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Real-Time Energy
Consumption Measurementsin Data Centers
ASHRAE TC9.9 and The Green Grid
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Copyright 2010, The Green Grid The Green Grid Technical Forum
ASHRAE/TGG.2009.RealTimeEnergyConsumptionMeasurementsinDataCenters.Atlanta:American
SocietyofHeating,RefrigeratingandAirConditioningEngineers,Inc.;coauthoredbyTheGreenGrid,
Beaverton,
Oregon.
First printing released at the
ASHRAE Winter Annual Meeting,
Jan 23 27, 2010
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Gartner, IDC, Forrester and other analysts continue to rank
Power & Cooling (energy efficiency) as the #1 concern of
data center owners/operators
TGGs PUE is becoming the proxy for data center energy efficiency
The PUE cannot be reasonably determined if energy consumption in thedata center cannot be measured
EPA reports an average PUE of 2.04 (2009 data)
The book is designed to
Provide an overview of the state of energy consumption measurementsin the data center
Educate the data center owner/operator with respect to making real-timeenergy consumption measurements in the data center
Demonstrate how to consolidate the energy consumption data into asingle energy efficiency value, e.g., PUE
Provide guidance with respect to determining energy efficiency in mixed-use facilities
PURPOSE OF THE BOOK
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PART 1 BASI CS
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 How, What, & Where to MeasureChapter 3 Measurement Devices
Chapter 4 Measurement Collection Systems Architecture andSoftware
PART 2 COOLI NG SYSTEMS Air Measurement s
Chapter 5 Air Handler Units
Chapter 6 Computer Room Units
PART 3 COOLI NG SYSTEMS Hydronic Measurement sChapter 7 Pumps
Chapter 8 Cooling Towers
Chapter 9 Chillers
Chapter 10 Heat Exchangers
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PART 4 POWER SYSTEMS MEASUREMENTS
Chapter 11 Introduction to Critical Power Distribution
Chapter 12 Upstream Critical Power DistributionChapter 13 Uninterruptible Power Supply
Chapter 14 Computer Room Transformer and Power Distribution Unit
PART 5 I T SYSTEMS MEASUREMENTS
Chapter 15 Compute and Storage Systems
Chapter 16 Networking Systems
Appendix A PumpsAppendix B Chillers
Appendix C Mixed-Use Facilities
Appendix D Uninterruptible Power Supply
Appendix E Onsite Power Generation and CCHP in Data Center Applications
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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KEY CONTRI BUTORS
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KEY CONTRI BUTORS
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PART 1
BASI CS
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MEASUREMENT DEVI CES (Chapter 3)
John Bean (APC), presenter
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Part 1 Chapter 3 Sensors
3.1 Overview
There are numerous attributes within the data
center that require measurements Temperature
Pressure
Flow Rates
Voltage
Current
Humidity
Sensors come in a variety of connectivity styles:direct, analog (010vdc / 420ma) and serialcommunication (ModBus, BacNet, etc)
Introduce Terms: Span, Resolution, Accuracy
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Part 1 Chapter 3 Sensors
3.4 Pressure There are several types of pressure sensors available
Bourdon Tube
Strain Gauge
Compound (vacuum and positive pressure)
Absolute Pressure
Gauge Pressure
Need to ensure wetted surface material is compatible with fluidto be measured
All types may use a local transmitter to convert weak signal tomore robust signal (010vdc or 420ma) to allow longer runsof wiring to measurement device
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Part 1 Chapter 3 Sensors
3.5 Flow Liquid There are several types of liquid flow sensors available
Paddle Wheel
Turbine Wheel
Shedding Vortices
Venturi
Ultrasonic
CoriolisVariable Area
Need to assure wetted surface material is compatible with fluidto be measured
All types may use a local transmitter to convert weak signal tomore robust signal (010vdc or 420ma) to allow longer runsof wiring to measurement device
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Part 1 Chapter 3 Sensors
3.6 Flow Gas There are several types of gas flow sensors available
Pitot Tube
Hot Wire Anemometer
Flow Nozzle
Cup Anemometer
All types may use a local transmitter to convert weak signal tomore robust signal (010vdc or 420ma) to allow longer runsof wiring to measurement device
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Part 1 Chapter 3 Sensors
3.7 Current There are several types of current sensors available
Split Core
Solid Core
Resistor (voltage drop)
Clamp-On Split Core
Extra loops of conductor thru core act as current multiplier forcurrent transformers
All types may use a local transmitter to convert weak signal tomore robust signal (010vdc or 420ma) to allow longer runsof wiring to measurement device
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Part 1 Chapter 3 Sensors
3.8 Voltage There are several types of voltage sensors available
Potential Transformer (high & medium voltage)
Voltage Divider
Voltage Transducer
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Part 1 Chapter 3 Sensors
3.8 Power Monitor Typically use both current and voltage sensor and have
necessary processing means to determine power in real time.
Other common metrics from power meters may include KVA (apparent power)
KVAR (reactive power)
Power Factor
Individual Leg Currents
Individual Leg Voltages
May or may not be revenue grade
Typically may have local display along with
serial communication interface to BMS or
SCADA System
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MEASUREMENT COLLECTI ON SYSTEMSArchit ecture and Soft w are (Chapter 4)
Kenneth Uhlman, Ph.D, P.E., presenter
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Topics
Business Questions
Measurement Levels
Scalable Hardware / Software Architecture
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Business Questions
Does this data metering and monitoring strategy
support the organizations sustainability objectives?
Will this project support current and future regulatoryrequirements domestically and abroad?
Is there executive sponsorship to fund and support theproject?
How will this project be funded?
What is the ROI and risks?
Who currently pays the energy bills (IT or Facilities)?
Is there a plan to charge back energy (and carbon) to theend users?
Technology is not the limiting factor, but ratherorganizational structure and behavior
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Measurement Levels
Minimum Best State-of Item Practical Practical the-artLinked IT / Facility Business Goals
Metrics
Measure and log metrics
Online data acquisition ?
MonitoringSeparate views (IT & Facilities) Linked IT/Facility dashboards Linked Business / IT / Facility dashboards
Proactive St rat egies
Server managing servers Auto-discovery of IT / Facility devices Proactive IT/Facility
Proactive IT/Facility/Smart Grid 22
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Typical Data Center Meters
FACILITY
HEALTH
CAPACITY EFFICIENCY
M MI T M
M
MM
M
M
M
MM
MM
M
MM
M
MM
MM
M
MM
MM
M
M
Facil i t ies Ut ili t ies
Data Center Meters
Many data centers have plentyof meters for each sub-system
Typically installed for capacityor component health, notenterprise efficiency
May be able to aggregateand recast data to measureand log efficiency
Solutions at various price pointsto meet business objectives
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Enterprise Energy Dashboard
While a single-pane ofglass may be an ultimate
goal, there are manytactical activities forimprovement
The cost for enterpriseviews continues todecrease with the
proliferation of networksand web-based equipmentand gateways
Initiate program withexisting metering datawhere available
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Sensing Hierarchy
IT and Facilities equipmenthave different constraints bare implemented similarly
The application dictates realtime monitoring acquisitionrates from seconds, minutes
days, weeks or months- IT Applications- Networks- Power or cooling systems
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Collecting Data Center
Telemetry in an Enterprise
Sites may be internal orexternal, domestic orinternational
Network security is crucial
Typically many vendors andvintages of Power, BuildingAutomation, HVAC, Security,IT, etc.
Local and central storage ofdata and acquisition rates
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Managed server monitored
by a manager server
Proactive management ofservers enables IT to matchoptimal energy rates, facilitycapacities and carbon
footprint Virtualization enables IT
loads to be shifted globally
Facility systems must be
linked to process
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Data Collector Software
Architecture
Is the heart of a linkedsystem
Secure and customizedscreens for:
- Executives- IT- Facilities
Proactively optimize IT,Facilities and Utilities tomeet the organizationsbusiness objectives
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PART 2
COOLI NG SYSTEMS AirMeasurements
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AI R HANDLERS (Chapt er 5)
COMPUTER ROOM UNI TS (Chapter 6)
Daryn Cline (Evapco), presenter
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Chapter 5 Air Handlers
5.1 Overview
5.2 Measurement Levels Chapter 6 Computer Room Units
6.1 Overview
6.2 Measurement Levels
Part 2 Cooling Systems
Air Measurements
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Chapter 5 Air Handlers 5.1 Overview
Part 2 Cooling Systems-
Air Measurements
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Chapter 5 Air Handlers 5.2 Measurement Levels
Part 2 Cooling Systems
Air Measurements
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Chapter 6 Computer Room Units 6.1 Overview
CRAC Computer Room Air Conditioners
Direct Expansion (DX)
Chilled Water
Dual Source -Chilled Water Primary, DX Backup
Downflow -raised floor
Upflow -free discharge or ducted
Ceiling units
Environmental Control
Humidity Control RH, Dew point
Sensible Heat
Part 2 Cooling Systems
Air Measurements
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Chapter 6 Computer Room Units
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MM =Measuring Points for Power Consumption
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Chapter 6 Computer Room Units
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PART 3
COOLI NG SYSTEMS HydronicMeasurements
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PUMPS (Chapt er 7)
COOLI NG TOWERS (Chapt er 8)
CHI LLERS (Chapter 9)
HEAT EXCHANGERS (Chapter 10)
Daryn Cline (Evapco), presenter
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Part 3 Cooling Systems
Hydronic Measurements Chapter 7 Pumps
7.1 Overview
7.2 Measurement Levels-Electrical
7.3 Measurement Levels-Fluid Chapter 8 Cooling Towers
8.1 Overview
8.2 Measurement Levels
Chapter 9 Chillers9.1 Overview
9.2 Measurement Levels
Chapter 10 Heat Exchangers
10.1 Overview10.2 Measurement Levels
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Chapter 7 Pumps 7.1 Overview
Part 3 Cooling Systems
Hydronic Measurements
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Chapter 7 Pumps
7.2 Measurement Levels-Electrical
Part 3 Cooling Systems
Hydronic Measurements
P t 3 C li S t
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Chapter 7 Pumps 7.2 Measurement Levels-Electrical
Part 3 Cooling Systems
Hydronic Measurements
P t 3 Cooli g S t
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Chapter 7 Pumps 7.3 Measurement Levels-Fluid
Part 3 Cooling Systems
Hydronic Measurements
Part 3 Cooling Systems
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Chapter 8 Cooling Towers 8.1 Overview-Open Counter and Cross Flow Cooling Towers
8.1 Overview-Closed Counter and Combined Flow Circuit Cooling Towers
Part 3 Cooling Systems Hydronic Measurements
Part 3 Cooling Systems
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Chapter 8 Cooling Towers 8.2 Measurement Levels
Part 3 Cooling Systems Hydronic Measurements
Part 3 Cooling Systems
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Chapter 8 Cooling Towers 8.2 Measurement Levels
8.2.1 Minimum Practical Measurement-True RMS Power
8.2.2 Best Practical Measurement-Current Transducers
8.2.3 Best Practical Measurement-State-of-the-Art
Part 3 Cooling Systems Hydronic Measurements
Part 3 Cooling Systems
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Chapter 9 Chillers 9.1 Overview
Part 3 Cooling Systems Hydronic Measurements
Part 3 Cooling Systems
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9.2 Measurement Levels
g yHydronic Measurements
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PART 4
POWER SYSTEMSMEASUREMENTS
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I NTRODUCTI ON TO CRI TI CAL POWER DI STRI BUTI ON (Chapt er 11)
UPSTREAM CRI TI CAL POWER DI STRI BUTI ON (Chapt er 12)
UNI NTERRUPTI BLE POWER SUPPLY (Chapter 13)
COMPUTER ROOM TRANSFORMER & POWER DI STRI BUTI ON UNI T(Chapter 14)
Steve McCluer (Schneider/APC), presenter
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Chapter 11 -
Critical Power Distribution
Critical Power vs. Essential Power Focus is on the Critical Power Path
Can be several meandering paths
Supports those loads with zero tolerance for unplanneddowntime
Mostly (but not entirely) in the IT Equipment Room
Essential Power Path can tolerate a brief disruption
Highly precise meters are typically required for power qualityand forensic analysis,
overkill for routine efficiency studies.
Part 4 describes a data center rated somewhere between200 kW and 5000 kW
G t
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Generator Utility
Switchgear & Transformers
ATS
UPS
PDU
RPDU
IT Loads
Mechanical
Switchboard
Mechanical
Loads
Distribution
Switchgear
Distribution
Switchgear
Non-Critical
Loads
Non-Data
Center Loads
Critical Path Essential Path Other Loads Path
Distribution Switchgear
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Ch 12
Upstream Critical Power Distribution Service Entrance Metering
Typically highly precise revenue grade
Typically includes kW & kVAR May be difficult to separate IT loads
Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
Typically less precise May capture variances between sources
Primary Electrical Distribution Switchgear
May or may not be available for each circuit Ideal place to capture power into IT equipment room
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Ch t 13
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Chapter 13
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Centralized UPS
Measured outside of IT Equipment Room
Output of UPS may be ideal place tocapture IT room critical power consumption
Distributed UPS Measured close to the IT loads in the IT Room
May be multiple UPSs
May be highest power consumptionin the critical power path
Possible to capture power going tozones or rows
Metering can be at power module&/or at the system level
UPS room
Distributed UPS
UPS M t i
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UPS Metering
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CHAPTER 14
COMPUTER ROOM TRANSFORMER &POWER DISTRIBUTION UNIT (PDU)
Transformers can appear in many placesin the power path
Efficiency lost at every conversion
Typically no metering
i.e., measurements taken by hand-held instruments
PDUs
With transformer, typically meter output
May be best place to aggregate actual ITequipment energy consumption
Without transformer, metering may be optional
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SMSMPDU
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PDU
Figure 14.3 Power Flow Through a Power Distribution Unit
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Rack-mounted PDU (RPDU)
Measurements taken inside the equipment rack orcabinet
Generally impractical for aggregating equipment powerconsumption
Good for equipment measurement
May be multiple units in one rackpowering the same equipment
Typically have lower accuracy thanupstream devices
Many levels of metering options
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Appendix D - UPS
Overview of UPS types
Redundancy and availability
Challenges for power measurement on multiple paths
Rules of thumb for minimum practical level ofUPS instrumentation
Example for quick estimation of PUE / DCIE inside thecomputer room
Sample case study: PUE and DCIE
determination for the critical power path withinthe data center (Partial PUE)
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PART 5
I T SYSTEMS MEASUREMENTS
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COMPUTER AND STORAGE SYSTEMS(Chapter 15)
NETWORKI NG SYSTEMS (Chapter 16)
Mike Patterson, Ph.D., P.E. (Intel), presenter
SMSMMotivation
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Motivation
IT equipment poweris
the denominator in thePUE Calculation
Overview
Workload Characteristics Issues
Measurements Minimum Measurement
Best Practical State of the Art
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SMSMPower thru the IT gear (Server Stor & Comms)
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RoomRoom
Power thru the IT gear (Server, Stor, & Comms)
Measurement location
(a) can give aggregatepower
(b) best location if actualdata is avaiable
PDUPDU ServerServer
RackRackrack power striprack power strip
or PDUor PDU
PSUPSUCPU, etc..CPU, etc..aa
bb
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Process for Measurement
IT Equipment Inventory
Age & self reporting capability
Location; remote storage, etc
Data Center Workloads
Power draw can have unexpected patterns; power vs.
energy considerations Enterprise, HPC, Financial, Internet, e-mail, etc
Time of day, weekly variations, batch processes
Server to server variation due to workload
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SMSMIssues and challenges
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Issues and challenges
Different organizations, different systems
Different protocols
I T Facilit y IPMI -BACnet
DCMI -Modbus
SMASH -other
Where is it brought together?
Management console, spreadsheet, or back of an envelope?
Redundant Power Supplies
Must measure all feeds and attribute accordingly
Power over Ethernet (POE)
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SMSMMinimum Practical Measurements
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Equipment nameplate
Better than doing nothing, but just barely
See Green Grid White Paper #23, Proper Sizing of IT Power andCooling Loads
PDU Output
Can give actual rack-level power (sometimes energy)
Not always tracked on-line Single server/network/storage measured value
Actual portable power meter
Workload, timeframe, scalability questions
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Rack or row level PDU output
Rack power aggregate
No visibility to individual servers or workloads Easily tracked/trended in BMS system
Majority of PDUs have this capability
Ignores line losses This is a reasonable assumption
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SMSMState-of-the Art Measurement
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On-line server power consumption
New Energy Star for Servers requires this!
Challenge is integrating server manageability protocols with BMSsystems
IPMI, DCMI, SMASH, Vendor-specific
Extensive server data available
CPU utilization
Front panel temperature sensors
On-line network and storage power consumption
Somewhat behind Server; Energy Star on the horizon
Capabilities vary on self reporting Wireless remote sensors
Wide range of data capture
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The Green Grid Technical Forum 2010
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