315

ISSN: 0974 - 0376

KEYWORDS

Proceedings of International Conference on

Anthropogenic Impact on Environment & Conservation Strategy

(ICAIECS - 2012)

November 02 - 04, 2012, Ranchi,

organized by

Department of Zoology, Ranchi University, Ranchi

&

Departments of Zoology and Botany,

St. Xavier’s College, Ranchi

in association with

National Environmentalists Association, Indiawww.neaindia.org

NSave Nature to Survive

: Special issue, Vol. 1:

www.theecoscan.inAN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Rajat Mohan et al.

Reclamation

Sodic soil

Mulberry

Tolerant

Extension

315 - 320: 2012

RECLAMATION OF SODIC SOILS (PROBLEMATIC SOILS) THROUGH

MULBERRY PLANTATION

316

RAJAT MOHAN*, PRAMOD KUMAR1, RAJESH KHARE, MEERA VERMA1, O. P. SINGH 2 K. A. SAHAF3 AND

M. A. KHAN 3

Regional Sericultural Research Station, C. S. B. Complex, Central Silk Board, Miran Sahib, Jammu - 181 1011Research Extension Section, Gonda – 271 001, U.P.

2DOS, Sitapur – 261 001, U.P.3CSR and TI, Central Silk Board, Govt of India, Pampore - 192 121, Sri Nagar,

E-mail: drrajatmohan@gmail.com

*Corresponding author

NSave Nature to Survive QUARTERLY

INTRODUCTION

Sericulture in north India is a subsidiary crop. Farmers in north western India are

not willing to involve their land for mulberry plantation due to limited crops in this

region as the farmers mostly belong to below poverty line and do not have largeland holdings. Whatever land they have they use it for growing seasonal cash

crops. There are only two sericulture crops, one in spring and one in autumn. Each

crop was of 25 days duration and hence just for 50 days farmers were not willing

to plant mulberry in their one acre or two acre land holding. With this back drop it

was known that lakhs of hectares of land were available as waste land as they are

salt affected and were not used for agriculture. If this available land could be made

to be utilized for sericulture purposes it may help the farmers as well as the

environment.In Uttar Pradesh 1.25 million hectares of area are salt affected. Areas

falling in Lucknow, Aligarh, Azamgarh, Bareilly, Etah, Etawa, Ghaziabad, Hardoi,Sultanpur,Pratapgarh, Unnao, Kanpur, Meerut and Rae - bareilly are mainlyaffected by sodicity. Such land are of less use so far as agriculture is concerned.These available waste lands with moderate alkalinity were the target to be utilizedfor mulberry plantation. (Agar, 2009; Aslam, 2011). Salinization and alkalinizationof the soil are serious impediments in obtaining higher crop yields in sizeable land

area of the country. According to an estimate more than 7 million hectares of

otherwise productive land of the country have virtually gone out of cultivation.

Country’s most fertile belt in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Bihar with an area of

about 2.4 million hectares is affected with sodicity problem. (Afridi et al.,

1998).These land can be exploited,if salt tolerant mulberry varieties are screened.

(Simiyan and Vivekananda, 1992; Agastian and Vivekanandan 1997; Agastian et

al., 1997).

The techniques other than tree plantation are costly and the BPL farmer may not be

able to spend the amount required. The most recommended method to meet the

challenge had been correction of the soil with Gypsum etc but large scale correction/

reclamation involves huge expenditure which is out of reach of the BPL farmers.

(Bose et al., 1992). Besides, sericulture, one of the main objectives of the study is to

get such soil reclamation through mulberry plantation. Hence it was felt that there

was need to screen suitable salt tolerant mulberry varieties which may give some

breakthrough in this direction. It is known from literature that Salt tolerant trees

when planted either in association or as sole plantations reclaim the sodic soils

over a considerable period of time. (Jain et al., 1992; Khan et al., 1995 and Khan,

2003). The reduction in soil pH thus decreases EC in due course, increases organic

carbon, improves water infiltration rates and the canopy lowers the air temperature.

The peak runoff volume and peak runoff rate from alkali catchments also reduces

significantly with growth of such tree species (Downtown, 1984, Basavaraja et al.,

2010;Dan, 2010). Few mulberry genotypes were identified as tolerant to alkalinity

and are in use in different areas. Though these genotypes show wider adaptability

In our country enormous land is subjected to

various types of degradation out of which

major area is affected by sodicity and alkalinity.

The sodicity of soil is developed by

accumulation of excessive salt in the upper

surface of soil because of impermeable hard

pan of calcium carbonate at a depth of 60 cm

to 1.2m. Under such category of soils the

survival of crop was very difficult. The

rehabilitation of sodic soils, through chemical

and mechanical means was very costly and is

beyond the reach of Indian farmers. Under

such soil conditions few trees and bushes of

mulberry were tolerant to some moderate

extremes of such soil but it was necessary to

screen such varieties. An experiment was taken

up to screen mulberry varieties at soils of pH

between 9-9.90 with moderate EC of 0.5 to

50 and Na+ ion concentration of 4-8%. The

screening of eight varieties in such soil gave

two varieties viz AR-12 and AR-14 suitable

for plantation in such soil. The leaf yield

increased from about 100 g/plant initially

increased to 1000g /plant after about 8-10

years and reclaimed the soil to a greater extent

by reducing soil pH, EC and increasing

available P, K and organic carbon. Further,

these varieties as part of extension were

planted at farmer’s level and in DOS farm of

U.P. It was found that the survival was between

60-70 % at farmer’s level at pH 8.7-9.0 and

the same was between 70% in DOS farm at 9-

9.5 pH of soil. This will not only help

sericulture farmers to get income from cocoon

crop but will be a great contribution for

environment as in a span of time such plantation

will convert uncultivable land into cultivable

land and reclamation will completely

rehabilitate the soil.

ABSTRACT

317

the yield potential may not be the same in all areas. The

package of practices for different genotypes may differ from

one part of the country to the other. The suitability of different

genotypes in such soils of Uttar Pradesh has not been studied

so far. As already stated above reclamation of land on large

scale is not possible, hence it was felt necessary to identify/

screen genotypes which can survive on these lands and were

suitable for the regional requirement and can give benefit to

the silk industry. This will help in providing employment to

the BPL families by adoption of sericulture as subsidiary

occupation. The management of soil thus becomes easier

and economic. Hence the objective of the study was to screen

such genotypes which may thrive in such conditions and in

the process of their growth and through the intercultural

practices may lower the pH value and reclaim the soil partially.

Further in a span of few years it is likely that little higher organic

inputs, application of FYM and copious irrigation may reclaim

the soil and the land completely. (Jain et al., 1992 and Garg,

2002).After the screening of varieties, small efforts were also

made to take it to the farmers as part of transfer of technology.

Besides creation of one more germplasm of screened

genotypes at state govt farm of UP for their future multiplication

and plantation at farmers level.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The suitability of different genotypes for high pH soil was

studied at BBAU, Lucknow (pH 9.0-9.90) with low electrical

conductivity (ECdsm-1, 0.384-0.554). Eight mulberry

Genotypes viz S-146, S-13, TR-10,S-1,S-1635, BR-2, AR-12

and AR-14 were grown at BBA University Lucknow in

randomized block design in the year 2000-01. All normal

recommended inputs were given as per recommendations

but no correction to the soil was done.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

It was found that AR-12, AR-14 and BR-2 were comparatively

tolerant in comparison to other genotypes. The comparative

performance of the genotypes grown in high pH soil showed

reduction in yield in initial years but the thriving and

sustenance paved the way for plantation of these genotypes in

sodic soil. The highest leaf yield was 11.96 t/h in AR-12 (11.96

t/h), AR-12 (10.62 t/h), BR-2(9.18 t/h), S-1635(7.99 t/h), S-146

(7.53 t/h), S-1 (6.64 t/h) TR-10(6.33 t/h), S-13(5.86 t/h) in one

harvest after eight years which gets double or triple in two and

three harvests. The leaf yield was reduced initially in all the

genotypes grown in high pH soil in earlier years in comparison

to the yield in normal soils but has now reached almost at par

to the production of leaves in normal soil (yield in one harvest

800-1000g/plant or 9-10 t/h). The per plant leaf yield increased

from 100g/plant to appx 1000g/plant in a span of 8 years. This

shows that the impact of trees/plants of mulberry and its cultural

operations have affected the soil positively. The plantation in

sodic soil was regularly irrigated but no soil correction was

done. The genotypes will serve as gene pool for further studies.

AR-14, AR-12 and BR-2 are recommended for plantation at

high pH and low electrical conductivity range (pH: 9-9.90 and

EC: 0.4-0.5 EC-dsm. The survival % after plantation was very

low in all the genotypes (18-34%) but the regular gap fillings

could lead to 100 % establishment of plantation. The back up

of nursery is a must for such plantation in Usar lands. The

plantation also serves as tolerant stock of Germplasm for future

multiplication and plantation. (Jain et al., 1992, Khan et al.,

1995, Garg, 2002 and Khalid et al., 2009). The main objective

of the study was to find out the system that operates with the

high pH resistant mulberry varieties and to study the variation

of such system in different genotypes of mulberry and their

role in soil rehabilitation (Mohammad and Szabolcs, 1999;

Niazi et al., 1992; Marcar, 2004 and Kiran et al., 2009). The

different response of different mulberry varieties under salinity

stress as observed through different parameters offers the

opportunity to identify salt tolerant genotypes in mulberry (Niazi

et al., 1992 and Prakash et al., 1998). Salt tolerance of a crop

is a kind of rating based on genotype response to increasing

levels of salinity manifested through reduction in survival, yield

and yield attributing traits. The variety AR-12 exhibited highest

survival percentages at high pH in the present study showing

highest salt tolerance followed by AR-14 and BR-2 in

comparison to S-146 and other varieties based on survival

and leaf yield. Table 1 (Prakash et al., 1998 and Ramanjulu, et

al., 1994a, 1994b). Another parameter fruit yield/ plant were

also undertatken and it was found that highest fruit yield was

recorded in BR-2 (0.75kg/plant) followed by S-13 (0.25 kg)

and S-146 ( 0.30kg/Plant). The fruits of BR-2 genotype which

were qualitatively and quantitatively better, were utilized to

produce Squash and resham chyavan/Jam for value addition.

The value addition details are presented below:

Utilization of fruits

Fruits of Br-2 variety are recommended for utilization

The fruits after fermentation may be used affording intoxicating

beverages. The fruit juice is also used for reducing high fever.

This is the fast treatment normally given to a patient with

symptoms of fever during endemic malaria. It has the property

S. No. Plots pH EC dsm-1 Na++ mL/100g

1 BBAU 9.65 0.423 5.36

2*** BBAU 9.90 0.554 8.28

3 BBAU 9.00 0.384 6.80

4 BBAU 9.75 0.386 5.95

Table1: Analytical data of soil samples of BBA University Lucknow

in the year 2000

Experimental site of screening of mulberry genotype

*** Experimental plot

The soil characteristics of the high pH soil selected for the trial

undertaken is Table 1.

The experimental design of experiment conducted at pH9.90:

Genotype: 08 (S-13, TR-10, S-1635, S-I & S-146,BR-

2, AR-12, AR-14)

Spacing: 3‘ X 3‘

Replication: 05

Single plot size: 15‘ X 15‘

No of plants/Plot: 25

Design: Randomized Block Design

The varieties mentioned under the experiment were planted

as per the design. The plantation was done in Jan 2000.

Observations on survival, leaf yield, fruit yield were taken.

Fruits were utilized to find out the prospects of value addition

through production of squash and resham chyavan (a new

product).

RECLAMATION OF SODIC SOILS

318

RAJAT MOHAN et al.,

for preventing diarrhea and cold. Syrups and recipes prepared

from fruits of Morus Alba are used against hyperlipemia,

constipation and insomnia and anti aging. Decoction prepared

from fruit is used against cerebral arteriosclerosis, central

retinisis and nasopharyngial cancer. However, the fruits can

be easily used to prepare squash and jams which can fetch

substantive income for the farmer in addition to income from

silkworm cocoon crops. A small trial was done, the details of

which are as under.

The squash and resham chyavan/jam prepared from the fruits

collected was of standard quality which can fetch approx Rs

100/L of squash and Rs 100/kg of resham chyavan jam. The

residue after preparation of squash was used to prepare resham

chyavan. A simple assessment was made to find out the

quantitative requirement of fruits for sample production of

squash and resham chyavan which may form the basis for

commercial production of these. The details are given below:

Per kg economics

Fruitsutilised: 01.0kg

Juice extracted from the above: 0.5 L

Squash prepared : 1.5 L

Pulp balance after the above: 0.5 kg

Resham chyavan prepared from the pulp: 0.5 kg

This will fetch Rs 200/kg of fruits; if pure Jam is prepared it will

produce 2kg of Jam from 2kg of fruits fetching Rs 200/kg @ Rs

100/kg of Jam. Besides this, a minimum of one basket can be

prepared from ten year old mulberry tree fetching Rs 30-50/

basket. The variety BR-2 was found to be relatively tolerant

and almost at par with AR-14 and AR-12 and could be

cultivated in high pH soils and also may be utilized in future

breeding programs for developing varieties tolerant to salinity.

BR-2(10-15% population with AR-12 and AR-14) is

recommended for plantation at farmers level as it yields

optimum leaf yield with qualitative production of fruits. The

leaves can be utilized to rear silkworms in spring, summer

and autumn seasons to produce 100-150kg of cocoon worth

Rs 10,000-15000 at the minimum and fruits of the variety can

be utilized to produce squash and Resham Chyavan worth Rs

200/ kg at the minimum. However, proper marketing system

is required to be established for sale of squash and Resham

chyavan. In any case the farmer at least can produce the Jam

and Squash for its own family requirement. Besides above,

further research on different parts of mulberry i.e. fruits to

roots of mulberry are recommended to exploit the antioxidant

properties of mulberry to utilize medicinal properties of the

plant. Another important aspect of the mulberry plantation in

high pH soils is that the mulberry may not flourish in such

soils as it flourishes in normal soils but it definitely will thrive

as it has been found in the experiment. Such plantations in

due course will convert such uncultivable land into fertile

lands. The plantation at BBAU University, Lucknow as on

date after ten years of plantation flourishes luxuriantly and the

pH has been lowered due to these plantations (Table 2). The

pH of the experimental site after the trial showed reduction in

ten years (Table 2). The reduction in soil pH thus decreases

EC in due course, increases organic carbon, improves water

infiltration rates and the canopy of mulberry lowers the air

temperature. The peak runoff volume and peak runoff rate

from alkali catchments also reduces significantly with growth

Name of mulberry Chemical properties

tree species SoilpH Electrical conductivity Organic Available P Available K

(mmhos) carbon(%) (kg/ha) (kg/ha)

2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010 2000 2010

S1 9.90 9.4 0.554 0.25 0.12 0.55 6.0 12.0 85.0 175

AR14 9.90 8.2 0.554 0.20 0.12 0.71 6.0 14.4 85.0 214

S1635 9.90 9.2 0.554 0.25 0.12 0.45 6.0 9.0 85.0 125

S146 9.90 9.3 0.554 0.25 0.12 0.58 6.0 10.8 85.0 175

BR-2 9.90 8.4 0.554 0.20 0.12 0.75 6.0 11.0 85.0 220

AR-12 9.90 8.3 0.554 0.20 0.12 0.76 6.0 13.8 85.0 225

TR-10 9.90 9.2 0.554 0.25 0.12 0.67 6.0 10.0 85.0 160

S-13 9.90 8.50 0.554 0.25 0.12 0.55 6.0 10.4 85.0 165

Table 2: Changes in soil after ten years of plantation

Genotypes/Years Survival Leaf Yield g/plant

2003 2003 2006 2009

AR-12 34.00 119.66 394.33 997.33

AR-14 26.00 111.66 367.33 885.66

BR-2 23.00 96.33 333.33 765.33

S-1635 24.00 107.66 313.33 666.66

S-146 21.33 96.00 329.666 628.00

S-1 19.33 86.66 312.00 554.00

TR-10 18.66 103.33 293.66 528.00

S-13 25.33 109.00 268.00 488.66

CD 5% 1.75 3.24 6.67 7.00

Table 3: Survival and leaf yield data in high pH soil 2003-2009 Year

of plantation: 2000

Note: Regular gap fillings after 2003 led to 100 % establishment of its germplasm by 2010

Figure 1 to 3: (1) Year 2000 Initial Plantation pH 9.90; (2) Same

Plantation Year 2009; (3) Full view: year 2008

1(a)

1(b)

2

3

319

of such plant species in high pH soils. (Simiyan and

Vivekananda, 1992). The increase in organic matter, available

P and K of soil by trees have been reported by earlier workers

(Khan et al., 2003) Similar effect of tree species on soil pH and

EC were reported by Singh (1995) and Singh et al. (1997). Salt

tolerant trees and grasses when planted either in association

or as sole plantations reclaim the sodic soils over a considerable

period of time. The mechanism for sodic soil reclamation by

trees involves, (a) dissolution of native calcium carbonate

present in precipitated form in sodic soils by the biological

activity of tree, grass roots, (b) addition of leaf litter and turn

over of old roots which increase organic carbon in the soil, (c)

penetration of water into the otherwise impermeable soil

through the holes created by the decayed roots which facilitates

reaction with CO2 evolved from root respiration and thus

producing carbonic acid. This acid, though weak in reaction

initiates the process of dissolution of native CaCO3. The free

Ca in the soil solution available through this reaction replaces

the Na ions on the exchange complex and (d) initiation of

biological activity in the soil due to improved organic matter

contents, moisture and fertility regime. The degree of

reclamation depends upon the kind of tree species, planting

density, the adopted management practices and fencing

provided to the plantation to check encroachment by humans

and animals. Prosopis juliflora, Dalbergia sissoo and

Eucalyptus tereticornis plantations on sodic soil and their

tolerance of sodicity were studied by other workers and they

proved that these tree species were effective in bringing about

improvement in the saturated soil paste extract properties as

reflected by the reduced sodicity and changes in cation and

anion concentration of the soil. (Simiyan and

Vivekananda,1992; Ramanujulu et al., 1994a, b; Rana et al.,

2007, Prakash and Hasan, 2010). Garg, (2002) and Khan et

al. (2003) showed similar results by the adoption of agroforestry

system the soil pH and EC was decreased after eight years of

experimentation. The soil organic carbon, available

phosphorus, available potash was also increased. Among the

tree species tested, Acacia nilotica, Albizia procera, Leucaena

leucocephala, Azadirachta indica and Eucalyptus hybridswere found most suitable tree species for permanent

rehabilitation of sodic soils and to maintain friendly eco-

system. Nutrient return to the soil through litter fall under certain

tree plantations on sodic wastelands in northern India Winter

season reflected maximum leaf and total aboveground litter

fall as studied by Rana et al. (2007). The annual return of

major nutrients (NPK) was observed by him. Foliage accounted

for most of the nutrients (67-92%) returned through litter fall.

All the plantations studied were generally more efficient in N

and K nutrient use than certain other plantations. (Singh et al.,

1994; Singh, 1995; Singh and Garg, 2007).

Transfer of technology

The trial of AR-12 and AR-14 was taken at farmers level in

village Sadulla Nagar near Lucknow in the year 2008 and

survival in July 2010 was between 60-70 % at pH 8.7-9.00. It

was also planted in DOS UP farm at Sitapur (pH: 9.5 and EC:

0.7 to 1.0) in July 2009 and the survival was 70% till June

2010. Thus it is evident that these varieties can reclaim the soil

in a span of 5-10 years and will not only provide employment

to sericulture farmers but will also convert the unfertile land

into cultivable land. (Jain et al., 1992 and Bose et al., 1992).

It is recommended that soil with the characteristic of pH 9-

9.90, EC 0.1-0.5 and Na+ ion concentration 4-8 can be

Genotypes/Years Leaf yield t/ha in one harvest

2003 2006 2009

AR-12 1.43 4.73 11.96

AR-14 1.39 4.40 10.62

BR-2 1.15 3.99 9.18

S-1635 1.29 3.75 7.99

S-146 1.15 3.95 7.53

S-1 1.03 3.74 6.64

TR-10 1.23 3.52 6.33

S-13 1.30 3.21 5.86

Table 4: Leaf yield increase in tons/ha in a span of 8 years in one

harvest at 9.90pH. Year of plantation: 2000 Spacing: 3x3 feet

Note: The leaf yield of these varieties was 400-500g/plant (4-6t/h) after three years , 500-800 g/plant (6-9 t/h) after six years and 800-1200 g/plant (9-14 t/ha) after nine years in one

harvest with the same spacing of 3x3 feet.

RECLAMATION OF SODIC SOILS

4

6

5

7

Figure 4: (4) Variety Ar-12 Year 2008 (5) Same plantation in 2010

after pruning (6) Same plantation in 2011 after sproutes appear in

Feb 2011; (7) Same plantation in Feb 2011: larger view

8

10 (a)

9

10 (b)

Figure 8: (8) State Govt. UP Farm: Raising Germplasm at pH: 9-9.5:

Year 2011 Feb; (9) Farmers Plantation Year 2008; (10) Fruiting vari-

ety BR-2

320

permanently rehabilitated by the adoption of tree/bush

plantation of mulberry varieties AR-12 and AR-14 and BR-2.

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