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RECONSTRUCTION
SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
What is Reconstruction?
• A period of rebuilding after the Civil War lasting from 1865 to 1877.
• America had lost over 600,000 men and the South was in ruins.
• How would the nation recover?
Lincoln’s Plan
• Wanted to be easy on the South.
• Pardoned Confederates if they swore allegiance to the Union.
• As soon as 10% of a state’s voters swore allegiance to the Union, the state would be readmitted. (10% Plan)
Who were the Radical Republicans?
• Group that thought Lincoln’s plan was too easy on the South.
• Wanted to punish the South and give African Americans the right to vote.
• Led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner.
What was the Wade Davis Bill?
• In 1864, The Radical Republicans passed the Wade Davis Bill.
• This bill put Congress in charge of Reconstruction.
• A Majority of a state’s voters had to swear allegiance to the Union.
• Lincoln vetoed the bill.
What was Johnson’s Plan?
• After Lincoln’s assassination, Johnson had a similar plan to Lincoln’s.
• Johnson felt that the South had re-entered the Union and his work was done.
• The Radical Republicans disagreed.
What was the Freedmen’s Bureau?
• The Radical Republicans felt that African Americans needed help after slavery.
• The Freedmen’s Bureau gave food, clothing, school, and hospitals to newly freed slaves.
• Johnson vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau, but Congress made it law.
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866?
• Passed by the Radical Republicans and vetoed by Johnson.
• Congress overrode Johnson’s veto.
• This act declared that states could not enact black codes.
What were Black Codes?
• These codes in Southern states discriminated against African Americans.
• Prevented African Americans from participating in American democracy.
What was the Congressional Plan of Reconstruction?
• Congress overrode many of Johnson’s vetoes.
• Their objective was to give full citizenship to African Americans.
• They also wanted put the Southern states under military control.
• Johnson felt they were much too harsh on the South.
What was the 14th Amendment?
• Gave citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” including former slaves.
• Forbids any states from denying any person “due process of law.”
What was the Reconstruction Act?
• Declared state governments created under Lincoln and Johnson to be invalid.
• Put Southern states under military control and called for new state constitutions.
• Nostate could reenter the Union without passing the 14th amendment and giving African American men the right to vote.
• Vetoed by Johnson and passed by Congress.
Why was President Johnson impeached?
• Impeachment means a legal process to formally charge a president with misconduct in office.
• Johnson removed Edwin Stanton from his cabinet post which violated the Tenure of Office Act.
• Congress voted to impeach Johnson and he was found not guilty by 1vote!
What was the 15th Amendment?
• Passed under Ulysses S. Grant’s presidency.
• Gave African American males the right to vote.
• Banned states from denying the vote to African American males.
What were the postwar conditions of the South?
• Plantations and farms destroyed.
• Population of South devastated.
• 1/5 of adult white men died in war.
• Women and children suffered from illness and malnutrition.
Who were the scalawags?
• White Southerners who joined the Republican Party.
• They were small farmers who did not want wealthy planters to regain power.
Who were the carpetbaggers?
• Northerners that moved to the South.
• Some came to profit from the conditions of the South.
• Others truly wanted to reform Southern society.
• Despised by many white Southerners.
How did former slaves improve their life?
• Reunited with families with help of the Freedmen’s Bureau.
• Established African American schools and colleges.
• Founded own churches and community organizations.
• Participated in government. Hiram Revels was the 1st African American Senator.
What was sharecropping?
• Landowners gave a few acres of land to farm workers.
• The farmer keeps a small portion of crops and gives the rest to the landowner.
• This kept former slaves under the control of Southern planters.
What was tenant farming?
• Farmers rented land from landowners in exchange for cash.
• Kept African Americans working in agriculture and under the control of white Southerners.
What was the Ku Klux Klan?
• Terrorist group created to oppose African Americans.
• Did not want African Americans to vote.
• Used violence and destroyed African American property.
• Intimidated African American from voting.
What was the Amnesty Act?
• In 1872, this act gave former Confederates the right to vote.
• White southerners had complained that Republicans had abused their power.
• Southern Democrats began to gain power.
What was the Panic of 1873?
• Scandals had tarnished Grant’s administration.
• The Panic of 1873 was a nationwide depression caused by people taking on more debt than they could afford and banks closed.
What was redemption?
• Southern Democrats’ term for their return to power in the South in the 1870’s.
• Their goal was to return the antebellum South. (Pre-Civil war days when African Americans were slaves)
What happened in the Election of 1876?
• Republicans ran Rutherford B. Hayes and Democrats ran Samuel J. Tilden
• Tilden won the popular vote and Hayes won the electoral vote.
What was the Compromise of 1877?
• Democrats allowed Hayes to be President and Republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the South.
• Reconstruction had officially ended.
What was home rule?
• Democrats called redeemers controlled every Southern state government.
• Ability to run state governments without federal interference.
• Restricted rights of African Americans, wiped out social programs, got rid of public schools.
Was Reconstruction a success or failure?
• Write your answer here! Support it with details!