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There is nothing improper…for one to attempt to solicit a will in his or her favour and to use all lawful means towards effecting that end. Indeed some amount of persuasion and mere influ-ence is permissible so long as it does not amount to undue influence…

Similarly, in Hall v. Hall (1868), L.R. 1 P. & D. 481 at 481-482, Sir J. P. Wilde said:

To make a good will a man must be a free agent. But all influences are not unlawful. Persua-sion, appeals to the affections or ties of kindred, to a sentiment of gratitude for past services, or pity for future destitution, or the like – these are all legitimate, and may be fairly pressed on a testator.!

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A Reference AidThis reference aid is intended to assist legal practitioners in recognizing and dealing with potential undue influence and preventing successful challenges to the wills they prepare. It summarizes the recommended practices set out in greater depth in the BCLI publication Recommended Practices for Wills Practitioners Relating to Potential Undue Influence: A Guide (“the BCLI Guide”). The contents of both this reference aid and the Guide reflect the work of an interdisciplinary BCLI project committee supported by the Notary Foundation and the Lawyers Insurance Fund. While the Guide and this reference aid focus on wills practice, the recommended practices and red flags that they outline are also relevant to the preparation of other personal planning documents, such as powers of attorney and representation agreements.For more information, see the Guide available on the BCLI website at http://www.bcli.org.

InfluenceUndueRecognition/Prevention

Undue Influence - Recognition/Prevention

CHECKLIST OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

1. Interview will-maker alone (Basic Rule).

2. Ask non-leading, open ended questions to

determine factors operating on will-maker’s mind.

3. Explore whether will-maker is in a relationship

of dependency, domination or special confidence

or trust.

Rationale:

• Ensure it is clear that professional is acting for

will-maker.

• Professional needs to avoid appearance of a

joint retainer.

• Confidentiality of solicitor/client communications.

• Professional needs to satisfy him/herself that

will-maker has testamentary capacity.

Exceptions for taking instructions from another

person (A):

• A is disinterested and is acting as an interpreter

(no kinship, financial interest, or social connection).

• Including A (a relative or interested person) is

unavoidable. Remain alert.

• A is Spouse. Remain alert. If any concerns that

spouse is not speaking accurately for will-maker,

meet with will-maker alone.

Examples:

• How/why did you decide to divide your estate

this way?

• What was important to you in deciding to divide

your estate this way?

• Why did you choose [proposed executor] as

executor of your will?

See examples of open-ended probing questions

in BCLI Guide, pp 33 -34.

Sample questions to consider:

• Do you live alone? With family? A caregiver?

A friend?

• Has anything changed in your living arrangements

recently?

• Are you able to go wherever and whenever

you wish?

• Does anyone help you more than others? Who

arranged/suggested this meeting?

• Does anyone help you make decisions? Who does

your banking?

• Has anyone asked you for money? A gift?

Sample questions to consider (note need for tact,

discretion and awareness for client’s physical safety;

refer to community resources if and when

appropriate):

• Has anyone ever hurt you? Has anyone taken

anything that was yours without asking?

• Has anyone scolded or threatened you? Are you

alone a lot?

• Has anyone ever failed to help you take care of

yourself when you needed help?

• Are there people you like to see? Have you seen

these people or done things recently with them?

• Has anyone ever threatened to take you out of your

home and put you in a care facility?

See list of “Red Flags to Watch For” opposite.

Detailed notes; checklist recommended; information

supporting practitioner’s conclusions and ultimate

decision should include: red flags identified, inquiry

pursued, information obtained, memoranda to record

reasoning for conclusion.

4. Explore whether will-maker is a victim of abuse

or neglect in other contexts.

5. Obtain relevant information from third parties

when possible and if the will-maker consents.

6. Obtain medical assessment if mental capacity is

also in question, but remember that mental

capacity to make a will is ultimately a legal test.

7. Compile list of events or circumstances indicating

undue influence.

8. Make and retain appropriate records whenever

red flags are present.

9. If Index of Suspicion remains high after

reasonable investigation, decline retainer to

prepare the will.

The practices in the checklist below are recommended for use by wills practitioners if they

suspect that a client is susceptible to undue influence or that a client’s will instructions do

not reflect the client’s genuine wishes.

See the BCLI publication Recommended Practices for Wills Practitioners Relating to Potential Undue Influence: A Guide (“the BCLI Guide”) for further information.

Undue Influence - Recognition/PreventionRED FLAGS TO WATCH FOR

1.Will-maker invests significant trust and confidence in a person who is a beneficiary or is connected to a beneficiary (e.g. lawyer, doctor, clergy, financial advisor, accountant, formal or informal caregiver, new “suitor” or partner).2 Isolation of will-maker resulting in dependence on another for physical, emotional, financial or other needs.3.Physical, psychological and behavioural characteristics of will-maker. Examples:• for sight, hearing, mobility, speech, illness, illiteracy.• Signs of neglect/self neglect (emaciation, inappropriate clothing, bruising, untreated injuries).• In state of shock after stressful situations (e.g. bad news, death of close person).• Non-specific factors (e.g. loneliness, sexual bargaining, end of life issues).• Cultural influences/conditioned responses (e.g. subservience to traditional authority in extended family; yielding to pressure for fear of revealing family conflicts leading to loss of face in community).• Impaired mental function from a psychiatric condition or a non-psychiatric cause (e.g. trauma or stroke). Signs include (see BCLI Guide for full list pp 24-25):• Sudden onset of confusion.• Short term memory problems, disorientation, difficulty with finances.• Signs of depression (e.g. irritable, agitated, difficulty making decisions, sad face, bowed head, general lethargy).• Delusions.• Extreme sense of well-being, continuous speech, inability to concentrate, poor judgment.• Apprehensive or appearance of being worried, distressed, overwhelmed.• Client is intoxicated/signs of substance abuse.• Down’s syndrome, autism or other developmental disorder.• Inability to answer open-ended questions.

Dependence on beneficiary

4.Circumstances related to making of the will

and/or the terms.

5.Characteristics of influencer in will-maker’s family or circle of acquaintance.

6.Practitioner’s “gut feeling”.

Examples:• for no apparent reason; frequent changes.• Marked change in instructions from prior wills.• 3rd party initiates instructions which also benefit 3rd party; beneficiary speaks for will-maker; beneficiary offers to pay for new will; will-maker

relies exclusively/unusually on notes to give instructions.• Spouses: joint retainer but one spouse provides instructions while other remains silent.• Recent death of a family member and other family appear to influence changing existing will.• Overly helpful.• Insists on being present during interview with lawyer/notary.• Contacts practitioner persistently after instructions are taken.• Person is known to practitioner to have history

of abuse, including violence.• Practitioner observes negative and/or controlling attitude to will-maker.• Practitioner is aware that influencer is in difficult

financial circumstances and/or engages in

substance abuse.• Body language of will-maker indicates fear, anxiety, insecurity, embarrassment etc.• “Influencer” is off putting or difficult to deal with at appointment.• “Influencer” is rude to staff in office or on telephone, or is overly solicitous.

Unusual gifts; sudden change

The red flags listed below may indicate the presence of undue influence on a will-maker.This list is not necessarily complete or definitive. It is an aid to practitioners to identify potential undue influence and provide an “index of suspicion” so that they will be alerted to carry out the necessary inquiries before preparing a will for execution. See the text of the BCLI Guide for more detailed discussion.

Undue InfluenceRecognition/Prevention

Undue Influence - Recognition/Prevention

FLOW CHART OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES

YES

YES

NO

NO

YES

YES

DOES CLIENTHAVE TESTAMENTARY

CAPACITY?

IS CLIENTAWARE OF CONTENTS

OF WILL?

IS CLIENTACTING FREELY AND

INDEPENDENTLY?

AFTERINVESTIGATION: IS

CLIENT ACTING FREELY AND INDEPENDENTLY?

DO NOT PROCEED OR IF UNSURE,

MAKE APPROPRIATE INQUIRIES.

DO NOT PROCEED OR IF UNSURE,

MAKE APPROPRIATE INQUIRIES.

PROCEED TO PREPARE WILL.

PROCEED TO PREPARE WILL.

IDENTIFY RED FLAGS AND/OR CONCERNS. FOLLOW UP AND/OR INVESTIGATE.

(SEE “RED FLAGS TO WATCH FOR” AND “CHECKLIST OF RECOMMENDED PRACTICES”)

PRACTITIONER DECISION DEPENDSON NATURE AND LEVEL OF CONCERN:

A) SUSPICION ONLY. DOCUMENT FILE. PROCEED.

B) SERIOUS CONCERNS. DO NOT PROCEED.

NOT SURE

NOT SURE

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