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Enhanced Star Forma/on Rates in Starburst Galaxies Eric Keto

Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

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Page 1: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Enhanced  Star  Forma/on  Rates  in  Starburst  Galaxies  

Eric  Keto  

Page 2: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Starbursts  and  Super  Star  Clusters    

•  luminous,  106  L๏

•  massive,  104  -­‐  106  M๏

•  compact,  2-­‐5  pc  

•  proto-­‐globular  clusters?  •  found  in  all  starbursts  •  the  mode  of  rapid  SF  

Page 3: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Mass  func/on  of  SSC  same  as  GMCs  

Zhang  &  Fall  1999  

N  ~  M-­‐1.5  

Page 4: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Convert  one  GMC  into  one  SSC    in  high  pressure  environment  

•  Hypotheses:  

•  Slow  compression  inside  a  super  giant  molecular  (108  M)  cloud.  

•  Harris  &  Pudritz  1994  

•  Fast  compression  by  shocks  ?  –  Colliding  HI  clouds  ionize  and  compress  embedded  molecular  clouds  •  Jog  &  Solomon  1992  

Page 5: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Some  observa/onal    evidence  for  both  hypotheses  

Page 6: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Colliding  pair  NGC  4038/39  Antennae  galaxies    

Page 7: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Compression  in  overlap  region    seen  in  CO  veloci/es  

Wilson  et  al  2003  

Page 8: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

SGMCs  in  Antennae  Galaxies  

•  Super  giant  molecular  clouds  up  to  108  M  ?  – Ar/fact  of  low  spa/al  resolu/on  4.5”  =  480  pc  ?  

•  (Wilson  et  al  2003)  

•  1.5”  =  160  pc  at  22  Mpc  from  PdBI  •  (Wei,  Keto,  Lo  2012)  

Page 9: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Colliding  pair  NGC  4038/39  Antennae  galaxies    

Page 10: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Found  several  SGMCs  

Page 11: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

SMGCs  in  Antennae  

Page 12: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

A  problem  with  /me  scale?  

•  Need  to  form  the  cluster  <  gas  crossing  /me    •  And  •  Convert  most  of  the  gas  mass  into  stars  –  >  50  %  efficiency  

•  Otherwise  – Gas  (most  of  the  mass)  will  disperse  –  Stars  in  the  cluster  inherit  the  original  KE  of  the  gas  –  Cluster  will  be  unbound  (not  an  SSC  or  globular)  

Lada,  Margulis,  Dearborn  1984    

Page 13: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

High  efficiency  to  prevent                  dispersal  by  stellar  feedback    

Keto,  Ho,  Lo  2005  modified  from    Elmegreen  &  Efremov  1997  

>  50  %  efficiency  Lada,  Margulis,  Dearborn  1984    

dMc /dt = −dMs /dt − AL /ct2

Page 14: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Observa/onal  evidence  for  fast  compression  in  M82  

•  Observa/ons  of  molecular  cloud  precursors  to  Super  Star  Clusters  able  to  resolve  an  extragalac/c  GMC  

•  1”  =  17  pc  at  3.5  Mpc    

•  CO(2-­‐1)  from  OVRO  

– Keto,  Ho,  Lo  2005  

Page 15: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

SF  (mid-­‐IR)  correlated  with  Velocity  not  column  density  

Keto,  Ho,  Lo  2005  

Page 16: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

CO  spectra  show  compression  

Page 17: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Rapid  compression  by  surrounding  ioniza/on  probably  not  viable  

•  Cooling  /me  of  106  K  gas  is  1000  years  •  Crossing  /me  of  molecular  cloud  is  105  years  

•  At  best,  drive  a  shock  into  the  cloud  to  start  a  wave  of  propaga/ng  star  forma/on  

Page 18: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Very  high  ΔV  (100  kms-­‐1)  (No  correla/on  of  SFR  with                )  

500  kms-­‐1  

Page 19: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Gas  is  gravita/onally  bound  with  ΔV  ~  100  kms-­‐1  (106  K)      

M82  

Antennae  

Page 20: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Most  stellar  feedback  is  insignificant  

Theore/cal  modeling  Dale,  Ercolano,  Bonnell  2013  

Page 21: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Direct  radia/on  pressure  from  O  stars  may  disperse  the  cluster  

Observa/ons  of  R136  Lopez  2011  

Page 22: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Relaxed  /mescale    

•  O  stars  have  very  short  /mescales  (106  yrs)  

•  S/ll  need  high  efficiency  

•  How  does  pressure  enhance  star  forma/on?  

Page 23: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Normal  state  of  the  ISM  

•  Turbulent  cascade  in  pressure-­‐bound  virial  equilibrium  

Page 24: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Source  of  pressure  

•  Either:  – Dynamic  

•  Converging  flows  – Thermal  

• Warm  HI  or  warmer  HII  

•  Two  examples  from  sub-­‐cloud  scales  that  may  be  extrapolated  to  extra-­‐galac/c  scales  

Page 25: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Virial  equilibrium    with  external  pressure  

3σ 2

R= ΓGN + 4πPe

N

Page 26: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

High  La/tude  Clouds  

Keto  &  Myers  1986  

Page 27: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

HLCs  as  converging  flows  

Keto  &  Laoanzio  1989  Data  from  Magnani,  Blitz  &  Mundi  1985  

Page 28: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Pipe  Nebula  

Page 29: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Pressure  confined  cores  in  Pipe  

Data  from  Jill  Rathborne,  Charlie  Lada,  Jan  Forbrich  

Page 30: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Galac/c  clouds  

Field,  Blackman  &  Keto  2011  data  from  Heyer  (2009)  

Page 31: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Stable  and  unstable  equilibria  

300,  600,  900  M  

Field,  Blackman,  Keto  2008,  2011  

3σ2 − ΓGMR

−4πPeR

3

M= 0

dPdR

< 0

dPdR

> 0

Page 32: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Mass  cascade  to  smaller  scales  

•  For  any  σ2,  Pext  there  is  a  cri/cal  max.  mass  

•  As  turbulence  decays,    Mcri/cal      <      masscloud    

•  Cloud  must  either  fragment  or  collapse  

•  Life/me  of  cloud  is  limited    –  life/me  of  cascade  can  be  steady  state  (if  the  cascade  is  fed  from  large  scale)  

Page 33: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

2  Effects  from    an  increase  in  external  pressure  

•  Compress  the  clouds  to  higher  density  – Specifically,  the  clouds  adjust  to  the  new  equlibrium  following  the  virial  equa/on  

•  More  of  the  clouds  find  themselves  above  the  cri/cal  mass  

Page 34: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Higher  pressure-­‐density    in  starbursts  

•  Data  compiled  by  Longmore  &  Kruijssen  •  Heyer  2009,  Bolaoo  et  al  2008,  Wei,  Keto,  Ho  2011  

Page 35: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

3  different  descrip/ons  of  the  same  effect  

•  Analy/c  

•  Numerical  –   SFR  ~  exp(  –  t  dyn  /  t  ff)        (Padoan)  

•  Sta/s/cal  –  Stars  form  in  the  tail  of  density  PDF  above  a  cri/cal  density  (Jeans  mass  –  Toomre  Q)  

–  Enhanced  star  forma/on  requires  reformula/on  of  the  instability  criteria  with  external  pressure  –  or  –  defini/on  of  varia/on  of  mean  density  with  the  external  pressure      

Page 36: Recovered File 1 - mpia.de · Starbursts(and(Super(Star(Clusters((• luminous,106 L • massive,(10410 6 M • compact,(2B5(pc(• protoBglobular(clusters?(• found(in(all(starbursts

Conclusions  (Hypothesis)  

•  Despite  problems  with  angular  resolu/on,  data  indicate  higher  pressures  in  starbursts  

•  An  external  event  increases  the  external  pressure.  

•  Throws  the  fragmenta/on  cascade  out  of  equlibrium.  

•  Enhanced  star  forma/on  on  all  spa/al  scales.