Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Research
Rechargeable batteries bridging the gap
between the smart grid and electrical vehicles
Peter H.L.Notten1,2
1 Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
2 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
Research
Present-day Energy Chain
Power plant
Research
Future Sustainable Energy Chain
Wind Solar
μ-Heat-Power
Power plant
Heat pumps
Research
Residential Storage
In-Home
Residential
storage
Fluctuating sources
Require ~20% storage…!
Research
Residential Storage
In-Home
Residential
storage
Fluctuating sources
Require ~20% storage…!
€€…
Research
“Electrical vehicles”: The dream
Research
Smart Grid
In-Home
“Residential storage” in Electrical Vehicles
Eureka…!
Research
Electrochemical
• Batteries
• Redox-flow cells
• Metal-air systems
Electricity storage
Physical
• Super-capacitors
• Pseudo-capacitors
Research
Physical storage in (Super)capacitors
d
AC o
Based on Electrochemical double layers
Research
Electrochemical
• Batteries
• Redox-flow cells
• Metal-air systems
Electricity storage
Physical
• Super-capacitors
• Pseudo-capacitors
Research
Electrochemical
• Batteries
• Redox-flow cells
• Metal-air systems
Electricity storage
Physical
• Super-capacitors
• Pseudo-capacitors
Research
Fuel cells
Research
Rechargeable battery chemistries
System
• Sealed Lead Acid
( (SLA)
• NiCd
• NiMH
• Li-systems
- Li-ion
- Li-gel
- Li-polymer
- Li-metal
Research
Rechargeable battery chemistries
System Advantages Disadvantages
• Sealed Lead Acid
( (SLA)
• Cheap • Heavy
• Overdischarging
• NiCd • Power density • Pollution
• NiMH • Energy density
- Volumetric
• Gas formation
• Li-systems
- Li-ion
- Li-gel
- Li-polymer
- Li-metal
• Energy density
- Gravimetric
• Expensive
• Electronics
- Control
- Safety
Research
Rechargeable battery chemistries
System Advantages Disadvantages
• Sealed Lead Acid
( (SLA)
• Cheap • Heavy
• Overdischarge
• NiCd • Power density • Pollution
• NiMH • Energy density
- Volumetric
• Gas formation
• Li-systems
- Li-ion
- Li-gel
- Li-polymer
- Li-metal
• Energy density
- Gravimetric
• Expensive
• Electronics
- Control
- Safety
Research
Two ways to form a hydride
diffusion dis
ass H
2 2H
ad 2H
abs (Hydride)
Solid H2 gas
1. Gas phase
Research
Fuel cells
Research
Two ways to form a hydride
diffusion dis
ass H
2 2H
ad 2H
abs (Hydride)
Solid H2 gas
1. Gas phase
2. Electrochemically
H2O + e- OH- + Had Habs (Hydride) red
ox
diffusion
Electrode Electrolyte
e-
Research
NiMH battery concept
Nickel
electrode Hydride
electrode
Separator impregnated
with KOH solution
e-
H2O
NiOOH
Ni(OH)2
OH-
xOH -
MHx
M
xH2O
xe-
ch
OH-
d
capacity
H2
Research
NiMH battery concept
Nickel
electrode Hydride
electrode
Separator impregnated
with KOH solution
e-
H2O
NiOOH
Ni(OH)2
OH-
xOH -
MHx
M
xH2O
xe-
ch
OH-
d
capacity
H2
O2
Overcharge
4 OH-
2H2O + O2 + 4e-
Ni
MH
Overdischarge
2e- + 2H2O -
2OH- + H2
Ni
MH
H2
Research
Simple CC-charging NiMH batteries
State-of-charge
E [
V]
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
12510075 502500
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T [°C
]
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
P
T
E
P [
ba
r]
Research
Li-ion battery concept
LiC
C
Li+
e-
e-
Li+ -
CoO2
LiCoO2
lithium
electrode cobaltoxide
electrode
ch
Li+
d
storage
capacity
charge
discharge
Research
Li-ion battery concept
LiC
C
Li+
e-
e-
Li+ -
CoO2
LiCoO2
lithium
electrode cobaltoxide
electrode
ch
Li+
d
storage
capacity
charge
discharge
Research
More complex CCCV charging Li-ion
0 30 60 90 120
4.3
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.5
(a)
(b)
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time [min]
Vo
ltag
e [
V]
Cu
rre
nt [A
]
ImaxS
IminS
V max
Research New generation LiTiO2 + LiMn2O4 batteries
Efficiency rechargeable batteries excellent
Discharge voltage curves as f(I)
1.2 min
60 min
I >
T <
Not affected by an inefficient Carnot cycle
hot
cold
T
T1
Research New generation LiTiO2 + LiMn2O4 batteries
Efficiency rechargeable batteries
Discharge voltage curves as f(I)
Discharge Efficiency as f(I)
I >
T < 1.2 min
60 min
1.2 min
60 min
I >
T <
Not affected by an inefficient Carnot cycle
1n
Research
Well-to-wheel efficiency
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
IEA Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
ηICE17%
Research
Efficiency battery-powered vehicles
IEA Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
ICE vs Conventional electricity generation
ηICE17%
ηPHEV34
%
Research
Efficiency battery-powered vehicles
IEA Prospects for Hydrogen and Fuel Cells
Conventional electricity generation
“Renewable” electricity generation
Research
Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles
Advantages:
• Much more efficient than ICE (> 2x)
• Significant reduction in CO2 emissions (< 2x)
• Zero emission with sustainable energy sources…!
• Environmental friendly, no urban pollution…!
• Cost effective during life-time already now…!
• Grid stabilization versus electricity trading
• Silent driving…!
Disadvantages:
• High initial investment
• Limited driving range
• Recharging time not “instantaneous”
• Silent driving…!
Research
Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles
Advantages:
• Much more efficient than ICE (> 2x)
• Significant reduction in CO2 emissions (< 2x)
• Zero emission with sustainable energy sources…!
• Environmental friendly, no urban pollution…!
• Cost effective during life-time already now…!
• Grid stabilization versus electricity trading
• Silent driving…!
Disadvantages:
• High initial investment
• Limited driving range
• Recharging time not “instantaneous”
• Silent driving…!
Research
“The kWh feeling”
1 kWh = 3.6 MJ electricity
1 kWh storage in water (mgh) = pumping 360.000 liter 1 m high
1 kWh Li-ion battery weighs ~ 5-10 kg
1 kWh Li-ion battery you can drive about 7 km
If you want a driving range of 140 km
that correspondents to a 20 kWh pack
which weights 100 - 200 kg
and costs ~10.000 €…!
Research
Plug-in (Hybrid) Electrical Vehicles
Plugged in: The end of the oil age, World Wide Fund for Nature 2008.
Research
Limited driving range solutions: (i) Range Extender (ICE, Fuel Cells)
(ii) Exchanging packs
Research
Hyundai announcement Paris
Fuel cell-Battery Hybrid in production
Hyundai press release, September 2012
Research
Limited driving range solutions: (i) Range Extender (ICE, Fuel Cells)
(ii) Exchanging packs “Better Place” concept
Research
Recharging time not “instantaneous” New rapid charging strategies (Epyon/ABB)
http://www.epyonpower.com
Research
Battery challenges to be met to enable
electrical transportation
• Energy density
• Power density
• Cycle life
• Safety
• Cost
Research
New Materials for Li-ion Batteries
Cathode materials Anode materials
• Si-based
• Sn-based
• Ti-based
• LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2
• LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33AlO2
• LiFePO4 (-30% + safer)
• LiMn2O4 (-30% + very safe)
LiCoO2 Graphite
New chemistries and Nano-structuring
Research
New Materials for Li-ion Batteries
Cathode materials Anode materials
Ti-based LiMn2O4
LiCoO2 Graphite
Research
New Materials for Li-ion Batteries
Cathode materials Anode materials
LiMn2O4
9000 cycles x 6.2 kWh x 7 km/kWh
~ 400.000 km…!
Research
New Materials for Li-ion Batteries
Anode materials
• Si-based
Graphite
Phase diagram LiSi
Research
Silicon: >3500 mAh/g
Graphite: 375 mAh/g!
Thin film Si-electrode
>3000 mAh/g
Research
Morphology after Li-intercalation
crystalline-Si
50 m
2 m
2 m
Philips Research
Research
0 100 200 300 400 500
Cycle number
Capacity
[mA
h]
1300
1100
900
700
500
300
100
Impact CV-charging on cycle-life
Standard-CCCV
CV=4.3 V
CV=4.2 V
Research
Surface protection
Improving the performance of Li-batteries by surface coating of positive electrode materials with AlF3
ALD process under
development…!
19
Research
Changing bulk and surface properties
20
Research http://mm.seas.upenn.edu/ql/www/reference/Li_air_battery/Girishkumar10.pdf
Energy densities of various (battery) systems
Research
New Li-based Systems
http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v11/n1/pdf/nmat3191.pdf
Research
New Li-based Systems
P.G. Bruce et al., Nature Materials 11 (2012) 19
Research
Smart Grid
In-Home
“Residential storage” in Electrical Vehicles
Eureka…!
Research
Electrification of our society offers fantastic
new opportunities for both our
research and industry...!
Peter H.L.Notten1,2
1 Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands
2 Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany
