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Recovery in China: Ming Centralization
• Yuan dynasty collapsed 1368, Mongols depart• Emperor Hongwu: Ming (“Brilliant”) dynasty, 1368-1644
• administration: reestablished and reformed Confucian education
• political power: rule by Emperor through emissaries called Mandarins
eunuchs (new civil servants)could not build hereditary power base
• Cultural revival• eradicated Mongol legacy by promoting traditional Chinese culture• Emperor Yongle: 23,000-roll Encyclopedia (1577) of all knowledge
• public regulation: clothing political ritual - tribute familial behavior social ritual – village
shrine
• economics/ritual: village shrinewater regulation
Chinese and European voyages of exploration, 1405-1498contact: Admiral Zheng He
seven massive naval expeditions, 1405-33demonstrated strength of Ming dynasty
The Unification of Japan Tokugawa Shogunate (1600-1867)
→ Tokugawa Ieyasu (r. 1600-1616) bakufu government
→ feudal Japanshogunlarge landholders with private
armies – the daimyofigurehead Emperor constant civil war:
sengoku, “country at war”
Control of Daimyo → 260 powerful territorial lords
→ Shogun ‘controls’ them in a variety of ways:“alternate attendance” at Edo (Tokyo)marriage, socializing of daimyo families
→ from 1630s, shoguns ‘close’ countrytravel, import of books forbiddenpolicy strictly maintained for 200
years
Growth in Japan→ peace and prosperity→ agricultural improvements
→ population growth moderate
→ end of war results in unemployed warriors:
daimyo, samuraiand status changed
bureaucrats, scholars→ wealthy urban classes emerge
Floating Worlds (ukiyo)• urban culture: stratified
commercial, co modifiedentertainment, pleasure industries
• change from bushido ethic of stoicism• Uniquely expressed in Japan• Ihara Saikaku (1642-1693), The Life of a Man Who
Lived for Love
• Kabuki theatre
歌舞伎• Bunraku puppet theatre• Geisha [recommended: Memoirs of a Geisha]
A Long History of Christian Contact• Jesuit Francis Xavier in Japan, 1549
remarkable success among daimyowhy? attraction to belief possibility of tradepolitical/military advantage in civil conflict
• Government backlashfear of foreign intrusionConfucians, Buddhists resent Christian absolutism
• Anti-Christian campaign 1587-1639 restricted Christianityexecuted staunch Christians
• If you like this period: remember Shusaku Endo The Samurai
Dutch Learning – and why the Dutch?sakoku→ once the country ‘closed’
→ Dutch at Nagasaki principal contact with world
→ ban on foreign books lifted in 1720→ in the meantime, Japanese scholars studied
Dutch to approach European science, medicine, art rangaku
accommodation/adaptation
‘Loan’ words gairaigooriginally from China and Korea ‘language that comes from outside’16C Portugal and Dutchnow, primarily English
Dutch Japanese EnglishBier biiru beerGlas garasu glass
(pane)Hoos hōsu hoseKok kōhī coffeeKop koppu cupSiroop shiroppu syrup
Portuguese Japanese English
Botão botan buttonCarta karuta playing cardsPão pan breadTempêro tempura tempuraTobaco tabako tobacco
In Portugal: Tempêro could be meatless meal on FridaysSeasoning?Entirely meatless meal
Forget accommodation, don’t even resist,IgnoreIn the east, two very different powers could
afford to focus inward: Chinese EmpireJapan