ReconstructionReconstruction

ReconstructionReconstruction

In what ways did the nation need to In what ways did the nation need to be “reconstructed” following the be “reconstructed” following the Civil War?Civil War?

Presidential MemoPresidential Memo

With your partners, prepare a memo for With your partners, prepare a memo for President Johnson that addresses:President Johnson that addresses:

What issues remain? Attitudes, prejudices?What issues remain? Attitudes, prejudices? What problems does the nation face in What problems does the nation face in

rebuilding?rebuilding? How would you ease tensions between the How would you ease tensions between the

North and the South?North and the South? How would you help freed African How would you help freed African

Americans?Americans?

Do NowDo Now Take out Reconstruction hw from last Take out Reconstruction hw from last

Friday and turn in poem or essayFriday and turn in poem or essay In watching the Halloween video:In watching the Halloween video:

What are the origins of Halloween?What are the origins of Halloween? How did Halloween become the holiday How did Halloween become the holiday

we know today?we know today? No homework tonight, Happy HalloweenNo homework tonight, Happy Halloween Debate on Thursday, Open note in-class Debate on Thursday, Open note in-class

essay on Friday on Reconstructionessay on Friday on Reconstruction

ReconstructionReconstruction

Physical: infrastructure (farms, Physical: infrastructure (farms, factories, railroads, ports)factories, railroads, ports)

Psychological: wounds of war, Psychological: wounds of war, regional hatred, individual lossregional hatred, individual loss

Racial: equal rights for African-Racial: equal rights for African-Americans (men, suffrage)Americans (men, suffrage)

Political: the Confederate states had Political: the Confederate states had left the United States, would need to left the United States, would need to be readmittedbe readmitted

ReconstructionReconstruction

Process by which the federal Process by which the federal government readmitted Confederate government readmitted Confederate states to the Unionstates to the Union

Lasted from 1865-77Lasted from 1865-77 Following Lincoln’s assassination, Following Lincoln’s assassination,

Johnson became president, Johnson became president, advocated moderate program for advocated moderate program for SouthSouth

Freedman’s BureauFreedman’s Bureau

Federal agency established by Federal agency established by President Johnson to assist African President Johnson to assist African AmericansAmericans

Set up schools and hospitalsSet up schools and hospitals Distributed clothes, food, and fuel Distributed clothes, food, and fuel

throughout the Souththroughout the South

Harper's Weekly demonstrates an idealized view of the Harper's Weekly demonstrates an idealized view of the role of Freedmen's Bureau in the South during the role of Freedmen's Bureau in the South during the

aftermath of the Civil War. aftermath of the Civil War.

Black CodesBlack Codes

As Southern states set up new As Southern states set up new governments, some refused to ratify the governments, some refused to ratify the 1313thth Amendment Amendment

Black codes Black codes limited freedom of former limited freedom of former slavesslaves

written proof of employment, or could be written proof of employment, or could be put to work on plantationput to work on plantation

Forbidden to meet in unsupervised groups, Forbidden to meet in unsupervised groups, carry gunscarry guns

Northerners feared return of “Old South”Northerners feared return of “Old South”

ReconstructionReconstruction

Johnson offered to pardon most white Johnson offered to pardon most white Southerners in return for a pledge of Southerners in return for a pledge of loyalty to the U.S.loyalty to the U.S.

New state governments required to ratify New state governments required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment prohibiting the Thirteenth Amendment prohibiting slaveryslavery

Many Southern states actively fought Many Southern states actively fought this, sought ways to limit African this, sought ways to limit African American rightsAmerican rights

Some states refused to ratify amendmentSome states refused to ratify amendment

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Radical Republicans wanted to force Radical Republicans wanted to force civil rights upon the Southcivil rights upon the South

Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 18661866

Declared all persons born in the U.S. Declared all persons born in the U.S. (except Native Americans) were citizens (except Native Americans) were citizens and entitled to equal rightsand entitled to equal rights

Johnson vetoed the bill, feared Johnson vetoed the bill, feared centralization of national gov’t, hurt centralization of national gov’t, hurt “white race”; Congress overrode veto“white race”; Congress overrode veto

This 1867 sketch by Alfred R. Waud depicts blacks This 1867 sketch by Alfred R. Waud depicts blacks voting freely in the first open elections in the South. voting freely in the first open elections in the South.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 had mandated these rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 had mandated these rights.

Civil RightsCivil Rights

Johnson refused to pass this Johnson refused to pass this constitutional amendment, approved constitutional amendment, approved by only one former Confederate stateby only one former Confederate state

Angered Republicans pass the Angered Republicans pass the Reconstruction Acts of 1867, begins Reconstruction Acts of 1867, begins Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

South divided into 5 military districts, South divided into 5 military districts, Confederate leaders could no longer Confederate leaders could no longer votevote

Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment

All people born in U.S. were citizens All people born in U.S. were citizens and had same rights, “equal protection and had same rights, “equal protection of the laws”of the laws”

Did not establish black suffrage, states Did not establish black suffrage, states not granting blacks the vote would lose not granting blacks the vote would lose representation in Congressrepresentation in Congress

Johnson and every Confederate state Johnson and every Confederate state except Tennessee refusedexcept Tennessee refused

Angered Radical RepublicansAngered Radical Republicans

Radical ReconstructionRadical Reconstruction

To reenter Union, states had to pass To reenter Union, states had to pass new state constitutions giving the new state constitutions giving the vote to all adult menvote to all adult men

Also had to ratify the amendment to Also had to ratify the amendment to extend citizenship to African extend citizenship to African Americans (remember Dred Scott) Americans (remember Dred Scott)

Becomes Fourteenth Amendment Becomes Fourteenth Amendment (1868)(1868)

New State ConventionsNew State Conventions

Delegates chosen by Southern voters in Delegates chosen by Southern voters in 18671867

¾ of delegates are Republicans, half of ¾ of delegates are Republicans, half of them poor white farmers (them poor white farmers (scalawagsscalawags))

Other ¼ of Republicans carpetbaggers, Other ¼ of Republicans carpetbaggers, white Northerners who came South after white Northerners who came South after the war, despised by many in the South as the war, despised by many in the South as opportunistsopportunists

African Americans made up rest of African Americans made up rest of Republican delegatesRepublican delegates

Johnson and Johnson and ImpeachmentImpeachment President Johnson fought most of the President Johnson fought most of the

Radical Republican reform effortsRadical Republican reform efforts Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act

(1867), prohibited president from firing (1867), prohibited president from firing government officials without Senate government officials without Senate approvalapproval

February 1868, Johnson fired his secretary February 1868, Johnson fired his secretary of war without Senate approvalof war without Senate approval

House of Representatives voted to impeach House of Representatives voted to impeach him (formally accuse of improper conduct)him (formally accuse of improper conduct)

Moved to Senate for trial, acquitted by one Moved to Senate for trial, acquitted by one votevote

Responding to FreedomResponding to Freedom

Without need for passes, many African Without need for passes, many African Americans travelAmericans travel

Return to birthplaces, search for familyReturn to birthplaces, search for family Strengthens families: can marry legally, Strengthens families: can marry legally,

raise children without fear they would raise children without fear they would be soldbe sold

Founded own independent churches, Founded own independent churches, often branches of Baptist and Methodist; often branches of Baptist and Methodist; church leaders community leaderschurch leaders community leaders

Freedmen’s SchoolsFreedmen’s Schools

Established to educate newly freed Established to educate newly freed African AmericansAfrican Americans

Started by Freedmen’s Bureau, Started by Freedmen’s Bureau, Northern missionary groups, and Northern missionary groups, and African American organizationsAfrican American organizations

By 1869, more than 150,000 By 1869, more than 150,000 attending 3,000 schoolsattending 3,000 schools

Resisted by whites, some schools Resisted by whites, some schools burned, teachers murderedburned, teachers murdered

Black CollegesBlack Colleges

Howard University (1867)Howard University (1867) Black colleges offered courses from Black colleges offered courses from

basic reading and writing to basic reading and writing to medicine and lawmedicine and law

Trained teachersTrained teachers

40 Acres and a Mule40 Acres and a Mule

Freed people wanted to own landFreed people wanted to own land At end of war, General Sherman At end of war, General Sherman

suggested abandoned land in S.C. be suggested abandoned land in S.C. be given out in 40 acre lotsgiven out in 40 acre lots

Few ever received it, some had to Few ever received it, some had to return itreturn it

Radical Republicans pushed to make Radical Republicans pushed to make land reform part of Reconstruction land reform part of Reconstruction Acts of 1867, did not pass CongressActs of 1867, did not pass Congress

The Contract SystemThe Contract System

Advantages: could choose where to Advantages: could choose where to work, more rights than slavery, families work, more rights than slavery, families not split upnot split up

Disadvantages: very low wages, could Disadvantages: very low wages, could not leave plantation without not leave plantation without permission, many cheated out of wagespermission, many cheated out of wages

Laws punished workers for breaking Laws punished workers for breaking contracts even if they were cheated or contracts even if they were cheated or abusedabused

Sharecropping & DebtSharecropping & Debt

Worker rented plot of land to farmWorker rented plot of land to farm Landowner provided tools, seed, Landowner provided tools, seed,

housinghousing Sharecropper gave landowner share Sharecropper gave landowner share

of cropof crop Sharecroppers wanted to grow food, Sharecroppers wanted to grow food,

owners forced cash crops; then had to owners forced cash crops; then had to buy food at store owned by whitesbuy food at store owned by whites

debtdebt

Do NowDo Now

What were the goals of the Ku Klux What were the goals of the Ku Klux Klan?Klan?

What gains in education were made What gains in education were made by African Americans during by African Americans during Reconstruction?Reconstruction?

The Ku Klux KlanThe Ku Klux Klan

Targeted landowners, prosperousTargeted landowners, prosperous Horseback, white robes, hoodsHorseback, white robes, hoods Beatings, burned homesBeatings, burned homes Lynch: hung on spot without trial as Lynch: hung on spot without trial as

punishment for supposed crimepunishment for supposed crime Victims without much protection, often Victims without much protection, often

ignored by military authorities (many ignored by military authorities (many appointed by President Johnson)appointed by President Johnson)

Gun-toting Klansmen kept Republicans Gun-toting Klansmen kept Republicans away from polls, increased Democratic away from polls, increased Democratic powerpower

President GrantPresident Grant

Elected 1868Elected 1868 Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment (1870) – citizens (1870) – citizens

should not be stopped from voting “on should not be stopped from voting “on account of race, color, or previous account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude”condition of servitude”

Grant won a second term, but support Grant won a second term, but support declined due to scandals in his declined due to scandals in his administrationadministration

Depression of five years begins in 1873, Depression of five years begins in 1873, takes focus away from Reconstructiontakes focus away from Reconstruction

Grant Fights the KlanGrant Fights the Klan

Urged Congress to pass tought anti-Urged Congress to pass tought anti-Klan billKlan bill

Federal marshals arrested Federal marshals arrested thousands of Klansmen, Klan attacks thousands of Klansmen, Klan attacks declineddeclined

1872 presidential election fair and 1872 presidential election fair and peaceful in South, Grant wins peaceful in South, Grant wins second termsecond term

Scandal & Panic Weaken Scandal & Panic Weaken RepublicansRepublicans

Many unqualified and corrupt officials Many unqualified and corrupt officials appointed by Grantappointed by Grant

Some Republicans break away to form Some Republicans break away to form Liberal Democratic Party, party not unifiedLiberal Democratic Party, party not unified

Powerful Eastern banks fail, Powerful Eastern banks fail, Panic of 1873Panic of 1873 Stock market collapse, depression, Stock market collapse, depression,

unemployment, railroad industry suffered, unemployment, railroad industry suffered, farmers ruinedfarmers ruined

Democrats win elections in 1874, Democrats win elections in 1874, Americans tired of ReconstructionAmericans tired of Reconstruction

Supreme Court ReversalsSupreme Court Reversals

U.S. v. CruikshankU.S. v. Cruikshank, Court ruled that federal , Court ruled that federal government could not punish individuals government could not punish individuals who violated civil rights of African who violated civil rights of African Americans, only states couldAmericans, only states could

Southern states would not punish, violence Southern states would not punish, violence roserose

U.S. v. Reese, Court ruled in favor of white U.S. v. Reese, Court ruled in favor of white Southerners who barred African Americans Southerners who barred African Americans from voting (15from voting (15thth Amendment to not ensure Amendment to not ensure right to vote), poll taxes, literacy testsright to vote), poll taxes, literacy tests

Reconstruction EndsReconstruction Ends 1876 presidential election very close, 1876 presidential election very close,

commission decidescommission decides Compromise of 1877, Hayes becomes Compromise of 1877, Hayes becomes

president; Republicans compromise with president; Republicans compromise with DemocratsDemocrats

1.1. Removal of federal troops from SouthRemoval of federal troops from South

2.2. Land grants & loans for construction of Land grants & loans for construction of railroads from South to Westrailroads from South to West

3.3. Federal funds for construction & improvementFederal funds for construction & improvement

4.4. Hayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinetHayes would appoint a Democrat to his cabinet

5.5. Democrats promised to respect African Democrats promised to respect African American rightsAmerican rights

Legacy of ReconstructionLegacy of Reconstruction

Nation did rebuild and uniteNation did rebuild and unite Did not achieve equality for African Did not achieve equality for African

AmericansAmericans Many still lived in povertyMany still lived in poverty Legally, could vote and hold public office, Legally, could vote and hold public office,

but few do, facing prejudice and violencebut few do, facing prejudice and violence Protection of civil rights in Constitution, Protection of civil rights in Constitution,

set stage for 20set stage for 20thth c.; black schools and c.; black schools and churcheschurches

Reconstruction: Second Reconstruction: Second Civil WarCivil War

SharecroppingSharecropping John LynchJohn Lynch War of TerrorWar of Terror