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RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS Gerard McCarthy National Oceanography Centre UK Molly Baringer, Adam Blaker, Harry Bryden, Stuart Cunningham, Aurélie Duchez, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Joel Hirschi, Will Hobbs, Bill Johns, Chris Meinen, Matt Palmer, Darren Rayner, Chris Roberts and David Smeed

RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

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RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS. Gerard McCarthy National Oceanography Centre UK. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY:

DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

Gerard McCarthy

National Oceanography CentreUK

Molly Baringer, Adam Blaker, Harry Bryden, Stuart Cunningham, Aurélie Duchez, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Joel Hirschi, Will Hobbs, Bill Johns, Chris Meinen, Matt Palmer, Darren Rayner, Chris 

Roberts and David Smeed

Page 2: RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTIONWhy we study the AMOC:• Impact on climate• Evidence of major shifts in the past associated with major climate events

from Rahmstorf, S. and A. Ganopolski, Long-term global warming scenarios computed with an efficient coupled climate model. Climatic Change, 1999. 43: p. 353-367.

Page 4: RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

The AMOC in a changing climate

In a changing climate, the AMOC is predicted to weaken

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• Data available from www.rapid.ac.uk/rapidmoc

AMOC timeseries

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• Large downturn in 2009/10 driven by short term Ekman variability (3 months) and long term strengthening of the gyre/UMO (18 months)

• Double dip in winter 2010/11• Evidence of a decline in the AMOC from the latest timeseries

AMOC timeseries to Oct. 2012

Major Downturn

Double Dip

Continued downturn?

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EXTREME EVENTS

Page 8: RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

Ekman drop associated with negative Arctic Oscillation/NAOOnly explains 3 months of downturn

Arctic Oscillation

2 s

Slowdown in winter 2009/10

Page 9: RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

McCarthy, G., et al. (2012), Observed Interannual Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5N, Geo. Res. Lett.

*Seasonal cycle was removed, and data smoothed with 180-day filter

Longer time scale changes: 18 month weakening of MOC

Anomalously southward UMO: shift from overturning to gyre circulation

Slowdown in winter 2009/10

Page 10: RECENT OBSERVATIONS FROM THE 26ºN RAPID MOORING ARRAY: DROPS, DECLINES AND IMPACTS

Cunningham—next talk: The North Atlantic cooled following the downturn

the thick pink curve (total predicted heat content change)  would match the black curve (observed heat content change)

Cunningham et al., Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation slowdown cooled the subtropical ocean  submitted to GRL

Implications for Heat Content

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Double Dip: Winter 2010/11

Taws SL, Marsh R, Wells NC, Hirschi JJM (2011) Re-emerging ocean temperature anomalies in late-2010 associated with a repeat negative NAO. GRL

Second large dip in AMOC transport in winter 2010/11 following Arctic oscillation low

This is largely explained by Ekman contributions

Ocean re-emergence of SST links the two events

Double Dip: Winter 2010/11

Arctic Oscillation

AMOC

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Double Dip: Winter 2010/11MOC

Ekman

In an ensemble of NEMO runs, double dips of MOC have occurred previously in 1969/70 and 1978/79 

Extreme negative Arctic Oscillation (AO) correspond with double dip analogues

Corresponds with Ekman lows Blaker et al.; Historical analogues of the recent extreme minima observed in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26◦N. submitted to Clim. Dyn.

Historical Analogues of Double Dip

AO

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Double Dip: Winter 2010/11

Winters of 2010/11 (green), 1969/70 (blue) and 1978/79 (red). Black shows mean (1960-2011) with 1, 2 std envelopes

• Reemerging SSTs are observed in 1969/70 as well as in 2010/11

• These were conducive to the development of the negative NAO in winter 2010

Double Dip: Implications

Maidens et al. in prep, The Influence of Surface Forcings on Prediction of the North Atlantic Oscillation Regime of Winter 2010-11. submitted to Monthly Weather Review

Re-emerging SSTs

Buchan et al., North Atlantic SST anomalies and the cold north European weather events of winter 2009/10 and December 2010. accepted in Monthly Weather Review

• Evidence that this second negative is predictable due to the ocean

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MULTI-YEAR DECLINE

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MULTI-YEAR DECLINE

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Anomalies (positive is northward) relative to mean annual cycle. A 45-day low-pass filter was applied to each time series. Top:  MOC        -  trend = -0.54 ± 0.45 Sv/yr   Bottom: Ekman  - trend =  0.00 ± 0.32 Sv/yr

MULTI-YEAR DECLINE

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Anomalies (positive is northward) relative to mean annual cycle. A 45-day low-pass filter was applied to each time series. Top:  Gulf Stream -  trend = -0.11 ± 0.32 Sv/yr  Bottom: UMO        - trend = -0.41 ± 0.34 Sv/yr  

MULTI-YEAR DECLINE

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Anomalies (positive is northward) relative to mean annual cycle. A 45-day low-pass filter was applied to each time series. Top:      UNADW  -  trend = -0.00 ± 0.26 Sv/yr   Bottom: LNADW   - trend =  0.46 ± 0.30 Sv/yr   

MULTI-YEAR DECLINE

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Annual average AMOC from the 26°N array (red, Sv), estimates of the AMOC from 6 hydrographic sections (black, Sv), time series of annual average values of the AMO (blue, °C) and accumulated NAO index (green, arbitrary units). 

MULTI-YEAR DECLINE

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Conclusions:• From April 2008 to March 2012 AMOC was 2.7 Sv weaker than from April 2004 to March 2008.

• 0.2 Sv of change was due to Gulf Stream, 0.5 Sv was change in Ekman but majority (2.0 Sv) was in upper mid-ocean.

• Removing the anomalous year of 2009 the reduction was 1.6 Sv.

• The increase in southward flow above the thermocline was compensated by a reduction in the flow of LNADW.  There was no significant change in UNADW.

• The rate of slowing of LNADW was 7% per year.

Observed decline of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation 2004 to 2012

Smeed, D. A., et al. Ocean Sci. Discuss., 10, 1619-645

MULTI-YEAR DECLINE

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CONCLUSIONSExtreme Events:- A decline of 30% over 18 months in the AMOC cooled the North Atlantic in winter 2009/10

- A second dip occurred in winter 2010/11 with reemerging SSTs linking the winters

- When oceanic conditions are right, two cold winters in NW Europe occur together and the second one may be predictable

- Sea Level: Boston, Atlantic City, Norfolk all had peaks in sea level following extreme AMOC 

Multi-Year Decline- At least a 2 Sv decline over observed period (11% in a decade)- IPCC predictions range from 11% to 34% over 21st century- Rate of decline indicates a relationship with AMO, accumulated NAO

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End

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The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme (FP7 2007-2013),  under grant agreement n.308299NACLIM www.naclim.eu