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2IntroductionThe key mission of the Distribution function is to purchase and sell electrical and gas power. This is accounted for on a monthly basis through purchases from electricity producers through the electricity conveyance network and sales to two categories of users:Users, supplied under Medium Voltage (MV) regime and who billed on a monthly basis.Users, supplied under Low Voltage (LV) regime, who billed on a quarterly basis.The quantities of power procured during a given month are not sold out. As a result, the control of energy losses is a daily challenge to be addressed.
Introduction
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Long-term actions
Conclusion
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
3Introduction
This analysis seeks to:
Gather knowledge on the origin of
losses;
Come up with actions to be taken to
ensure reduction in such losses, for:
A better productivity of the
distribution network as a whole;
The increase in the billing ratio;
A better control of investment
decisions.
Introduction
Formula for losses
Conclusion
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
4The formula for losses
Purchases
For MV users
For LV users
Losses
SalesIntroduction
Formula for losses
Losses = Purchases - Sales
Losses Rate of losses=
Purchases
Conclusion
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
5The formula for losses
Introduction
Formula for losses
Conclusion
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
6
Loss component
s
Technical losses
MV technical losses (lines+transformers) (LMV)
LV technical lossess (LLV)
Technical losses to due exchanges (LTransit)
Losses due to the gap between purchases and sales
Energy fraud or theft
Level of management quality (Lmanagement)
Non-technical losses:
Loss components
Introduction
Formula for losses
Conclusion
Other actions
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
7Actions to undertake
Introduction
Formula for losses
Enforcement of daily management
rules and procedures by the various
stakeholders,
Monitoring, control and reporting on
management actions
Actions to be undertaken must
revolve around two (2) key thrusts:
Conclusion
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
8
Purchase control
Sales control
Daily actions
Short-term actions
Perform the monthly adversarial recording of meter readings at the level of MV/LV stations,
Read the meter at the upstream MV feeder,
Record the inter DD and inter agency exchange points
Ensure the smooth functioning of meters;
Ensure reliable meter reading;
Process reported cases efficiently;
Set up anti-fraud brigades;
Secure facilities; Process with diligence
claims concerning meter-reading /billing.
Sum up actions to be undertaken;
Facilitate the implementation of the short and medium term action plan;
Prioritise actions that help optimise results.
Introduction
Formula for losses
Conclusion
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
9
Introduction
Conclusion
Synchronous measurement
Why synchronous?
The reading (PD substations and users) is performed concurrently, that is simultaneously
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
10Synchronous measurement
Introduction
Conclusion
Splitting Distribution Directorates
(DDs) into regions : North, Highlands
and South;
Splitting DDs into rural or urban
localities;
Listing the number of substations
per DD and determine each DD’s
weight ;
Determine the number of
substations or feeders which will be
measured.
The implementation strategy
involves: Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
11Synchronous measurement
Introduction
Conclusion
Once the sample determined by the heads of the Distribution Directorate, the reading
campaign can be launched.
Action 1
Install meters on the outlet of PD substation transformers and consider
them as « virtual Medium Voltage users ». One may thus compare the
energy recorded by the feeder meter with the sums of energy recorded on the
meters for all MV users and potential MV users.
Action 2
Install meters on the outlet of PD substation transformers. We will thus be able to find out “the procurement by the
substation”. To compare the energy recorded by the meter(s) of the
substation with the sum of energy recorded on the meters for all LV users.
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
12Organisation of synchronous measures
HV/MV substation
E
MV Station
PD Substation
Joint substation
E1
E3
E4
En
MV StationE2
Identify the problematic
switchyard (the most disrupted)
Energy E = ∑ of energies (En)+technical and non-technical MV losses
Compute the consumption of these substations for the month (∑En);
Feeder 3 Feeder 4 Feeder 1 Feeder 2
List the substations linked to the targeted feeder
Install the meter downstream of the MV/LV transformer for at least one month (Winter and Summer time);
Perform the first reading on the fist day of the month for all the substations linked to this feeder;
Perform the last reading on the last day of the month for all the stations linked to this feeder;
Record the index of the totalizing meter (E);
Assess the MV losses
13Synchronous measurements
PD substation (MV/LV)E3
e1
E3= ∑ ei
E3=LV Sales + LossesLV Technical + LossesLV non-technical
ei
e2
e4
Feeder 2Problematic feeder Introduction
Conclusion
Categorise abnormalities noted (management, fraud, …);
Quantify the energy lost per category (using the specific consumption of the sample);
Assess the energy to make up for
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
Long-term actions
14Synchronous measurements
Introduction
Conclusion
SDx
DCM
DD
Commercial Agency
Decision-making
Work coordination company-wide
Supervision of works in the field (1st entity in charge)
Monitoring and collection of data ensuing from the measurement campaign
For a successful campaign of synchronous
measures conducted within each
Distribution company, one should have all
the required (human, logistic…) resources.
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
15Long-term actions
Introduction
Conclusion
Upgrading of the electricity distribution network to: Ensure the accuracy of measurements (decrease in human interventions through the dematerialization of the reading process);Identify reading problems (remote surveillance of meters); Reduce the rate of losses incurred by Distribution Directorates;Improve services provided to customers; Control inter-utility, inter-Distribution Directorate and inter-commercial agency exchange flows;Put in place a measurement system for all public distribution stations; Develop services provided to customers (reviews and studies)
Remote reading
MV remote readingMV remote reading
LV remote readingLV remote reading
Objectives for 2013Objectives for 2013
Objectives for 2016Objectives for 2016
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
16Long-term actions
Introduction
Conclusion
The active participation in meetings
planned by local authorities (town
planning, infrastructure and housing
development, land selection, etc.…);
The holding of meetings with
(neighbourhood, professional
associations…) and local authorities
depending on the problem to be solved
(fraud, safety, energy control, etc.…).
Other actions
An effective action plan requires notably the implementation of a communication plan at
the level of each Distribution Directorate and this must translated into:
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability
17Conclusion
Introduction
Conclusion
The losses of distributed and
unaccounted for power can impact
the financial profitability of
Distribution utilities and service
quality. It is relevant therefore to
measure on an ongoing basis the
indicators identified in the
measurement analyses
undertaken.
Formula for losses
Short-term actions
Loss components
Synchronous measurements
Long-term actions
Implementation
Organisation
Means and accountability