity. J. Appl. Ecol. 90, 936-946.

Osmaston, H. 1985. The productivity of the agricultural and pastoral system in Zangskar (N.W. Himalaya). Acta. boil. Mont. 5, pp. 81.

Osmaston, H. 1994. The farming system. In: Crook & Osmaston (Eds.) Himalayan Buddhist villages: Environment, Resources, Society and Religious life in Zangskar, Ladakh. Motilal Banarisidass Publishers, pp. 139-198.

Osmaston, H. and Crook, J. 1994. Shade: meagre subsistence or garden of Eden? In: Crook & Osmaston (Eds.) Himalayan Buddhist villages: Environment, Resources, Society and Religious life in Zangskar, Ladakh. Motilal Banarisidass Publishers, pp. 249-284.

Pandey, N., Nautiyal, B.P. and Bhatt, A.B. 1999. Growth form and biological spectrum in an alpine region in north western Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 40(2), 319-322.

Pandya:. S.M. and Pedhadiya, M.D. 1993. Energy analysis of an Indian Village semi­arid ecosystem. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 45, 157-175.

Partap, T and Sthapit, B. 1998. (Eds.) Managing Agrobiodiversity, Farmer's changing perspective and Institutional Responses in the HKH Region. Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Paulsen, H.A. 1960. Plant cover and forage use of alpine steppe ranges in the Central Rocky Mountains. Iowa State Journal of Science 34, 731-748;

Pearson, L.C. 1965. Primary production in grazed and ungrazed desert communities of Eastern Idaho. Ecology 46(3), 278-285.

Perfecto, 1., Vandermeer, J.H., Hansen, P. and Cartin, V. 1997. Arthropod biodiversity, loss and the transformation of a tropical agroecosystem. Biodiversity Conservation 6, 935-945.

Pimental, D., Hurd, L.E., Belloti, A.C., Forster, M.J., Oka, LN., Sholes, O.D. and Whitman, R.J. 1973. Food production and energy crisis. Science 182, 443-449.

143

References

Pimental, D., Berardi, G. and Fast, S. 1983. Energy efficiency of farming systems: Organic and conventional agriculture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 9, 359-372.

Piper, G. S., 1950. Soil and Plant analysis. Interscience Publication Inc., Adelaide.

Pors, B. and Werner, P.A. 1989. Individual flowering time in a goldenrod (Solidago canadensis): field . experiment shows genotype more important than environment. American Journal of Botany 76, 1681-1688.

Posse, G., Anchrena, J., Collantes, M. B. 1996. Seasonal diets of sheep in the steppe region of Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. J. Range Manag. 49, 24-30.

Powell, J.M. and Hons, F.M. 1991. Sorghum stover removal effects on soil organic matter content, extractable nutrients and crop yield. J. Sustain. Agric. 2, 25-39.

Preston, D. 1998. Post-peasant capitalist graziers: The 21 century in Southern Bolivia. Mount. Res. Dev. 18, 151-158.

Pyke, G. H. 1984. Optimal foraging theory: a critical review. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15, 523-575.

Raizada, A., Joshi, S. P. and Srivastava, M. M. 1998. Composition and vegetational diversity in an alpine grassland in the Garhwal Himalayas. Tropical Ecology 39 (1), 133-141.

Ram, J., Singh, J.S. and Singh, S.P. 1989. Plant biomass, species diversity and net primary production in Central Himalayan high altitude grassland. J. Ecol. 77, 456-468.

Ram, J., Singh, S.P. and Singh, J.S. 1988. Community level phenology of grassland above treeline in Central Himalaya, India. Arctic and Alpine Research 20, 325-332.

Ramakrishnan, P.S. 1992. Shifting Agriculture and Sustainable Development: An Interdisciplinary Study from North-Eastern India. MAB, Vol. 10. UNESCO, Paris and Parthenon Publishing Group, Canforth, U.K., pp. 424.

Rathcke, B. and Lacey, E. P. 1985. Phenological patterns of terrestrial plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16, 179-214.

Renaud, F., Bechstedt, H.D. and Udomachai, N., 1998: Farming system and soil conservation practices in a study area of northern Thailand. Mount. Res. Dev. 18, 345-356

Rikhari, H. C., Negi, G. C. S., Rana, B. S. and Singh, S. P. 1992. Phytomass and primary productivity in several communities of a central Himalayan alpine meadow, India. Arctic and Alpine Research24(4), 344-35L · -

Rist, S. 1992. Ecologia, economia y technologia campesina. Ruralter. 10, 205-227.

144

References

Ritchie, M. E. & Tilman, D. 1995. Responses of legumes to herbivores and nutrients during succession on a nitrogen poor soil. Ecology 76, 2648-2655.

Roe, E., Huntsinger, L. and Labnow, K. 1998. High reliability pastoralism versus risk averse pastoralism. Journal of Environment & Development 7(4), 387-421.

Roques, K.G., 0' connor, T.G. and Watkinson, A.R. 2001. Dynamics of shrub encroachment in an African Savanna: relative influence of fire, herbivory,. rainfall and density dependence. J. Appl. Ecol. 38, 268-280. ·

Rost, K.T. 1999. Observations on deforestation and alpine turf destruction in the Central Wutai Mountains. Mount. Res. Dev. 19, 31-40.

Saberwal, V.K. 1996. Pastoral politics: Gaddi grazing, degradation and biodiversity conservation in Himachal Pradesh, India. Conservation Biol. 10, 741-749.

Sala, O.E., Golluscio, R.A., Lauenroth, W.K. and Soriano, A. 1989. Resource partitioning between shrubs and grasses in the Patagonian steppe. Oecologia 81, 501-505.

Sarmiento, L., Monasterio, M. and Montilla, M. ·1993. Ecological bases sustainability and current trends in 'traditional' agriculture in the Venezuelan High Andes. Mount. Res. Dev. 13(2), 167-176.

Sauer, T.J., Hatfield, J.L. and Prueger, J.H. 1996. Aerodynamic characteristics of standing com stubbles. Agronomy Joumal88, 733-739.

Schaller. G.B. and Wulin, L. 1996. Distribution, Status and Conservation of Wild Yak Bos grunniens. Bioi. Cons. 76, 1-8.

Schoener, T.W. 1971. Theory of feeding strategies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11, 369-404.

Schoener, T.W. 1970. Non-synchronous spatial overlap of lizards in patchy habitats. Ecology 51, 408-418.

Schroll, H. 1994. Energy-flow and ecological sustainability in Danish agriculture. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 51, 301-310.

Schuman, G.E., Reeder, J.D., Manley, J.T., Hart, R.H. and Manley, W.A. 1999. Impact of grazing management on the carbon and nitrogen balance of a mixed grass rangeland. Ecol. Appl. 9(1), 65-71.

Scott, C.A. and Walter, M.F. 1993. Local knowledge and conventional soil science approaches to erosional processes in the Shivalik Himalaya. Mount. Res. Dev. 13,61-72. -·

Scott, C.B., Banner, R.E. and Provenza, F.D. 1996. Observations of sheep foraging in familiar and unfamiliar environments: familiarity with the environment influences diet selection. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 49 (2), 165-171.

. 145

References

Seagle, S.W., McNaughton, S.J. and Ruess, R.W. 1992. Simulated effects of grazing on soil nitrogen and mineralization in contrasting Serengeti grasslands. Ecology 73, 1105-1123.

Semwal, J.J., Gaur, R.D. and Purohit, A.N. 199l. Floristic patterns of an alpine zone tungnath in Garhwal Himalaya Acta Botanica Indica 9, 110-114.

Semwal, R.L., and Maikhuri, R.K. 1996. Structure and functioning of traditional hill agroecosystems of Garhwal Himalaya. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 13, 267-289.

Sen, A.K. and Gupta, K.N. 1982. Agro-ecological regions of western Rajasthan. J. Arid Environ. 5, 221-234.

Senft, R.L., Coughenour, M.B., Bailey, D.W., Rittenhouse, L.R., Sala, O.E. and Swift, D.M. 1987. Large herbivore foraging and ecological hierarchies. Bioscience 37, 789-799.

Shanker, V. and Singh, J.P. 1996. Grazing ecology. Tropical Ecology 37(1), 67-78.

Shariff, A.R., Biondini, M.E. and Grygiel, C.E. 1994. North Dakota grasslands net primary productivity and plant nitrogen. dynamics as a function of grazing intensity. Prairie Naturalist 26, 229-240.

Sharma, S. 1991. Energy budget studies of some multiple cropping patterns of the Central Himalaya. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 36, 199-206.

Sharri:la, S. and Sharma, E. 1993. Energy budget and efficiency of some cropping systems in Sikkim Himalaya. J. Sustain. Agric. 3, 85-94.

Shaver; G.R., Laundre, J.A., Giblin, A.E. and Nadelhoffer, K.J. 1996. Changes in live plant biomass, primary production and species composition along riverside toposequence in Arctic Alaska, USA. Arctic and Alpine research 28(3), 363-379.

Silvertown, J., Watt, T.A., Smith, B. and Treweek, J.R. 1992. Complex effets of grazing treatment on an annual in a species poor grassland community. J. Veg. Sci. 3, 35-40.

Singh, G.S., Rao, K.S. and Saxena, K.G. 1997. Energy and economic efficiency of the Mountain farming system: A case study in the North-Western Himalaya. J. Sustain. Agric. 9, 25-49.

Singh, J.S., Pandey, U., and Tiwari, A.K. 1984. Man and forests: A central Himalayan case study. Ambio 13(2), 80-132.

Singh, R.P. and Gupta, M.K. 1920~ Soil and veg~tation study of Lahaul and ~piti cold desert of western Himalaya. Indian Forester; 785·-790.·

Singh, V.P. and Singh, J.S. 1992. Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in Dry tropical region oflndia. Environ. Manage. 16 (4), 495-503.

146

References

Smith, A.P. and Young, T.P. 1987. Tropical Alpine ecology. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 137-158.

Smith, J.M.B., Klinger, L. 1985. Above ground: below ground phytomass ratios in Venezuelan Paramo vegetation and their significance. Arctic and Alpine Research 17,189-198., ·

Smith, R.S. & Rushton, S.P. 1994. The effects of grazing management on the vegetation of mesotrophic (meadow) grassland in Northern England. J. AppL Ecol. 31, 13-24.

Snyman, H.A. 1998. Dynamics and sustainable utilization of rangeland ecosystems in arid and semi-arid climates of southern Africa. J. Arid Environ. 39, 645-666.

Squires, V .R. 1982. Dietary overlap between sheep, cattle and goats when grazing in common. J. Range Manag. 35,116-119.

Steinauer, E.M. and Collins, S.L. 1995. Effects of urine deposition or sm8ll scale patch structure in prairie vegetation. Ecology 76, 1195-1205.

Stohlgren, T.J., Schell, L.D., and Heurel, B.R. 1999. How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in rocky mountain grasslands. Ecol. Appl. 9 (1), 45-64.

Sundriyal, R.C., Joshi, A.P., and Dhasmana, R. 1987. Phenology of high altitude plants at Tungnath in Garhwal Himalaya. Tropical Ecology 28, 289-299.

Swift, M.J., Vandermeer, J., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Anderson, J.M., Ong, C.K. and Hawkins, B.A. 1996. Biodiversity and agroecosystem function. In: Mooney, H.A., Cushman, E., Medina, E., Sala, O.E. and Schulze, E.D. (Eds.), Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. SCOPE, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, pp. 261-298.

Tracey, J.M. 1989. Agricultural terraces in Peru's Colca Valley: promises and problems of an ancient technology. In: Browder, J.O. (Ed.) Fragile lands of Latin America. Boulder, Westview Press.

Tracy, B.F. & Sanderson, M.A. 2000. Patterns of plant species richness in. pasture lands of the northeast United States. Plant Ecol. 149, 169-180.

Trlica, M.J., Cook, C.W. 1971. Defoliation effects on the carbohydrate reserves of desert range species. J. Range Manag. 24,418-425.

Troll, C. 1972. The three dimensional zonation of the Himalayan system. In: Troll, C (Ed.), Geoecology of the High Mountain regions in Eurasia. 4. Erdwissenschaftliche Forschung. Franz,·· Steiner, ·Verlag; : Wiesbadan;. · ·" Germany. pp. 264-275.

Tsao, S., Zhu, T., Kou, Z., Zhu, J. & Jiang, F. 1984. The structure, functions and the way of transforming the ecosystem ofWulan-Aodu region. In: Tsao, S. (Ed.) Studies on the integrated control of wind, sand. drifting and drought _in

147

References

eastern Inner Mongolia Vol.l, Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House; Huhhot (in Chinese with English abstract), pp.1-8.

Turner, C.L., Seastedt, T.R. and Dyer, M.I. 1993. ·Maximization of aboveground grassland production: the role of defoliation frequency, intensity and history. Ecol. Appl. 3, 175-186.

Uhlig, H. 1995. (Ed. Kreutzmann, H.) Persistence and change in high mountain agriculture systems. Mount. Res. Dev. 15(3), 199-212.

Van Dyne, G.M., Brockington, N.R., Szocs, Z., Duck, J. & Ribie, C~A. 1980. Large herbivore sub-system. In: Breymeyer A. I. & Van Dyne G. M. (Eds.) Grasslands Systems, Analysis and Man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 26~:537.

Vandermeer, J., Noordwijk, M.V., Anderson, J., Ong, C. and Perfecto, I. 1998. Global change and multi-species agroecosystems: Concepts and issues. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 67, l-22.

Veldcamp, A. and Lambin, E. F. 2001. Predicting land use change. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 85, 1-6.

Villalba, J.J. and Provenza, F.D., 1999. Effects of food structure and nutritional quality and animal nutritional state on intake behaviour and food preferences of sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 63(2), 145-163.

Walker, B.H. 1993. Rangeland Ecology: Understanding and managing Change : Ambio 22 (2-3), 80-87.

Walker, M.D., Webber, P.J., Arnold, E.H. and May, D.E. 1994. Effects of interannual climate variation on aboveground phytomass in alpine vegetation. Ecology 75(2), 393-408.

Walker, M.D., Ingersoll, R.C. and Webber, P.J. 1995. Effects of interannual climate variation on phenology and growth of two alpine forbs. Ecology 76(4), 1067-1083.

Walkley, A.E. and Black, J .A. 1934. An examination of the Degtijareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science 37, 29.

Walter, H. (1979). Vegetation of the Earth and Ecological Systems of the Geo­biosphere (2nd Eds). Translated from the third, revised Edition by Hoy Wieser, Springer Verlag, New York. Introduction (pp-1-21) and General Section (pp. 22-41 ).

Ward, D., Nairorue, B.T., Kathena, -1., :Samuels, R .. and Ofran' Y. 1998. Land degradation is not a necessary outcome of communal pastoralism in arid Namibia. J. Arid Environ. 40, 357-371.

148

References

Weber, G.E., Jeltsch, F., Rooyen, N.V. and Milton, S.J. 1998. Simulated long-term vegetation response to grazing heterogeneity in semi-arid grassland rangelands. J. Appl. Ecol. 35, 687-699.

Wei, Z. & Skarpe, C. 1995. Small-scale species dynamics in semi-arid steppe vegetation in Inner Mongolia. J. Veg. Sci. 6, 583-592.

Wezel, A., Rajot, J.L. and Herbrig, C. 2000. Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Bahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger. J. Arid Environ. 44(4), 383-398.

Whittaker, R.H. 1975. Communities and Ecosystem (2nd Eds.), Collier Macmillan, London. Chapter 4.

'

Wielgolaski, F. E., Bliss, L. C., Svoboda, J. and Doyle, G. 1981. Primary production . of tundra. In: Bliss, L.C., Heal, O.W. and Moore, J.J. (Eds.) Tundra ecosystems: a comparative analysis. Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.

Wiren-Lehr, S. V. 2001. Sustainability in agriculture-an evaluation of principal goal­oriented concepts to close the gap between theory ·and practice. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 84, 115-129. ·

Yonghui, Y., Qingguo, G., Tiesen, C. and Wanjun, Z. 1998. Using Agrobiodiversity for Developing Marginal Mountain Agroecosystems: The Experiences of a Pilot Project in the Tiahang Mountains, China. In: Partap, T and Sthapit, B, (Eds.) Managing Agrobiodiversity, Farmer's changing perspective and Institutional Responses in the HKH Region. Published by International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp.l07-114.

Zangerl, A.R. and Bazzaz, F.A. 1983. Responses of an early and a late successional species of Polygonum to variations in resource availability. Oecologia 56, 397-404.

Zhang, B., Yao, Y., Cheng, W., Zhou, C., Lu, Z., Chen, X., Alshir, K., ErDowlet, 1., Zhang, L., and Shi, Q. 2002. Human-Induced changes to Biodiversity and Alpine pastureland in the Bayanbulak Region of the east Tienshan Mountains. Mount. Res. Dev. 22(4), 383-389.

Zhang, Y. and Welker, J.M. 1996. Tibetan alpine tundra responses to simulated changes in climate:Above ground biomass and community responses. Arctic and Alpine Research 28(2), 203-209.

Zhao, Xin-Quan and Zhou, Xing-Min. 1999. Ecological basis of alpine meadow · ecosystem management in Tibet: Heibei alpine meadow ecosystem research

station. Ambio 28, 642-647. ·· .. · ::::: t L .. ,.,., ·

Zhimin, L. and Wenzhi, Z. 2001. Shifting-Sand Control in Central Tibet. Ambio ' 30(6), 376-380.

149