1

REAL TIME EVALUATION OF SEISMIC INTENSITIES AND

PEAK GROUND MOTIONS IN ISRAEL – SHAKEMAP

Annual report January 2014 – December 2014

Dr. Gitterman Y., Gorstein M., Perelman N.

Prepared for

The Ministry of Energy and Water Resources

December 2014 Publication No :ES-50-14

Report No: 024/798/14

Contact No: 212-17-004

2

STATE OF ISRAEL מדינת ישראל

THE MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND WATER RESOURCES משרד האנרגיה והמים

Office of the Chief Scientist המדען הראשי

REAL TIME EVALUATION OF SEISMIC INTENSITIES

AND PEAK GROUND MOTIONS IN ISRAEL – SHAKEMAP

Annual report January 2014 – December 2014

Dr. Gitterman Y., Gorstein M., Perelman N.

The Geophysical Institute of Israel

December 2014 Publication No: ES-50-14

Report No: 024/798/14

Contact No: 212-17-004

3

Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... 4

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................ 6

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................... 7

LIST OF DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................... 8

בעברית תקציר ......................................................................................................... 10

ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ 11

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 12

2. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM MODULE FOR COMPUTATION

OF SITE AMPLIFICATION FACTORS BASED ON THE SUBSURFACE 1-D

MULTI-LAYERS SOIL COLUMN MODELS. ................................................ 12

2.1. Simulation of synthetic accelerograms ................................................................. 12

2.2. Estimation of PGM site/rock ratios for accelerograph station LOD and ROI . 13

3. DETERMINATION OF THE GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS

USING THE INSTRUMENTAL DATA FROM EARTHQUAKES WITH

MAGNITUDE MORE THAN 3.5 RECORDED IN ISRAEL – EXTENSION

OF THE DATABASE. ........................................................................................ 17

4. ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF SITE-EFFECT AT NETWORK

SEISMIC AND ACCELEROMETRIC STATIONS .......................................... 20

5. DEVELOPMENT OF 1-D MULTI-LAYER SOIL COLUMN MODELS 22

6. SITE CLASSIFICATION FOR ISRAEL ON THE TOPOGRAPHY

BASIS.. ................................................................................................................ 23

7. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SHAKEMAP SOFTWARE FOR ISRAEL 26

7.1. Background ............................................................................................................. 26

7.2. Adaptation of the software to GII computer platforms and local conditions. .. 26

7.3. Trials using the USA test input data ..................................................................... 27

7.4. Trials using Israel test input data for two local felt earthquakes. ..................... 28

8. FUTURE WORK ............................................................................... 39

9. REFERENCES ................................................................................... 40

4

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The flowchart of the process of simulating synthetic accelerograms by the SEEH

method. ..................................................................................................................................... 13

Figure 2. Comparison of analytical transfer functions (blue dashed line) with average H/V

spectral ratios of ambient noise (the green line) and earthquake 2004.02.11 (the red line)

recorded at LOD station. .......................................................................................................... 14

Figure 3. Two examples for rock (a) and site (b) of a set of 30 variants of Spectral

Acceleration (5% damping) computed for 30 synthetic accelerograms respectively (by method

SEEH), which have been convolved with the transfer function of the 1D layered media at

LOD station site. The average SA and the standard deviation are denoted by black dashed

and dotted lines respectively. ................................................................................................... 14

Figure 4. Comparison of the analytical transfer function with average H/V spectral ratios

obtained from ambient noise measurements and from the earthquakes recorded at ROI

station. ...................................................................................................................................... 15

Figure 5. Set of 30 variants of Spectral Acceleration (5% damping) computed for ROI station

by SEEH method for 30 synthetic accelerograms respectively for rock (a) and site (b)SA for

site has been convolved with 1D soil-column model. The average SA and the standard

deviation are denoted by black dashed and dotted lines respectively. .................................... 16

Figure 6. Example of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquakes (Receiver functions)

obtained at BET (Bet Shean) strong motion station showing a noticeable site effect. ............ 21

Figure 7. Example of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquakes (Receiver functions)

obtained at ARI (Ariel) strong motion station without site effect . .......................................... 21

Figure 8. Comparison between the analytical function (blue dashed line) and average receiver

function obtained from the earthquakes recorded at Beit Shean (BET) strong motion station

(black solid line). ...................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 9. VS30 site classification for Italy based on geology and with mean velocities

compliant with the EuroCode8 (A=1000, B=600, C=300, D=150 and E=250 m/s) (a); VS30

site classification on the basis of the topography (Wald and Allen, 2007) (b) (from Michelini et al., 2008). ............................................................................................................................ 24

Figure 10. VS30 site classification for Israel and neighbouring areas on the topography basis

(Wald and Allen, 2007). The map was obtained on the site "Global Vs30 Map Server" (by

USGS, USA): http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/vs30/ ................................................ 25

Figure 11. Simplified ShakeMap flowchart at GII. .................................................................. 27

Figure 12. Maps generated by the USGS ShakeMap software at GII computers for the USA

earthquake: Intensity (a); Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) (b); Peak Ground Velocity (PGV)

(c). ............................................................................................................................................ 29

5

Figure 13. Regressions of the Intensity (a), PGA(b) and PGV (c) against the adopted

regressions for the EQ ID9583161. Solid red line is the raw regression; Solid green line is the

biased regression. ..................................................................................................................... 30

Figure 14. The acceleration (a), velocity (b and Spectral Acceleration (SA) (c) recorded at the

Almog (ALM) strong motion station (earthquake 2004.02.11). .............................................. 31

Figure 15. The acceleration (a), velocity (b and Spectral Acceleration (SA) (c) recorded at the

Yitav (YIT) strong motion station (earthquake 2004.02.11). .................................................. 32

Figure 16. ShakeMaps of the 11 Feb., 2004, M5.2 Dead Sea earthquake generated by the GII:

Intensity (a) , Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) (b) , Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) (c) and

Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration (PSA) for oscillator = 0.3 s (d). ............................................... 33

Figure 17. Regressions of the PGA (a), PGV (b) and Intensity (c) against the adopted

regressions for the M5.2 Dead Sea earthquake (02.11.2004). Solid red line: raw regression;

solid green line: biased regression; blue triangles: native (station) data. ................................. 34

Figure 18. The acceleration (a) and velocity (b) recorded at the LOD strong motion station

(earthquake of 2004.07.07). ..................................................................................................... 36

Figure 19. The acceleration (a) and velocity (b) recorded at the Yitav (YIT) strong motion

station (earthquake of 2004.07.07). .......................................................................................... 36

Figure 20. ShakeMaps of the 7 Jul., 2004, M4.7 Jordan Valley earthquake generated by the

GII: Intensity (a) , Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) (b), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) (c). 37

Figure 21. Regressions of the PGA (a), PGV (b) and Intensity (c) against the adopted

regressions for the Jordan Valley earthquake. Solid red line: raw regression; solid green line:

biased regression, blue triangles: native (station) data. ............................................................ 38

6

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Soil-column models used for analytical determination of site response function for

the LOD and ROI strong motion acceleration stations. ........................................................... 15

Table 2. Numerical data of average rock and site PGM parameters and their ratio, obtained by

the SEEH method, for the accelerograph station LOD. ........................................................... 16

Table 3. Numerical data of average rock and site PGM parameters and their ratio, obtained by

the SEEH method, for the accelerograph station ROI. ............................................................ 16

Table 4. Source parameters of earthquakes (M>3.5) and total number of stations for each

event (accelerometers and seismometers) that were used in processing. ................................. 17

Table 5. The optimal subsurface 1-D model for BET accelerograph site. ............................... 22

Table 6. The parameters of the USA ,CA earthquake on 12 Oct. 2000. .................................. 28

Table 7. The event summary of the Dead Sea earthquake on 11 Feb. 2004. ........................... 30

Table 8. The Strong Motion records obtained in the Dead Sea earthquake of 11 Feb. 2004

after processing (the horizontal records with PGA greater 50 cm/s2 are shown). ................... 31

Table 9. The event summary for the Jordan Valley earthquake. .............................................. 35

Table 10. Peak Ground Acceleration values for the Jordan Valley earthquake of 7 July 2004,

Mw4.7, after processing (with PGA more than 20 cm/sec2 at horizontal components). ......... 35

7

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CA – California, (USA)

DYFI? - Did You Feel It?

EMS-98 - European Macroseismic Scale (1998 update)

GM - Geometric mean, in the context of defining peak ground motion as the geometric mean

of the maximum amplitudes on two orthogonal horizontal channels

GMPE - Ground Motion Prediction Equation; also referred to as “attenuation relation”

GMICE - Ground Motion to Intensity Conversion Equation

GMT ( time) - Greenwich Mean Time

GMT (software) - Generic Mapping Tools

Md - Earthquake Duration Magnitude

MMI - Modified Mercalli Intensity scale

Mw - Moment magnitude.

NGA - Next Generation Attenuation

PGA – Peak Ground Acceleration

PGM - Peak Ground Motion

PGV - Peak Ground Velocity

PSA – Pseudo Spectral Acceleration at periods of 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 s

OS – Operating System

SA - Spectral Acceleration at periods of 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 s

UTC - Coordinated Universal Time

8

LIST OF DEFINITIONS

Accelerogram - The record from an accelerograph showing ground acceleration as a function

of time.

Accelerometer (digital) – The instrument to measure strong motion acceleration. It is

typically based on either electro-magnetic or force-balance transducers. The electric signal is

then properly conditioned, sampled and digitized.

Ambient Vibrations (microtremors) - Various types of vibration sources are always

producing so-called on the Earth ground (also called ambient seismic noise).

Component - One of the three spatial components of the seismic motion. The two horizontal

components, orthogonal to each other, are denoted by NS (North-South) and EW (East-West).

The vertical component is denoted by UP or VER.

Epicentral Distance - The epicentral distance is defined as the distance on the ground surface

between the observation point and the earthquake epicenter. This latter is defined as the point

on the earth surface placed exactly on the vertical passing from the hypocenter (or focus),

where the rupture takes place.

Fedora - an operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by the community-

supported Fedora Project and owned by Red Hat.

Fourier Spectra – A representation of time-domain signal in the frequency domain, which

can be generated via Fourier, transform the signal.

Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is an open-source collection of computer software tools for

processing and displaying xy and xyz datasets, including rasterization, filtering and other

image processing operations, and various kinds of map projections.

Ghostscript is a suite of software based on an interpreter for Adobe Systems' PostScript and

Portable Document Format (PDF) page description languages.

Graphical user interface (GUI) - A type of user interface that allows users to interact with

electronic devices using images rather than text commands.

H/V spectral ratio method - The method (technique) originally proposed by Nogoshi and

Igarashi, and wide-spread by Nakamura, consists in estimating the ratio between the Fourier

amplitude spectra of the horizontal (H) to vertical (V) components of ambient noise vibrations

recorded at one single station.

ImageMagick is a free and open-source software suite for displaying, converting, and editing

raster image and vector image files.

Local Site effect - The effects of local geology on ground-motion amplification and building

damage.

Method (procedure) SEEH – A stochastic model, nonlinear site response computations, and

Monte Carlo statistics are incorporated into a process which is used to synthesize the uniform-

9

hazard site specific response spectrum. This procedure, uses the Monte Carlo process for

simulating the seismicity in the seismic areas neighboring the investigated site and to quantify

the source parameters of the earthquakes in the simulated catalogues.

MySQL - the world's second most widely used open-source relational database management

system (RDBMS). The SQL phrase stands for Structured Query Language.

Nakamura's technique - The method (technique), which employs microtremor for estimating

dynamic characteristics of surface layers.

Next Generation Attenuation - The project to empirically develop Next Generation

Attenuation (NGA) empirical ground motion models (attenuation relationships) by a Pacific

Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) in USA.

Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages.

Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language.

Seismic hazard - The study of expected earthquake ground motions at the earth's surface, and

its likely effects on existing natural conditions and man-made structures for public safety

considerations.

ShakeMap - U.S. Geological Survey software package. ShakeMap sites provide near-real-time

maps of ground motion and shaking intensity following significant earthquakes.

Transfer function - a mathematical representation, in terms of spatial or temporal frequency,

of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system with zero initial

conditions and zero-point equilibrium.

Ubuntu - a Debian-based Linux operating system, with Unity as its default desktop

environment, where Unity is a graphical shell for the GNOME desktop environment

developed by Canonical Ltd. for its Ubuntu operating system.

XML - Extensible Markup Language, is a markup language that defines a set of rules for

encoding documents in a format which is both human-readable and machine-readable.

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מיפוי תפרוסת תנודות הקרקע בישראל מיד לאחר התרחשות רעידת אדמה

2014עד דצמבר 2014דוח שנתי עבור תקופה מינואר

יפים גיטרמן ''רד

מרינה גורשטיין נהום פרלמן

המכון הגיאופיסי לישראל

תקציר בעברית

יישום ל ) "Running SEEH methodתוכנה חדשה "פיתוח -אחת ממטרות הפרויקט Windows) ממדיים של -לחישוב גורמי הגברה של תנודות קרקע המבוססת על מודלים חד

של פרמטרים תנודות הקרקע קשה עסל/ושמה להערכת יחס אתריתת הקרקע. התוכנה ShakeMapהתוכנה הנ"ל מספקת נתונים לתוכנת מדי תאוצה בישראל.לרשת סייסמית ו

ים.תוך התאמתה לתנאים המקומי USGSאשר פותחה על ידי הוספו אירועים שנרשמו על ידי ח, "בתקופת הדו, לבסיס נתונים של רעידות אדמה

נעשה PGM-moduleתוכנה חדשה נוספת בעזרת . 2013-2014 יםבשנסייסמית הרשת הנכללו אמינים ה PGMפרמטרי כל גלים סייסמיים ושל עיבוד רישומי תאוצות ומהירויות

ליישום, בדיקה הכרחי הבסיס הנ"לשל אגף סייסמולוגיה. MySQLלתוך בסיס נתונים . ShakeMapוהתאמה של תוכנה

רוב התחנות סייסמיות בעזרת בהערכה ואנאליזה של אפקט תגובת אתר התנעש (.Receiver functionי מרעש רקע ואירועים סייסמיים )לשיטות יחס ספקטר

לתנאים מקומיים בישראל, היא הותאמה ShakeMapעל מנת ליישם את התוכנה , ואחרי התקנת התוכנה במחשב Fedora Linux OSעל פלטפורמות GII ים שלבמחשב

לתנאים SHAKEMAPהבאות, לבחינת מידת התאמת תוכנת הפעולות בוצעו שתי המקומיים:

,2000בחינת רעידת אדמה שהתרחשה בקליפורניה בשנת .א

, ועמק הירדן M=5.2, 2004-02-11)ים המלח ארץבחינת שני אירועים שהתרחשו ב .ב2004-07-07 ,M=4.7 .)

נבנו בהצלחה. Intensity -ו PGA ,PGV ,PSAמפות בכל הבדיקות שיטת יושמה , ShakeMap -אפקט תגובת אתר הנדרשת ב להתחשבותכקירוב ראשון

VS30 על טופוגרפיה של פני השטח כפי שהוצעה על ידי מבוססתWald and Allen (2007 .) ממדיים של -בניית מודלים חד נמשכה PGMהערכת ערכי תוך התחשבות בתגובת האתרל

באזורי השפלה והשרון בהתבסס על מדידות על פני רשת צפופה של נקודותתת הקרקע רעש רקע, מידע גיאולוגי וגיאופיסי.

11

REAL TIME EVALUATION OF SEISMIC INTENSITIES AND

PEAK GROUND MOTIONS IN ISRAEL – SHAKEMAP.

Annual Report for the Period January 2014 – December 2014

Dr Yefim Gitterman

Marina Gorstein

Nahum Perelman

The Geophysical Institute of Israel

ABSTRACT

The new program "Running SEEH method", a Windows application, was developed

for computation of site amplification factors of PGM parameters, based on the subsurface 1-D

multi-layer soil column models. The program was applied for estimation of site/rock ratio of

PGM parameters for the Israeli network accelerograph stations. The program provides data

for the ShakeMap software developed by the USGS.

During the reported period the database of strong earthquakes, recorded by stations of

the Israel Seismic and Accelerograph Networks, was extended, 13 recent (2013-2014) events

were added. Using the new additional program - PGM module, the acceleration and velocity

time series data were processed and all reliable PGM parameters were included into GII

seismological MySQL database, that is necessary for implementation, testing and adaptation

of ShakeMap.

We conducted estimation and analysis of site-effect at some network stations that is

necessary to take into account for the ShakeMap calculations. In this study we estimated

resonance frequencies and their associated amplifications at accelerograph stations using the

horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio for strong earthquakes (the receiver function method) from

the collected database.

The VS30 site classification for Israel and neighboring areas was elaborated on the

topography basis and this first approximation of site-effect was used for implementation of

ShakeMap software for Israel earthquakes.

To be implemented in Israel local conditions, the ShakeMap software was adapted to

the GII computer platforms (Fedora Linux). A number of trials were conducted firstly using

the USA test input data (for a California earthquake M=3.9 in 2000). Then Israel input data

for two local felt events occurred in 2004 with M=4.7 (the Jordan Valley) and 5.2 (the Dead

Sea) were tested and all required maps of PGA, PGV, Intensity and PSA (Pseudo Spectral

Acceleration) were successfully elaborated.

We continued development of the site specific subsurface 1-D multi-layers soil

column models for Hashefela and Hasharon (Central Israel) regions based on previous

ambient noise measurements, geological and geophysical data. Available earthquake records

at seismic stations are utilized. The optimal model was selected that provides the best fit

between empirical estimations and analytical calculations.

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1. INTRODUCTION

The program ShakeMap generates rapidly and automatically shaking and intensity maps

by integrating the information of the real-time data, the ground-motion predictive equations,

earthquake location and magnitude and the knowledge of the local soil geology. ShakeMap

are important components of the seismic early warning because they can contribute to activate

disaster mitigation actions within minutes after the onset of an earthquake. ShakeMap systems

serve in the U.S. and many other countries.

The main objective of this research is to develop a methodology to generate simple,

reliable near-real-time “Shake” maps to provide rapid ground-shaking information on local

earthquakes in Israel.

The generation of ShakeMap requires a regional calibration that is accomplished by using

regional ground-motion predictive equations and identifying the geological site conditions in

the studied area. The regional ground-motion predictive equation is crucial to estimate Peak

Ground Motion (PGM) parameters at sites where observations are lacking, because significant

variations of ground-motion amplitude for different regions were found.

2. DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM MODULE FOR

COMPUTATION OF SITE AMPLIFICATION FACTORS

BASED ON THE SUBSURFACE 1-D MULTI-LAYERS

SOIL COLUMN MODELS.

To compute site amplification factors of PGM parameters, based on the subsurface 1-D

multi-layer soil column models, a new program "Running SEEH method" (Run_SEEH) was

elaborated. The SEEH method was developed by Shapira and van Eck (1993). Two examples

of the site amplification factors computation of PGM parameters or ratio-parameters for

accelerograph stations LOD and ROI are presented in Tables 1, 2. The program Run_SEEH

is a Windows application, providing a user-friendly graphical interface for computation ratio-

parameters.

2.1. Simulation of synthetic accelerograms

On the first stage a set of accelerograms is synthesized by the SEEH method. The

magnitudes and distances to the epicenters for the synthetic accelerograms correspond to the

real recordings of the accelerometer network. The SEEH method allows to predict oscillations

from an earthquake with given magnitude at any point with given probability.

Figure 1 shows the flowchart of the process simulating synthetic accelerograms. The

SEEH method utilizes white noise time-series, which are transformed by a filter with spectral

amplitude characteristic of an earthquake with a given magnitude and at a given distance. To

describe uncertainty about the earthquake source and propagation media parameters, such as

seismic moment, depth and quality factor, the corresponding parameters are varied randomly

in the given limits.

Finally the synthetic accelerograms are used as impacts to a set of 5 elementary oscillators

at different periods (0.04, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 s) with the 5% damping coefficient. Maximum

amplitudes from each of the oscillators form a so-called Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (PSA).

13

Figure 1. The flowchart of the process of simulating synthetic accelerograms by the SEEH

method.

To account for site-effect, the synthetic accelerograms are convolved with the transfer

function of the 1-D layered media and PSA is then computed. Thirty synthetic accelerograms

x(t) (4000 samples) were generated using parameters M, R, and random h, Q, M0 , written to

DISC and transformed according 1D velocity site model H(f). The synthetic accelerograms

x(t), y(t) are processed by PSA computation module to obtain PSA of the 5 oscillators.

Computation of PGM parameters from the synthetic accelerograms is carried out as

following:

1) PGA – by searching the absolute maximum of a synthetic accelerogram;

2) PGV – by integration of a synthetic accelerogram and searching the absolute

maximum in obtained velocity time series;

3) Set of PSA – by computation of the maximum response (absolute acceleration) of a

harmonic one degree-of-freedom (dof) oscillator, subjected to an arbitrary

accelerogram, as a function of the structural period Tn (0.04, 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 s)

and the damping ratio ξ = 0.05.

2.2. Estimation of PGM site/rock ratios for accelerograph station LOD

and ROI

Two examples of PGM site/rock ratio estimates at accelerograph stations LOD and ROI

by the method SEEH are presented. The geotechnical parameters used for analytical

determination of site response function are presented in Perelman et al, 2013.

Figures 2 and 4 show comparison of the analytical transfer functions with average H/V

spectral ratios by ambient noise and by earthquakes recorded at the two stations. The optimal

1-D subsurface models for calculating these analytical functions (Table 1) were used for

convolution with synthetic accelerograms by SEEH method.

14

Figure 2. Comparison of analytical transfer functions (blue dashed line) with average H/V

spectral ratios of ambient noise (the green line) and earthquake 2004.02.11 (the red line)

recorded at LOD station.

Figures 3 and 5 present two examples for rock (a) and site (b) of a set of 30 variants of

Spectral Acceleration (with 5% damping) computed for 30 synthetic accelerograms (by

SEEH), which have been convolved with transfer function of the 1D layered media for the

two stations. The values PSA of SEEH are shown by thin color lines, the average and the

standard deviation - by black dashed and dotted lines respectively.

Figure 3. Two examples for rock (a) and site (b) of a set of 30 variants of Spectral

Acceleration (5% damping) computed for 30 synthetic accelerograms respectively (by method

SEEH), which have been convolved with the transfer function of the 1D layered media at

LOD station site. The average SA and the standard deviation are denoted by black dashed

and dotted lines respectively.

b a

15

Figure 4. Comparison of the analytical transfer function with average H/V spectral ratios

obtained from ambient noise measurements and from the earthquakes recorded at ROI

station.

The transfer function of ROI station site (Figure 4) is calculated based on data two

earthquakes records and the ambient noise. This site exhibits strong site-effect at frequency of

4 Hz and associated amplification of about 6.

Table 1. Soil-column models used for analytical determination of site response function for the LOD

and ROI strong motion acceleration stations.

Station Thickness,

[m]

Density,

[gr/cm^3]

Vs,

[m/s] Damping

LOD

32 1.6 350 0.05

13 1.7 500 0.03

36 1.8 700 0.02

Half-space 2.2 1900 -

ROI

14 1.7 300 0.04

9 1.8 415 0.03

Half-space 2.4 2020 -

16

Figure 5. Set of 30 variants of Spectral Acceleration (5% damping) computed for ROI station

by SEEH method for 30 synthetic accelerograms respectively for rock (a) and site (b)SA for

site has been convolved with 1D soil-column model. The average SA and the standard

deviation are denoted by black dashed and dotted lines respectively.

PGM averages, SA of SEEH for rock and site and also their ratios for two accelerograph

stations are given in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2. Numerical data of average rock and site PGM parameters and their ratio, obtained by

the SEEH method, for the accelerograph station LOD.

Parameter

PGA PGV S0.04 Ss S0.3 S1 S3

[g] [cm/s] [g]

Average of Rock 0.01135 2.354 0.01147 0.01926 0.02410 0.01901 0.00858

Average of Site 0.02487 3.849 0.02644 0.04132 0.05209 0.03118 0.00947

Ratio : <Site>/<Rock> 2.19 1.63 2.30 2.14 2.16 1.64 1.10

Table 3. Numerical data of average rock and site PGM parameters and their ratio, obtained by

the SEEH method, for the accelerograph station ROI.

Parameter PGA PGV S0.04 Ss S0.3 S1 S3

[g] [cm/s] [g]

Average of Rock 0.01352 2.682 0.01367 0.02420 0.02950 0.02132 0.00973

Average of Site 0.02612 3.788 0.02698 0.06620 0.08244 0.02331 0.01001

Ratio : <Site>/<Rock> 1.93 1.41 1.97 2.74 2.79 1.09 1.03

b a

17

3. DETERMINATION OF THE GROUND MOTION

PARAMETERS USING THE INSTRUMENTAL DATA

FROM EARTHQUAKES WITH MAGNITUDE MORE

THAN 3.5 RECORDED IN ISRAEL – EXTENSION OF THE

DATABASE.

The database used for this study includes seismic events recorded by the Israel Seismic

Network and Israel accelerograph network stations. During the reported period the database

was extended, more than 40 old (1984-1995) and recent (2011-2012) events were added.

Using the PGM module, the acceleration and velocity time series data were processed. At the

moment we have processed and included into GII seismological SQL database all PGM data

(PGA, PGV, Pseudo Spectral Accelerations at periods 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 sec) from the

earthquakes listed in Table 4. The total number of stations for each event (accelerometers and

seismometers) that were used in the processing is presented in the tables. The processing

results were checked and anomalous PGM values (outliers) were found for some seismic

stations (channels). These stations showed in some cases anomalous seismograms

(waveforms), or wrong/unknown calibration parameters and therefore were excluded from the

following processing and analysis.

Table 4. Source parameters of earthquakes (M>3.5) and total number of stations for each

event (accelerometers and seismometers) that were used in processing.

No Date Time Region Lat. Long. D km

Md Mw Number of

stations

1 1984.08.24 06:02 Galilee 32.66 35.18 18 5.3 - 2

2 1987.04.27 20:41 Arad 31.26 35.49 9 4.2 3.8 2

3 1987.10.23 16:32 Arad 31.19 35.34 7 4.1 3.8 5

4 1989.01.03 17:10 Samaria 32.48 35.46 12 3.9 3.6 1

5 1991.09.28 00:43 Moav 31.08 35.5 13 3.9 3.6 5

6 1993.08.02 09:12 Arad 31.48 35.49 18 4.1 3.8 4

7 1995.11.22 04:15 Aragonese-

Deep

28.76 34.68 14 6.4 7.2 11

8 1995.11.23 18:07 Saudi-Arabia 28.85 34.91 10 5.4 5.5 3

9 1995.11.27 03:05

Aragonese-

Deep

28.74 34.77 5 4.5 4.2 2

10 1995.12.10 15:32 Saudi-Arabia 28.49 35.04 5 4.7 4.1 2

11 1995.12.26 06:19

Aragonese-

Deep

28.89 34.6 13 5 2

12 1996.06.01 16:06

Aragonese-

Deep

28.84 34.76 12 4.6 4.4 6

13 1996.06.02 21:23 Saudi Arabia 28.79 34.91 10 4.1 3.6 5

14 1996.06.25 10:45 Eilat-Deep 29.16 34.72 ? 4.3 4 3

15 1996.09.04 17:17

Aragonese-

Deep

28.89 34.78 4.6 4.1 6

16 1996.10.09 13:10 E.Med.Sea 34.4 32.29 7 6.1 9

17 1997.01.05 00:08 Saudi Arabia 28.81 34.94 8 4.1 3.6 4

18

18 1997.03.26 04:22 Lebanon 33.78 35.62 10 5.6 5.2 9

19 1997.08.04 11:29 Golan 33.26 35.73 10 4 4

20 1998.04.25 01:29 East Sinai 29.78 34.59 18 4.1 3.7 5

21 1999.10.05 05:00 Aragonese-

Deep

29.00 34.84 5 4.0 3.5 5

22 1999.10.05 05:44 Aragonese-

Deep

28.91 34.90 14 4.8 4.4 7

23 1999.10.28 15:38 Negev 30.40 34.98 9 4.6 4.2 8

24 2000.03.08 14:22 Aragonese-

Deep

28.78 34.71 5 5.0 4.7 8

25 2000.04.06 06:37 Aragonese-

Deep

28.79 34.76 5 5.0 4.4 7

26 2000.10.08 02:58 Aragonese-

Deep

28.84 34.67 5 4.6 4.0 7

27 2001.10.08 11:25 Arava 30.47 35.29 10 4.2 3.9 8

28 2002.03.11 01:25 Aragonese-

Deep

28.95 34.79 14 4.0 3.6 11

29 2003.07.23 16:36 Aragonese-

Deep

28.82 34.79 2 4.4 4.1 9

30 2004.02.11 08:12 Dead Sea 31.70 35.56 17 5.2 5.0 38

31 2004.03.15 23:49 Dead Sea 31.36 35.57 9 4.3 3.8 11

32 2004.06.07 13:45 Palmira 33.78 36.51 5 4.0 3.9 10

33 2004.07.07 14:34 Jordan

Valley

31.97 35.55 14 4.8 4.5 23

34 2004.08.08 12:41 Carmel-Tirza 32.47 35.26 10 4.0 3.6 11

35 2005.02.12 08:03 Saudi-Arabia 28.9 35.18 5 4.1 3.5 10

36 2005.02.26 22:57 Saudi-Arabia 28.87 35.19 5 4.2 3.6 11

37 2005.10.03 04:05 Jordan-

Valley

32.04 35.59 15 4.0 3.8 8

38 2006.09.09 04:57 E.Shomron 32.02 35.48 4 4.4 4.2 11

39 2006.09.17 08:22 E.Shomron 32.02 35.47 1 4.0 3.7 11

40 2007.02.09 22:12 Dead Sea 31.094 35.532 10 4.5 4.2 9

41 2007.11.20 09:19 Dead Sea 31.683 35.556 10 4.5 4.2 20

42 2007.11.23 22:19 Judea-

Samaria

31.86 34.935 11 4.2 3.7 18

43 2007.12.02 07:37 Dead Sea 31.67 35.55 9 4.0 3.6 15

44 2008.02.11 23:46 Lebanon 33.258 35.422 4.3 4.1 19

45 2008.02.15 10:36 Lebanon 33.33 35.41 3 5.1 4.9 22

46 2008.06.12 12:57 Jordan/Syria 33.28 35.46 1 3.9 3.5 18

47 2008.06.13 05:28 Jordan/Syria 33.32 35.45 3.9 3.5 18

48 2009.04.17 11.03 Lebanon 33.34 35.43 4.2 3.9 16

49 2010.07.15 11:25 Aragonese

Deep

28.97 34.76 9 4.2 3.9 15

50 2011.01.01 16:29 Jordan

Valley

32.661 35.634 3 4.0 3.8 18

51 2011.08.07 08:51 E.Med.Sea 32.57 34.47 30 4.2 3.9 19

19

52 2011.10.21 16:36 Egypt 28.45 34.9 4.0 4.0 16

53 2011.10.21 17:33 Egypt 28.50 34.61 4.0 3.9 16

54 2011.12.04 20:54 Hula-Kineret 33.1 35.6 5 4.1 3.9 20

55 2012.03.22 04:15 Dead Sea 31.31 35.42 23 3.7 3.4 19

56 2012.05.11 18:47 Cyprus 34.25 34.17 32 5.3 5.2 22

57 2013.06.01 11:48 Suez 28.435 33.043 32 5.0 23

58 2013.10.20 08:50 Hula-Kineret 32.86 35.56 4 3.6 3.4 25

59 2013.11.22 12:00 Cyprus 35.274 32.083 20 3.6 4.1

60 2013.12.19 02:03 E.Med.Sea 34.682 29.248 30 3.6 -

61

2013.12.28

15:21 Turkey-

Cyprus

region

35.656 31.296 30 5.8

5.6

62 2014.01.13

13:02 Hula-

Kinneret 32.924 35.635 8 3.6

3.5

63 2014.02.14 00:34 Turkey 36.795 35.904 14 4.5 5.0

64 2014.03.23 04:56 Cyprus 34.385 34.012 30 3.6 3.6

65

2014.04.24

14:32 Suez-

Arnona-

Dakar-Deep

27.969 34.601 1 3.7

-

66 2014.05.24 07:27 Arava 30.476 35.301 20 4.6 4.2

67 2014.05.25 12:23 E.Med.Sea 34.175 35.462 8 3.9 3.9

68 2014.07.05

21:41 Yamune-

Roum 33.559 35.560 1 4.0

3.7

69 2014.07.18

20:00 W.Melhan-

Egypt 30.108 32.147 6 4.1

4.6

70 2014.09.01 20:50 Yamune 34.153 36.161 0 4.0 3.7

71 2014.09.22 07:25 E.Med.Sea 35.308 35.520 17 3.8 4.0

20

4. ESTIMATION AND ANALYSIS OF SITE-EFFECT AT

NETWORK SEISMIC AND ACCELEROMETRIC

STATIONS

The USGS-ShakeMap philosophy of mapping is to combine records at individual stations

from a strong earthquake, geology (site amplification effects), and a ground-motion

attenuation relationship.

Estimation of station site-effect is necessary for initial selection of a best-fit local

attenuation relationship, when comparing measured PGM values with known attenuation

functions for rock conditions (e.g. Campbell and Bozorgnia, 2008), and measured values

should be corrected for the site-effect.

The station site-effect parameters are also crucial when immediately after a strong event

occurred, data from operating seismic stations are firstly corrected to approximate rock site

conditions, then combined with PGM and intensities from the selected empirical attenuation

relationship for rock conditions, and then interpolated onto a fine-scale grid representing rock

motions. Afterwards, the amplitudes at all grid points are scaled up based on site conditions,

and finally mapped to produce the final ShakeMap product.

At the reported stage of the study, we estimated site-effect parameters (resonance

frequencies and their associated amplifications) at strong motion stations using the horizontal-

to-vertical spectral ratio from seismic events (Receiver function method) for earthquakes

presented in Table 1. This method was applied by Lermo and Chaves-Garcia (1993)

)(

)()(

SV

SHS

S

SR

where SSH and SSV denote horizontal and vertical amplitude spectra computed at the same

site from S-wave. This method was applied in Israel to both accelerograms and seismograms

(Gitterman, 1999; Zaslavsky et al., 2000; Zaslavsky et al., 2009).

The results show that site effect is observed at most of stations, in some cases the ground

motion amplification is significant. Examples of the site effect evaluation are presented in

Figures 6,7. In Figure 6 one can see an example of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios

(HVSR) recorded by strong motion station BET located in Bet Shean from four earthquakes.

All the spectral ratios called also receiver functions yield two resonance frequencies of about

2 Hz and 4 Hz and amplifications of 3-4. Another example of strong motion station without

noteworthy site effect is shown in Figure 7.

21

Figure 6. Example of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquakes (Receiver functions)

obtained at BET (Bet Shean) strong motion station showing a noticeable site effect.

Figure 7. Example of horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio of earthquakes (Receiver functions)

obtained at ARI (Ariel) strong motion station without site effect .

22

5. DEVELOPMENT OF 1-D MULTI-LAYERS SOIL COLUMN

MODELS

As mentioned above, the ShakeMap philosophy includes the creation a fine-scale grid

representing rock motions. Then the PGM values at the interpolated rock grid, obtained from

the attenuation curve, are corrected at each point for local site amplification, based on site

conditions. In order to provide this correction, the site specific subsurface 1-D multi-layers

soil column models should be created. Zaslavsky et al. (2009) demonstrated the high

resemblance between the predicted average response spectrum obtained by the stochastic

method (Shapira and van Eck, 1993) and the spectrum obtained from accelerograms of the

earthquake.

The 1-D model of the subsurface is a multi-layer soil-column model which includes

velocities of unconsolidated sediments, thickness of each layer, density and specific

attenuation in different lithological units, and S-wave and density of the hard rock acting as a

seismic reflector. Densities and specific attenuation in different lithological units were

selected from publications. The information on S-wave velocities for different lithological and

stratigraphic units was obtained from the analysis of seismic refraction profiles data

(Hofstetter and Aksinenko, 2012). At the moment, 1-D multi-layers soil column models are

created in the northern part of Israel (grid approximately 1.5 km spacing) and in Hashefela

region. We present an example of the subsurface model elaborated for the BET accelerograph

station (for receiver functions of recorded seismic events see Fig. 6). The soil column model

at this site is represented by alluvium (Vs=250-450 m/sec), travertine (Vs=1000-1200 m/sec)

overlying the basalt (Vs=2000m/sec) (according to Zaslavsky et al., 2005). Figure 8 shows

the analytical transfer function compared with average receiver function. The optimal model

which provides the best fit between experimental and analytical estimations is given in Table

5.

Table 5. The optimal subsurface 1-D model for BET accelerograph site.

Soil column model

Thickness,

m

Vs,

m/sec

Density,

g/cm3

Damping,

%

30 400 1.8 3

85 1000 2.2 1

2000 2.4

23

Figure 8. Comparison between the analytical function (blue dashed line) and average receiver

function obtained from the earthquakes recorded at Beit Shean (BET) strong motion station

(black solid line).

SITE CLASSIFICATION FOR ISRAEL ON THE

TOPOGRAPHY BASIS.

The first approach to the site effect classification in Israel is exploiting the topographic

relief as proposed by Wald and Allen (2007). In this approach, the VS30 parameter is

determined using the gradient of topography as a proxy. Steep topographies (i.e., large

gradient values) are assimilated to hard rock sites whereas plain areas (i.e., zero or very low

gradients) are thought to represent areas that feature thick alluvial low velocity deposits.

These maps follow a very simplified approach to site condition mapping, although they have

been found to correlate well to those obtained using more thorough geology-based

classification criteria.

A remarkable correspondence was noted in Italy between the surface velocities

obtained using the two approaches (Michelini et al., 2008) (Figure 9). The only differences

arise in areas where flat calcareous rocks occur (e.g., Karst areas). An example is in the

Salento peninsula (the “heel” of Italy) where the topographic gradient approach of the Wald

and Allen procedure produces very low velocities whereas the classification based on geology

results in fast near surface velocities consistent with the Karst limestone rock type.

The VS30 site classification for Israel and neighboring areas elaborated on the

topography basis (Wald and Allen, 2007) is shown in Figure 10. The map was downloaded

from the site http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/vs30/ when utilizing geographic

coordinates of the region (33°E – 37°E, 28°N – 33.2°N).

This first approximation of site-effect classification was performed before application

of the ShakeMap software for the Israeli data (see below chapter 7 of this report).

24

a

b

Figure 9. VS30 site classification for Italy based on geology and with mean velocities compliant with

the EuroCode8 (A=1000, B=600, C=300, D=150 and E=250 m/s) (a); VS30 site classification on the

basis of the topography (Wald and Allen, 2007) (b) (from Michelini et al., 2008).

25

Figure 10. VS30 site classification for Israel and neighboring areas on the topography basis (Wald and

Allen, 2007). The map was obtained on the site "Global Vs30 Map Server" (by USGS, USA):

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/apps/vs30/

26

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SHAKEMAP SOFTWARE FOR

ISRAEL

5.1. Background

The ShakeMap system is a collection of software tools, most of them was written in

the PERL programming language and some part was written in the C programming language.

These programs run sequentially to produce data files (e.g. ASCII and XML files), ground

motion maps (PostScript and JPEG files) and Web pages. This system is built from freely

available open-source software packages: Linux operating system; a collection of PERL and

C modules; MySQL server used as data base; Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) (Wessel &

Smith, 1991) used to produce maps; ImageMagick and Ghosthscript to convert file format;

etc.

5.2. Adaptation of the software to GII computer platforms and local

conditions.

The USGS ShakeMap (version 3.5) was implemented at GII on a PC-Linux platform

with operating system (OS) Fedora 16. We selected this OS because running the ShakeMap

software in the environment OS LINUX Ubuntu was emergently aborted, showing diagnostic

errors message in the GMT and ShakeMap software, even when running an original test

example. In Internet-forum of ShakeMap users

(https://geohazards.usgs.gov/mailman/options/shake-dev/) we found information, that

ShakeMap software in the environment OS LINUX Fedora 16 is running properly, without

this problem. Really, after transfer our ShakeMap software to the OS Fedora all is working

properly.

The ShakeMap was adapted to the expanded Israel region, and implemented in order

to receive and process instrumental measurements made at the stations of the Israel Seismic

Network (ISN).

The principal elements of the GII ShakeMap system are:

1) input from the ISN seismic network that provides the basic earthquake source

parameters (location and magnitude) and the ground motion parameters measured at

each station: PGA, PGV and set of PSA;

2) estimations and interpolations of peak ground motions obtained from empirical

Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) and site corrections to Israel region by

(Boore and Atkinson, 2008) NGA model;

3) instrumental intensity obtained from empirical PGM parameters by empirical Ground

Motion to Intensity Conversion Equation (GMICE) (Wald et al, 1999) that relate

seismic intensities with ground motions values (PGA and PGV).

A schematic overview (flowchart) of the ShakeMap processing system at GII is provided

in Figure 11.

In order to link the instrumental data base to ShakeMap, we developed and

implemented an interface JSTAR2ShakeMap (a set of Python's program modules, which

converted PGM parameters from database to input XML files for ShakeMap), utilizing the

program JSTAR that was developed in the GII Seismology Division for processing and

analysis of seismic data (Polozov and Pinsky, 2005).

27

Figure 11. Simplified ShakeMap flowchart at GII.

The ShakeMap system allows generating maps of the estimated seismic intensity

obtained from instrumental data, contour maps of PGA, PGV and spectral acceleration, grids

of points with associated amplitude values of shaking parameters and other products for

specific users.

Firstly the instrumental measurements of PGA and PGV for recording stations are

created automatically from analysis of seismic records, then input files for ShakeMap

(JSTAR2ShakeMap) are prepared, and finally procedures for ShakeMap generation are

launched.

5.3. Trials using the USA test input data

We conducted a number of software trials firstly using the original USA test input data

for a California (CA) earthquake (Table 6), that was included in the software package.

28

Table 6. The parameters of the USA ,CA earthquake on 12 Oct. 2000.

The ShakeMap maps of PGA, PGV and instrumental intensity for this event were

created, and presented below on Figure 12. The ShakeMap instrumental intensities are based

on the Wald et al. (1999b) relationship for earthquakes in California.

In Figure 13, we presented the regressions of PGA, PGV and Intensity obtained for

this event using the program module plotregr (from the software ShakeMap). The plots show

overall agreement between the data and the adopted regressions with larger data scatterings

for distant stations. In addition, the plot shows the effect of the “bias correction” (for details

see Wald et al., 2006) that ShakeMap applies in order to match the observed data and

predicted ground motions.

This correction has been introduced to account for various factors such as errors in

magnitude, inter-event variability (e.g., Boore et al., 1997). It is a very important correction

because it levels out observed and predicted ground motions.

5.4. Trials using Israel test input data for two local felt earthquakes.

We used two local felt earthquakes for testing the ShakeMap software and analysis of

obtained output data.

Dead Sea basin earthquake on 11 February 2004.

The earthquake parameters are presented in Table 7. The main shock was followed by a

relatively short sequence of aftershocks. These lasted for about 4 weeks (most occurring in the

first few days) and were of small magnitude. This earthquake was widely felt in Jordan,

Israel, Lebanon and Syria (Hofstetter et al., 2008), and was recorded at Israel Seismograph

Network (ISN) by accelerometers, short period and broadband seismometers. The event was

recorded by 26 digital 3C accelerographs with 5 accelerograms having a recorded PGA

greater than 50 cm/s2 (Table 8). The maximal peak acceleration (84.4 cm/s

2) was recorded in

Yitav (YIT) station at epicentral distance of 30 km. The acceleration, velocity and Spectral

Acceleration (SA) recorded at accelerograph stations ALM and YIT are presented in Figures 14

and 15 respectively.

Name Unit Value

Earthquake ID 9583161

UTC Date (GMT) 2000.10.12 (10:51:19)

Region 11.5 mi N of Fillmore, CA , USA

Lat. [dgr.] 34.563

Lon. [dgr.] -118.900

Depth [km] 27.47

Magnitude 3.9

29

Figure 12. Maps generated by the USGS ShakeMap software at GII computers for the USA

earthquake: Intensity (a); Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) (b); Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) (c).

a b

c

30

Figure 13. Regressions of the Intensity (a), PGA(b) and PGV (c) against the adopted regressions for

the EQ ID9583161. Solid red line is the raw regression; Solid green line is the biased regression.

Table 7. The event summary of the Dead Sea earthquake on 11 Feb. 2004.

Name Unit Value

Earthquake_ID 200402110812

UTC Date (GMT) 2004.02.11, (08:12)

Region Dead Sea

Lat. [dgr.] 31.700

Lon. [dgr.] 35.546

Depth [km] 18

Mm 5.2

a b

c

31

Table 8. The Strong Motion records obtained in the Dead Sea earthquake of 11 Feb. 2004 after

processing (the horizontal records with PGA greater 50 cm/s2 are shown).

No. Station Code Dist. PGA, [cm/s2]

[km] EW NS Vert.

1 Almog ALM 13 43.9 60.9 48.3

2 Maale-Efraim EFR 44 58.2 48.6 21.1

3 Jerusalem JER 34 29.0 51.5 ~

4 Roi ROI 61 58.3 68.0 23.1

5 Yitav YIT 30 84.4 64.4 20.1

Figure 14. The acceleration (a), velocity (b) and Spectral Acceleration (SA) (c), recorded at Almog

(ALM) strong motion station (earthquake 2004.02.11).

c

a b

32

Figure 15. The acceleration (a), velocity (b and Spectral Acceleration (SA) (c) recorded at Yitav (YIT)

strong motion station (earthquake 2004.02.11).

The results obtained for this Dead Sea earthquake are shown in Figure 16, where we

present the maps of instrumental intensity, PGA, PGV and Pseudo Spectral Acceleration

(PSA) for oscillator 0.3 s.

The Shakemap instrumental intensities are based on the Wald et al. (1999b)

relationship for earthquakes in California.

a

c

b

b

33

Figure 16. ShakeMaps of the 11 Feb., 2004, M5.2 Dead Sea earthquake generated by the GII:

Intensity (a) , Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) (b) , Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) (c) and Pseudo-

Spectral Acceleration (PSA) for oscillator 0.3 s (d).

In Figure 17 below, we showed the regressions of PGA, PGV and Intensity obtained

for this event using the program module plotregr (the explanations are the same as for the

original USA test event, see Section 7.3).

c

a b

d

34

Figure 17. Regressions of the PGA (a), PGV (b) and Intensity (c) against the adopted regressions for

the M5.2 Dead Sea earthquake (02.11.2004). Solid red line: raw regression; solid green line: biased

regression; blue triangles: native (station) data.

a b

c

35

Jordan Valley Region earthquake on 7 July 2004.

This earthquake was widely felt in the surrounding canters of Jordan and Israel and was

recorded by Israel Seismic Network (ISN), including accelerometers, and short period and

broadband seismic stations.

The parameters of this event are presented in Table 9. The event was recorded by 7

sets of digital 3C accelerographs with 2 accelerograms having recorded PGA more than 20

cm/sec2, as shown in Table 10. The maximal peak acceleration (46 cm/s

2) was recorded at

station LOD at epicentral distance 61 km. The corrected accelerograms as well as the velocity

time-histories are presented in Figures 18 for Lod and Figure 19 for Yitav (YIT) respectively.

The Intensity, PGA and PGV ShakeMaps obtained for this event are shown in Figure

20. The ShakeMap instrumental intensities are based on the Wald et al. (1999b) relationship

for earthquakes in California.

Table 9. The event summary for the Jordan Valley earthquake.

Name Unit Value

Earthquake_ID 200407071434

UTC Date (GMT) 2004.07.07 (14:34)

Region Jordan Valley

Lat. [dgr.] 31.974

Lon. [dgr.] 35.547

Depth [km] 14

Mm 4.7

Table 10. Peak Ground Acceleration values for the Jordan Valley earthquake of 7 July 2004, Mw4.7,

after processing (with PGA more than 20 cm/sec2 at horizontal components).

No Station Code Rec PGA, [cm/s2]

[km] EW NS V

1 Lod LOD 61 16.6 46.0 8.4

2 Yitav YIT 12 28.4 23.5 17.7

36

Figure 18. The acceleration (a) and velocity (b) recorded at the LOD strong motion station

(earthquake of 2004.07.07).

Figure 19. The acceleration (a) and velocity (b) recorded at the Yitav (YIT) strong motion station

(earthquake of 2004.07.07).

a b

a b

37

Figure 20. ShakeMaps of the 7 Jul., 2004, M4.7 Jordan Valley earthquake generated by the GII:

Intensity (a) , Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) (b), Peak Ground Velocity (PGV) (c).

a b

c

38

In Figure 21, we show the regressions of PGA, PGV and Intensity obtained for this

event using the program module plotregr (the explanations are the same as for the original

USA test event, see Section 7.3).

Figure 21. Regressions of the PGA (a), PGV (b) and Intensity (c) against the adopted regressions for

the Jordan Valley earthquake. Solid red line: raw regression; solid green line: biased regression, blue

triangles: native (station) data.

a b

c

39

8. FUTURE WORK

1) Adaptation of ShakeMap software, several PERL modules and software packages

(Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) using MySQL server as data base).

2) Development of the interface to link ShakeMap and the seismological database of the

Seismology Division of the Geophysical Institute of Israel.

3) Compilation of the subsurface 1-D multi-layer soil column models for locations on a grid

of 1.5x1.5 km.

4) Continuation of determination of the ground-motion parameters PGA, PGV, Spectral

Accelerations at period of 0.2, 0.3, 1.0 and 3 sec and Instrumental intensity using the

instrumental data from earthquakes with M>3.5 recorded in Israel.

5) Analysis and comparison between observed (or postulated) macro seismic and

instrumental ground-motion parameters and instrumental Intensities Observed in

Israel.

6) Customization of attenuation relations for estimating PGM under rock conditions.

7) Computation of site amplification factors based on the subsurface 1-D multi-layers

soil column models by applying program RunSEEH.

8) Application of the ShakeMaps software to calibrate and validate PGM and intensities

estimations for earthquakes with M>3.5 recorded by the ISN.

40

9. REFERENCES

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response spectra and peak accelerations from western north american earthquakes: a

summary of recent work, seism. Res. Lett., 68, 128-153

Boore, D.M., and Atkinson, G.M., 2008, Ground-motion prediction equations for the average

horizontal component of PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA at spectral periods between

0.01 s and 10.0 s: Earthquake Spectra, vol. 24, no. 1, p. 99–138.

Campbell K.W., Bozorgnia Y., 2008. NGA ground motion model for the geometric mean

horizontal component of PGA, PGV, PGD and 5% damped linear elastic response spectra

for periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 s. Earthquake Spectra. 2008, 24 (1), 139-171.

Gitterman, Y., 1999. Seismic response estimation from strong motion records in Israel, Final

Report, sponsored by Ministry of National Infrastructures, GII Rep. 570/88/98.

Hofstetter A., Aksinenko T., 2012. 1-D semi-empirical modeling of the subsurface across

Israel for site effect evaluations. GII Report No 575/706/12.

Lermo, J.; Chávez-García, F. J., 1993. Site effect evaluation using spectral ratios with only

one station. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 83, 1574-1594.

Michelini, A., L. Faenza, V. Lauciani and L. Malagnini, 2008. ShakeMap implementation in

Italy, Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica Vulcanologia (available at

http://www.earth-prints.org/bitstream/2122/4159/1/Shakemap_italy_1.0.pdf)

Perelman N., Kalmanovich M., Gorstein M., Shvartsburg A., 2013. Critical analysis of Israel

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Polozov, A., and V. Pinsky, 2005. New software for seismic network and array data

processing and joint seismological database, Report of Geophysical Institute of Israel,

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Shapira A. and van Eck T., 1993. Synthetic uniform hazard site specific response spectrum.

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Zaslavsky, Y.; Shapira, A.; Arzi, A., 2000. Amplification effects from earthquakes and

ambient noise in Dead Sea Fault (Israel). Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 20,

187-207.

Zaslavsky, Y., A. Shapira, G. Ataev, M. Gorstein, T. Aksinenko, M. Kalmanovich, N.

Perelman, and R. Hofstetter, 2009. Using Ambient Noise Measurements in the Process of

Assessing Earthquake Hazards in Urban Areas: Examples from Israel, Authors /

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41

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42

PUBLICATION DOCUMENTATION PAGE

1. Publication No. ES-50-14 2. 3. Recipient Accession No.

4. Title and subtitle

Real time evaluation of seismic intensities and peak ground

motions in Israel – ShakeMap

1. Publication Date

December, 2014

6. Performing Organization

Project No.

7. Author(s)

Dr. Gitterman Y., Gorstein M., Perelman N.

8. Performing Organization

Report No.024-798-2014

9. Performing organization names and addresses

The Geophysical Institute of Israel

P.O.B. 182, Lod 7110101

10. Ministry of Nat. Infra.

Contract No.212-17-004

11. Sponsoring organization(s) names and address(es)

(a) The Ministry Of Energy and Water Resources

P.O.B. Box 13106, 91130 Jerusalem

12. Type of report and

period covered

2014.01.01-2014.12.31

13. Sponsoring Org. Code

14. Supplementary Notes

15. Abstract

Abstract (Limit 200 Words) New program "Running SEEH method", a Windows application, was

developed for computation of site amplification factors of PGM parameters for the Israeli network

stations.

During the reported period the database of strong earthquakes, recorded by stations of the Israel Seismic

and Accelerograph Networks, was extended, 13 recent (2013-2014) events were added. PGM parameters

were computed and included into GII seismological SQL database.

We conducted estimation and analysis of site-effect at accelerograph network stations horizontal-to-

vertical spectral ratio for strong earthquakes that is necessary to take into account for the ShakeMap

calculations.

The VS30 site classification as first approximation of amplification factor on the topography basis was

elaborated and used for implementation of ShakeMap software for Israel earthquakes.

To be implemented in Israel local conditions, the ShakeMap software developed by the USGS was

adapted to the GII computer platforms (Fedora Linux). It was tested first on the USA input data; then on

two local felt events. All required maps of PGA, PGV, Intensity and PSA (Pseudo Spectral Acceleration)

were successfully elaborated.

We continued development of the subsurface 1-D multi-layers soil column models for the dense grid of

1.5*1.5 km for Hashefela and Hasharon (Central Israel) regions based on previous ambient noise

measurements, geological and geophysical data.

16. Identifiers/Keywords/Descriptors

Seismic intensity, ShakeMap software, Ground Motion prediction equation, site effect

SHAKEMAP תוכנת אדמה, תנודות קרקע, תגובת אתר,רעידת

17. Copies of This Report Are

Available from:

18. Security Class

(this report)

20. No. of

41 pages

19. Security Class

(this page)

21. Price