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8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/rec-curs-ion-and-sub-categorization 1/43
Recursion &Recursion &
SubcategorizationSubcategorization
How to get a lot from a littleHow to get a lot from a little
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Infinite trees...Infinite trees...
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Is there a longest sentence?Is there a longest sentence?
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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Looking again at NounLooking again at Noun
PhrasesPhrases•• a womana woman arrivedarrived
•• a woman in a hata woman in a hat arrivedarrived
•• a woman in a hat with a big brima woman in a hat with a big brim arrivedarrived
•• a woman in a hat with a small childa woman in a hat with a small child
arrivedarrived
•• a woman in a hat with a small child in aa woman in a hat with a small child in a
beretberet arrivedarrived
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a
Det
woman
N
NP
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a
Det
woman
N
NP
in
P
a
Det
hat
N
NPPP
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a
Det
woman
NNP in
P
a
Det
hat
N
NP
PP
NP PP
NP
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a
Det
woman
N
in
P
aDet
hatN
NP
PPNP
NP
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a
Det
woman
N
in
P
aDet
hatN
NP
PPNP
NP What about
expanding t his
NP?
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a
Det
woman
N
in
P
aDet
hatN
NP
PPNP
NP ... or t his one?
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a
Det
woman
N
in
P
aDet
hatN
NP
PPNP
NP
... or t his one?
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a
Det
woman
N
in
P
aDet
hatN
NP
PPNP
NP So let ’s t ry
t his...
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a
Det
woman
N
NP
with
P
a
Det
child
N
NP
PP
NP
in
P
a
Det
hat
N
NP
PP
NP
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a
Det
woman
N
in
P
aDet
hatN
NP
PPNP
NP
... now t his...
NP
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a
Det
woman
N
NP
in
P
a
Det
hat
N
NP
with
P
a
Det
big
AdjAdjP
brimN
N
NP
PP
NP
PP
NP
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a
Det
woman
N
in
P
aDet
hatN
NP
PPNP
NP ... and t his one
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a
Det
woman
N
NP
in
P
a
Det
hat
N
NP
PPNP
with
P
a
Det
small
Adj
AdjP
child
N
N
NPPP
NP
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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This is an instance ofThis is an instance of
recursionrecursion::•• aa Noun PhraseNoun Phrase may contain amay contain a NounNoun
PhrasePhrase
•• ...which may contain another...which may contain another NounNounPhrasePhrase
•• ... which may contain another... which may contain another NounNoun
PhrasePhrase•• ... which may contain another... which may contain another NounNoun
PhrasePhrase
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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Another instance of recursionAnother instance of recursion
•• Kim arrived.Kim arrived.
•• Jo knew that Kim arrived.Jo knew that Kim arrived.
•• My mother knew that Jo knew that KimMy mother knew that Jo knew that Kim
arrived.arrived.
•• My sister told me that my mother knewMy sister told me that my mother knew
that Jo knew that Kim arrived.that Jo knew that Kim arrived.
•• My father heard that my sister told meMy father heard that my sister told me
that my mother knew that Jo knew thatthat my mother knew that Jo knew that
Kim arrived.Kim arrived.
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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What is recurring in this case?What is recurring in this case?
•• Last time it was NPs (and PPs)Last time it was NPs (and PPs)
•• What is it this time?What is it this time?
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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Another instance of recursionAnother instance of recursion
•• Kim arrivedKim arrived..
•• Jo knew thatJo knew that Kim arrivedKim arrived..
•• My mother knew that Jo knew that KimMy mother knew that Jo knew that Kim
arrived.arrived.
•• My sister told me that my mother knewMy sister told me that my mother knew
that Jo knew that Kim arrived.that Jo knew that Kim arrived.
•• My father heard that my sister told meMy father heard that my sister told me
that my mother knew that Jo knew thatthat my mother knew that Jo knew that
Kim arrived.Kim arrived.
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Another instance of recursionAnother instance of recursion
•• Kim arrived.Kim arrived.
•• Jo knew that Kim arrived.Jo knew that Kim arrived.
•• My mother knew that Jo knew that KimMy mother knew that Jo knew that Kim
arrived.arrived.
•• My sister told me that my mother knewMy sister told me that my mother knew
that Jo knew that Kim arrived.that Jo knew that Kim arrived.
•• My father heard that my sister told meMy father heard that my sister told me
that my mother knew that Jo knew thatthat my mother knew that Jo knew that
Kim arrived.Kim arrived.
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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Another instance of recursionAnother instance of recursion
•• Kim arrived.Kim arrived.
•• Jo knew that Kim arrivedJo knew that Kim arrived..
•• My mother knew thatMy mother knew that Jo knew that KimJo knew that Kim
arrivedarrived..
•• My sister told me that my mother knewMy sister told me that my mother knew
that Jo knew that Kim arrived.that Jo knew that Kim arrived.
•• My father heard that my sister told meMy father heard that my sister told me
that my mother knew that Jo knew thatthat my mother knew that Jo knew that
Kim arrived.Kim arrived.
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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Kim
NNP
arrived
VVP
S
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KimN
NP
arrivedV
VP
S
JoN
NP
knewV S’
VP
S
thatComp S
S’
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KimN
NP
arrivedV
VP
S
JoN
NP
knewV S’
VP
S
thatComp S
S’
S
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Jo
NNP
knew
V
thatComp
Kim
N
NP
arrived
V
VPS
S’VP
S
S
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Jo
NNP
knew
V
thatComp
Kim
N
NP
arrived
V
VPS
S’VP
S
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And we can keep on going ...And we can keep on going ...
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myDet
motherN
NP
knewV S’
VP
S
S
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my
Det
mother
N
NP
knew
V
that
Comp
Jo
N
NP
knew
V
that
Comp
Kim
N
NP
arrived
V
VP
S
S’
VP
S
S’
VP
S
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So: infinity out of finitenessSo: infinity out of finiteness
We need to remember onlyWe need to remember only
•• aa finite setfinite set of syntactic categoriesof syntactic categories
•• aa finite setfinite set of rules / tree fragmentsof rules / tree fragments
...and from that we can get an...and from that we can get an infiniteinfinite number of different sentences.number of different sentences.
S h d k bS h d k b
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So what do we know aboutSo what do we know about
the syntax of our language?the syntax of our language?
How to make a sentence:How to make a sentence:
How to make an NP:How to make an NP:
How to make a VP:How to make a VP:
NP VP
S
Det N
NP
N
NP
V NP
VP
V
VP
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Our theory of how speakersOur theory of how speakers
construct sentencesconstruct sentences•• Speakers know the syntactic categorySpeakers know the syntactic category
of each word in their lexicon:of each word in their lexicon:
– – know: Vknow: V – – man: Nman: N
– – big: Adjbig: Adj
•• Speakers know the syntactic rules ofSpeakers know the syntactic rules oftheir language, stated in terms of thesetheir language, stated in terms of thesecategories.categories.
8/3/2019 Rec Curs Ion and Sub Categorization
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But now we predict that theseBut now we predict that these
are all fine:are all fine:Jo ate the cake.Jo ate the cake.
Kim slept the child.Kim slept the child.
Jo devoured the cake.Jo devoured the cake.
Jo ate.Jo ate.
Jo devoured.Jo devoured.
Kim trusted her brother.Kim trusted her brother.
Kim relied her brotherKim relied her brother
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... but of course they’re not... but of course they’re not
Jo ate the cake.Jo ate the cake.
** Kim slept the child.Kim slept the child.
Jo devoured the cake.Jo devoured the cake.
Jo ate.Jo ate.
** Jo devoured.Jo devoured.
Kim trusted her brother.Kim trusted her brother.
** Kim relied her brotherKim relied her brother
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What went wrong?What went wrong?
•• We must learn more about a word thatWe must learn more about a word that
just just
– – its pronunciationits pronunciation
– – its meaningits meaning
– – its syntactic categoryits syntactic category
•• We must learn whatWe must learn what sisterssisters it can occurit can occur
with in the tree.with in the tree.
•• This is called itsThis is called its subcategorizationsubcategorization
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For example...For example...
What do we know about “find”?What do we know about “find”?
The explorers found the North Pole.The explorers found the North Pole.The jurors found that he was innocent.The jurors found that he was innocent.
The explorers found.The explorers found.
The explorers found in the garden.The explorers found in the garden.
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For example...For example...
What do we know about “find”?What do we know about “find”?
“find” can be followed by an NP“find” can be followed by an NP“find” can be followed by an S’“find” can be followed by an S’
2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
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2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
knowledge:knowledge:
find:find: V;V; ___ NP ___ NP
___ S’ ___ S’
2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
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2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
knowledge:knowledge:
find:find: V,V, ___ NP ___ NP
___ S’ ___ S’
“find” is a VVerb
2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
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2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
knowledge:knowledge:
find:find: V;V; ___ NP ___ NP
___ S’ ___ S’
and it can have eit heran NP or an S’ as a sist er
2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
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2 ways to represent this2 ways to represent this
knowledge:knowledge:
find:find: V;V; ___ NP ___ NP
___ S’ ___ S’
findfind
VV NPNP
VPVP
findfind
VV S’S’
VPVP