RECENT TRENDS IN INDIA’S ENERGY SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF …eijfmr.com/2018/mar_2018/March-2018-83.pdf · 2021. 2. 17. · UGC Jr.No.: 45308 Impact Factor: 1.14 | SJIF 2016:3.343

UGC Jr.No.: 45308 Impact Factor: 1.14 | SJIF 2016:3.343 | ISI 2017-2018: 0673 SJIF 2017: 4.253 |

Emperor International Journal of Finance and Management Research [EIJFMR]

SECTOR: AN ANALYSIS OF ENERGY STATISTICS IN INDIA

Assistant Professor of Economics Government Arts & Science College,

Ambalapuzha

ALBERT ANTONY .T

Assistant Professor of Mathematics P M Government College Chalakudy

ABSTRACT As the economy grows and diversifies, the need of energy both in quantity and quality gets enhanced making it imperative that besides making quantum jumps in the existing sources of energy, new sources of energy need to be unearthed. Energy sector is one of the most important segments of the economic infrastructure in every economy. This paper looks into the recent trends in India’s energy sector and attempts to analyze the energy statistics of India in detail. The skewed distribution of lignite has actually limited the use of lignite as an energy source in India. Renewable power in India shows that in 2017 and 2018, Gujarat was at the top of wind power energy production in India while in the case of small hydro power Karnataka was the forerunner. In the case of power from biomass, Punjab occupied the first position followed by Maharashtra. It is interesting to note that Rajasthan had the highest potential in the production of solar energy in India. Commercial sources of energy in India mainly include coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas and electricity.

Keywords: Commercial Sources of Energy, Non-Renewable Sources, Structural Changes, Coal, LPG, Compound Annual Growth Rate, Trends in Growth Rate, SD

I. INTRODUCTION

It is indeed obvious that for an economy to

grow in a more sustainable way, a well-equipped

and dynamic energy sector is indispensable.

Realizing this, world over, countries have been

trying to invest in large volume in the energy

sector aiming at the efficiency and diversification

of the sector so as to cater to the emerging

requirements. As the economy grows and

diversifies, the need of energy both in quantity

and quality gets enhanced making it imperative

that besides making quantum jumps in the

existing sources of energy, new sources of energy

need to be unearthed. Energy sector is one of the

most important segments of the economic

infrastructure in every economy. It not only

supports the needs of the domestic users but also

facilities the progress of other real sectors such as

the manufacturing and agriculture sector of an

economy. With the advent of capital intensive

technology in both the manufacturing and

agrarian sector, the use of energy has increased

manifold. The farm sector in India has also

started using enormous energy consequent upon

the commencement of green revolution in mid

1960s. As is well known, the power sector in

India has been one of the most diversified in the

world. India has been engaged in the production

of energy using both conventional and non-

conventional sources. The conventional sources

include coil, natural gas, lignite, hydro, oil and

nuclear power while non-conventional sources

cover wind, solar, and energy from waste both

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RECENT TRENDS IN INDIA’S ENERGY

Dr. PRADEEP KUMAR .B



agricultural and domestic wastes. Obviously, the

growth and structural change in the economy as

reflected in the contribution of different sectors to

the GDP has necessitated the heavy investment in

the energy sector, and it is important to note that

investment on the energy sector has also been

raised in recent times. Against this background,

this paper looks into the recent trends in India’s

energy sector and attempts to analyze the energy

statistics of India in detail. The paper is structured

as follows.

An overview of Energy planning in India In 1960s itself, India understood the

significance of integrated energy planning in such

way as to satisfy the growing energy

requirements for a developing economy like

India. To study the demand and supply of energy

in those days, Government of India set up

committee called Energy Survey of India

Committee in 1963. This committee gave

importance to the energy planning especially in

rural area and provided a framework for

determining the prices of various types of energy

sources in India. In fact, the recommendations of

this Committee were valuable in those days as it

laid down the foundation for the building of a

self-energy India in the energy sector. In 1970,

the Fuel Policy Committee was appointed to look

into the pattern of energy use in India besides

analyzing the supply and demand conditions of

energy market in India. In 1973 the world was

affected by the Oil price shock, and the Fuel

Policy Committee had recommended that it

would be better to shift from oil based energy

production to coal and electricity. The Working

Group on Energy Policy (WGEP) was another

expert group constituted by the Government of

India in 1977. The recommendations of WGEP

provided a broad framework for energy sector

planning in the Sixth Five-Year Plan.

Even though both FPC and WGEP

emphasized the need for integrated energy

planning, in practice however, no formal

institutional mechanism could be evolved on a

firm footing for examining the various policy

issues on an integrated basis. It was in this

context that the Advisory Board on Energy

(ABE) was set up in 1983 on the eve of

formulation of the Seventh Five-Year Plan.

Analysis of Energy Statistics in India: Lignite

In the case of the estimation of lignite

reserves in India, it could be found that the

volume of lignite available is the highest in Tamil

Nadu followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat.

Reserves of lignite are found to be lowest in

Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal. The

skewed distribution of lignite has actually limited

the use of lignite as an energy source in India.

Table 1- Statewide Estimated Reserves of Lignite in India

States/ UTs Distribution (%)

31.03.2017 31.03.2018 Gujarat 5.96 6.09 Jammu & Kashmir 0.07 0.06 Kerala 0.02 0.02 Pondicherry 0.92 0.93 Rajasthan 13.91 12.83 TamilNadu 79.12 80.05 West Bengal 0.01 0.01 All India 100.00 100.00

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Growth Rate of POL in India Turning towards the Compound Annual

Growth Rate of POL in India, interesting trends

could be observed. For instance CAG of LPG

declined during the period between 1974-79 to

2012-17. In 1980s, it touched 18.4 percent but by

2002-2007, it plummeted to 7.2 percent. In the

case of Naphta also, we observe similar upward

and downward trend over the reference period.

Although the CAG of Bitumen was negative in

mid 1970s and early 1980s, by the second half of

1980 it became 12.6 percentages and continued to

so in the rest of the times with certain declining

trend especially in 2007-12 (Table No.2).

Table 2- Compounded Average Rate of Pol Growth during Plan Periods

Product 1974-79 1980-85 1985-90 1992-97 1997- 2002 2002-07 2007-12 2012-17

LPG 8.7 18.4 18.9 10.0 12.6 7.0 7.2 7.0 Naphtha 10.4 5.3 1.4 6.4 20.1 3.4 -4.2 3.4 MS -0.1 6.9 10.9 6.8 7.2 5.8 10.1 9.7 ATF 8.2 3.2 5.8 6.7 0.9 12.0 6.8 4.9 SKO 3.7 9.0 6.7 3.9 0.5 -1.8 -2.8 -8.1 HSD 9.8 6.9 8.6 9.1 0.9 3.3 8.6 3.3 LDO -1.0 -1.1 4.4 -3.5 5.4 -14.7 -10.4 1.6 Lubricants -2.3 3.2 6.9 1.7 2.3 10.8 6.7 5.3 FO & LSHS 2.4 2.3 2.1 4.6 2.4 -0.6 -5.9 -5.0 Bitumen -2.4 -2.6 12.6 5.9 2.6 8.2 3.9 4.9 ALL PRODUCTS 4.8 5.4 6.9 6.8 4.9 3.8 4.2 5.6

A look at the average trends in the growth over

the entire period would appear to be giving

more insights to the entire gamut of trend in

the POL items. LPG showed an average trend

during the time to the tune of 11.25 percent

while both HSD and ATF showcased a trend

hovering 6 percent (Figure No.1). Further,

during the period under this analysis, much

variation in growth rate has been shown by

Naphtha. ATF appears to have shown much

less variation in its growth rate over the period

under the consideration of the present study

(Table No. 3)

Figure 1 Average Trends in POL

ALL PRODUCTS 5.3 Bitumen 4.1375 FO & LSHS 0.2875 Lubricants 4.325 -2.4125 LDO HSD 6.3125 SKO 1.3875 ATF 6.0625 MS 7.1625 Naphtha 5.775 LPG 11.225

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25

20

15

10

5

0

Table 3- Descriptive Statistics of POL

Product Average Trend SD LPG 11.225 4.95775 Naphtha 5.775 7.142779 MS 7.1625 3.460775 ATF 6.0625 3.317459 SKO 1.3875 5.559146 HSD 6.3125 3.342128 LDO -2.4125 7.002334 Lubricants 4.325 3.987391 FO & LSHS 0.2875 3.815172 Bitumen 4.1375 5.104043 ALL PRODUCTS 5.3 1.119949

Figure 3 - CAG of Naphta

Estimated Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in India: Statewise

Table 4- Estimated Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in India

States/ UTs/

Region

Crude Petroleum (million tonnes) Natural Gas (billion cubic metres) 31.03.2017 31.03.2018 31.03.2017 31.03.2018

Estimate d

Reserves

Distributi on (%)

Estimate d

Reserves

Distributi on (%)

Estimate d

Reserves

Distributi on (%)

Estimate d

Reserves

Distributi on (%)

Arunach al Pradesh

1.52

0.25

1.74

0.29

0.72

0.06

1.26

0.09

Andhra Pradesh 8.15 1.35 7.94 1.34 48.31 3.75 59.89 4.47

Assam 159.95 26.48 160.34 26.97 158.57 12.30 161.65 12.07 Cold Bed Methane (CBM)

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

106.67

8.27

105.94

7.91

Eastern Offshore1

40.67

6.73

40.42

6.80

507.76

39.37

510.83

38.13

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Gujarat 118.61 19.63 118.20 19.88 62.28 4.83 58.23 4.35 Nagaland 2.38 0.39 2.38 0.40 0.09 0.01 0.09 0.01

Rajastha n 24.55

4.06

17.99

3.03

34.86

2.70

54.85

4.09

Tamil Nadu 9.00

1.49

9.16

1.54

31.98

2.48

39.11

2.92

Tripura 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.01 36.10 2.80 35.20 2.63 Western Offshore 2

239.20

39.60

236.25

39.74

302.35

23.44

312.52

23.33 Total 604.10 100.00 594.49 100.00 1289.70 100.00 1339.57 100.00

Gujarat, Assam and Western offshore were

leading the nation in respect of the estimated

reserves of Crude petroleum in both 2017 and

2018. But In the case of Natural Gas, Eastern

Offshore came top with a distribution of 39.37

percent of the total availability of natural gas

in India

Statewide availability of Renewable Power in India

The table depicting the statewide availability

of renewable power in India shows that in

2017 and 2018, Gujarat was at the top of wind

power energy production in India while in the

case of small hydro power Karnataka was the

forerunner. In the case power from biomass,

Punjab occupied the first position followed by

Maharashtra. It is interesting to note that

Rajasthan had the highest potential in the

production of solar energy in India.

Table 5 - Sourcewise and Statewise Estimated Potential of Renewable Power in India as on 31.03.2018

Sl. No .

States/ UTs Wind Power @ 100m

Small Hydro Power

Biomas s Power

Cogeneratio n-bagasse

Waste to Energ y

Solar Energ y

Total Estimate d Reserves

Distributio n (%)

1 Andhra Pradesh

44229

978

578

300

123

38440

84648

7.72

2 Arunachal Pradesh

1341

8

8650

10000

0.91

3 Assam 239 212 8 13760 14218 1.30 4 Bihar 223 619 300 73 11200 12415 1.13 5 Chhattisgarh 77 1107 236 24 18270 19714 1.80 6 Goa 1 7 26 880 913 0.08 7 Gujarat 84431 202 1221 350 112 35770 122086 11.14 8 Haryana 110 1333 350 24 4560 6377 0.58 9 Himachal

Pradesh

2398 142

2

33840

36382

3.32

10 Jammu & Kashmir

1431

43

11105 0

112523

10.27

11 Jharkhand 209 90 10 18180 18489 1.69 12 Karnataka 55857 4141 1131 450 24700 86279 7.87 13 Kerala 1700 704 1044 36 6110 9595 0.88 14 Madhya

Pradesh 10484

820

1364

78

61660

74406

6.79

15 Maharashtra 45394 794 1887 1250 287 64320 113933 10.39

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16 Manipur 109 13 2 10630 10755 0.98 17 Meghalaya 230 11 2 5860 6103 0.56 18 Mizoram 169 1 2 9090 9261 0.84 19 Nagaland 197 10 7290 7497 0.68 20 Odisha 3093 295 246 22 25780 29437 2.69 21 Punjab 441 3172 300 45 2810 6768 0.62 22

Rajasthan 18770

57

1039

62

14231 0

162238

14.80

23 Sikkim 267 2 4940 5209 0.48 24 Tamil Nadu 33800 660 1070 450 151 17670 53800 4.91 25 Telangana 4244 20410 24654 2.25 26 Tripura 47 3 2 2080 2131 0.19 27 Uttar Pradesh 461 1617 1250 176 22830 26333 2.40 28 Uttarakhand 1708 24 5 16800 18537 1.69 29 West Bengal 2 396 396 148 6260 7202 0.66 30 Andaman &

Nicobar 8

8

0

16

0.00

31 Chandigarh 6 0 6 0.00 32 Dadar &

Nagar Haveli

0

0

0.00

33 Daman & Diu

0 0 0.00

34 Delhi 131 2050 2181 0.20 35 Lakshadweep 8 0 8 0.00 36 Puducherry 153 3 0 156 0.01 37 Others* 1022 790 1812 0.17 All India Total

30225 1 19749 17536 5000 2554 74899

0 1096081 100.00

Distribution (%) 27.58 1.80 1.60 0.46 0.23 68.33 100.00

Electricity Generation Capacity: Source wise in India Hydro source is the most cost effective source

of generating energy elsewhere in the world.

But, the successful installation of hydroelectric

projects requires a lot of constant attention and

execution of caliber from the institutions and

other stake holders. Moreover, nature must

bless us to go ahead with the planning of

hydroelectric projects, which is impossible for

all states. Nevertheless, it is worthwhile to note

that Karnataka has been leading India in the

installed generation capacity of hydroelectric

projects followed by Telengana and Kerala.

Thermal is another source of electric energy in

India and it is important to note that in the case

of tapping thermal energy the Nation has

travelled a lot successfully. Perhaps, it could

well be said that the main source of electric

energy in India has been none other than the

thermal source of energy.

Again, the state of Andra Pradesh has

been the leader in tapping the thermal energy

source in India over the period under the

consideration of the present work (Table No.6

and Figure no).

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Table 6 - Installed Generating Capacity of Electricity (Utilities) in India

States/UT s

Hydro Thermal Nuclear RES* Total Growth Rate(201 7-18

to 2016-17) (%)

31.03. 17

31.03. 18

31.03. 17

31.03. 18

31.03. 17

31.03. 18

31.03. 17

31.03. 18

31.03. 17

31.03. 18

Chandigar h

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.03

45.50 Delhi 0.00 0.00 2.49 2.49 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.12 2.55 2.61 2.56 Haryana 1.08 1.08 5.03 5.03 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.41 6.37 6.53 2.44 Himachal Pradesh

2.37

2.48

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.83

0.85

3.20

3.33

4.17

Jammu & Kashmir

1.23

1.23

0.18

0.18

0.00

0.00

0.16

0.18

1.56

1.59

1.34

Punjab 2.57 2.57 7.79 7.78 0.00 0.00 1.15 1.28 11.52 11.64 1.04 Rajasthan 1.09 1.09 8.99 9.65 0.00 0.00 6.24 6.48 16.32 17.22 5.53 Uttar Pradesh

0.72

0.72

12.57

12.87

0.00

0.00

2.30

2.65

15.59

16.24

4.15

Uttarakhan d

1.98

1.98

0.55

0.55

0.00

0.00

0.52

0.55

3.05

3.08

1.04 Central Sector NR

8.27

8.60

13.61

14.27

1.62

1.62

0.00

0.33

23.50

24.81

5.61

Sub-Total (NR)

19.31

19.75

51.21

52.82

1.62

1.62

11.52

12.87

83.66

87.07

4.07

Chhattisga rh

0.12

0.12

14.23

16.09

0.00

0.00

0.43

0.54

14.78

16.74

13.28 Gujarat 0.77 0.77 20.25 19.63 0.00 0.00 6.67 7.06 27.70 27.46 -0.86 Madhya Pradesh

1.70

1.70

9.83

9.83

0.00

0.00

3.54

3.72

15.07

15.25

1.21

Maharashtr a

3.33

3.33

23.74

24.29

0.00

0.00

7.65

8.46

34.72

36.07

3.91 Daman & Diu

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.01

0.01

1.43

D. & N. Haveli

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.01

-

Goa 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.41 Central Sector WR

1.52

1.52

16.69

17.90

1.84

1.84

0.00

0.66

20.05

21.92

9.32

Sub-Total (WR)

7.45

7.45

84.79

87.78

1.84

1.84

18.30

20.45

112.38

117.52

4.57

Andhra Pradesh

1.75

1.67

12.52

12.72

0.00

0.00

6.16

6.48

20.43

20.87

2.14

Telangana 2.31 2.45 5.47 5.87 0.00 0.00 1.55 3.65 9.32 11.97 28.40 Karnataka 3.60 3.60 7.23 7.23 0.00 0.00 7.46 12.44 18.29 23.27 27.23 Kerala 1.88 1.88 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.34 0.33 2.55 2.54 -0.36 Tamil Nadu

2.20

2.20

8.71

8.71

0.00

0.00

10.63

10.98

21.54

21.90

1.66

Puducherr y

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.03

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.03

0.25

Page 535



Lakshadwe ep

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

5.63

Central Sector SR #

0.00

0.00

12.05

12.85

3.32

3.32

0.00

0.49

15.37

16.66

8.41 Sub-Total (SR)

11.74

11.81

46.35

47.75

3.32

3.32

26.13

34.37

87.54

97.25

11.09

Bihar 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.71 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.33 0.50 1.04 106.31

DVC 0.14 0.14 8.69 8.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.83 8.28 -6.23

Jharkhand 0.13 0.13 1.78 1.20 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 1.93 1.36 -29.63

Odisha 2.06 2.06 5.42 4.22 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.18 7.68 6.47 -15.76

West Bengal

0.99

0.99

7.40

7.65

0.00

0.00

0.42

0.44

8.81

9.07

2.89

Sikkim 0.56 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.61 0.81 33.60

A. & N. Islands

0.00

0.00

0.04

0.04

0.00

0.00

0.01

0.01

0.05

0.05

-9.83

Central Sector ER

0.86

0.86

10.08

10.33

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.02

10.94

11.21

2.42

Sub-Total (ER)

4.74

4.94

33.62

32.29

0.00

0.00

1.00

1.05

39.36

38.28

-2.74

Arunachal Pradesh

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.10

0.11

0.10

0.11

4.89

Assam 0.10 0.10 0.41 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.05 0.55 0.46 -17.03

Manipur 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.07

Meghalaya

0.28

0.32

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.03

0.31

0.35

12.78

Mizoram 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 -11.79

Nagaland 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.60

Tripura 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.19 0.19 -2.62

Central Sector NER

0.86

0.92

1.75

1.75

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

2.61

2.68

2.49 Sub-Total (NER)

1.24

1.34

2.37

2.27

0.00

0.00

0.28

0.28

3.89

3.90

0.17

Total States

32.97

33.40

164.14

165.80

0.00

0.00

57.24

67.52

254.36

266.72

4.86

Total Central

11.51

11.90

54.19

57.10

6.78

6.78

0.00

1.50

72.47

77.28

6.64 Total All India

44.48

45.29

218.33

222.91

6.78

6.78

57.24

69.02

326.83

344.00

5.25

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14.00

12.00

10.00

0.031.03.17 31.03.18 31.03.17 31.03.18 31.03.17 31.03.18

Andhra Pradesh

Telangana Karnataka Kerala

Hydr Therm Nucle RE

Figure 4 - Installed Generating Capacity of Electricity (Utilities) in India

Statistics pertaining to the production of Commercial source of energy in India Commercial sources of energy in India

mainly include coal, lignite, crude oil, natural

gas and electricity. Coal production in India

stood at 492.76 million tons in 2008-09 which

increased to 657.87 in 2016-17. Crude oil only

slightly increased from 33.51 million tons in

2008-09 to 36.01 million tons in 2016-17

(Table No7). Natural gas production has

shown much variation compared to other

sources of conventional energy in India.

Growth rate of coal also has shown ups and

down over the period under this study (Figure

No.5)

Table 7 - Production of Commercial Sources of Energy in India

Year Coal (million tonnes

Lignite (million tonnes)

Crude Oil (million tonnes)

Natural Gas (Billion Cubic

Metres)

Electricity* (GWh)

1 2 3 4 5 6 2008-09 492.76 32.42 33.51 32.85 152,886.00 2009-10 532.04 34.07 33.69 47.50 159,642.84 2010-11 532.69 37.73 37.68 52.22 179,926.46 2011-12 539.95 42.33 38.09 47.56 214,024.08 2012-13 556.40 46.45 37.86 40.68 204,035.31 2013-14 565.77 44.27 37.79 35.41 234,595.01 2014-15 612.43 48.26 37.46 33.66 238,908.43 2015-16 639.23 43.84 36.94 32.25 224,571.11 2016-17 657.87 45.23 36.01 31.90 241,841.64

Page 537



9

8

7

6

5

4

3

22009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16

Figure 5 Growth Rate of Coal

II. CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS This paper looks into the recent trends

in India’s energy sector and attempts to

analyze the energy statistics of India in detail.

In the case of the estimation of lignite reserves

in India, it could be found that the volume of

lignite available is the highest in Tamil Nadu

followed by Rajasthan and Gujarat. Reserves

of lignite are found to be lowest in Jammu and

Kashmir and West Bengal. The skewed

distribution of lignite has actually limited the

use of lignite as an energy source in India.

Renewable power in India shows that in 2017

and 2018, Gujarat was at the top of wind

power energy production in India while in the

case of small hydro power Karnataka was the

forerunner. In the case of power from biomass,

Punjab occupied the first position followed by

Maharashtra. It is interesting to note that

Rajasthan had the highest potential in the

production of solar energy in India.

Commercial sources of energy in India mainly

include coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas and

electricity. Coal production in India stood at

492.76 million tons in 2008-09 which

increased to 657.87 in 2016-17. Crude oil only

slightly increased from 33.51 million tons in

2008-09 to 36.01 million tons in 2016-.

Natural gas production has shown much

variation compared to other sources of

conventional energy in India.

Notes: data for this paper have been obtained and compiled from http://mospi.nic.in

III. REFERENCES

1. REN21 (2017): Renewables 2017 Global

Status Report, Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century, Paris.

2. MNRE (2017): Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi.

3. CEA (2016): Draft National Electricity Plan, Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi, Chap. 5, pp 19. CEA (2017): Installed Capacity March 2017, Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi.

4. IWTMA (2017): India Wind Power – volume 3, issue 2 (June – July 2017), Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers Association, pp 36-38.

5. Bridge to India (2017): India Solar Handbook 2017, Bridge to India, New Delhi.

6. MOP (2017): http://powermin.nic.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-india, 2017

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8. MNRE (2017): Annual Report 2016-17, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, New Delhi, pp 86

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