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Read and respond for your class starter:
• Read the “Exploring Psychology” section on p. 250.
• How did the therapists use the comforts to get the woman to eat?
Operant Conditioning
• Learning from the consequences of behavior
• B.F. Skinner– Psychologist credited with formulating the
principles of operant conditioning
Reinforcement
• Stimulus or event that follows a response – Increases likelihood of repetition of response
• Positive – Reward for behavior
• Negative– Unpleasant item is taken away
• Primary Reinforcer– Satisfies biological need: water
• Secondary Reinforcer– Stimulus linked to primary reinforcer: money
Schedules of Reinforcement
• Fixed-ratio schedule– Specified number of responses required before
obtaining reinforcement
• Variable-ratio schedule– Do not know number of responses required to obtain
reinforcement
• Fixed-interval schedule– Specific amount of time before reinforcement
• Variable-interval schedule– Changing amounts of time elapse before
reinforcement obtained
Aversive Control
• Unpleasant events can affect behavior
• Negative Reinforcement• Unpleasant stimulus removed
– Two Types• Escape conditioning
– Behavior causes unpleasant event to stop
• Avoidance Conditioning– Behavior prevents an unpleasant event from happening
Punishment
• Behavior is not repeated b/c of unpleasant consequences
• Disadvantages– Side effects such as rage, aggression and
fear– Avoid the person delivering the punishment
• Also need positive coaching and modeling