Reaching the marginalized

Kevin WatkinsWashington,

20 January 2010

EFA Global Monitoring Report 2 0 1 0

Educ

ation

for A

ll G

loba

l Mon

itorin

g Re

port

201

0

Progress on the six EFA goals

Educ

ation

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itorin

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port

201

0Monitoring progress on the EFA goals

1. Education disadvantage starts in the womb - Free maternal and child health care are an education imperative.

2. UPE - Progress is uneven and pace has slowed – out-of-school numbers falling too slowly for 2015 goal. Some higher income countries are off track (Turkey/Philippines).

3. Need to strengthen links between TVET provision and employment, second chance options, and informal sector.

4. About 759 million adults lack literacy skills today. 5. Gender gaps are narrowing, but there is a parity gap of 6 million6. Achievement disparities outweigh enrolment inequalities.

Educ

ation

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port

201

0

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

56 million

8 million

23 million

Rest of the World

South and West Asia39 million

Sub-Saharan Africa45 million

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Out-of-school children (millions)

East Asia and the Pacific

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

32

18

9

63

72 million

1999

6

84

105 million

Out-of-school children

Arab States Latin America and the Caribbean

Numbers of out-of-school children are declining

East Asia and the PacificArab States Latin America and the Caribbean

But still 56 million children out of school in 2015, and real numbers could be much higher

Educ

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0

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5th 10th 50th percentile 90th 95th

TIM

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Middle and low-incomeOECD Other high in-come

Below the TIMSS low in-ternational benchmark

Above the TIMSS high international benchmark

The global quality divide

In Ghana, nearly 90% of 8th grade students score below the low

benchmark

Educ

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Reaching the marginalized

Educ

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0Marginalization in education

What is it? “Clearly remediable injustices around us which we want to

eliminate” The idea of justice, Amartya Sen

The Report focuses on:1. Measuring marginalization – new national data

(DME data set)2. Drivers of marginalization – causes such as poverty,

gender, language, location, disability which intersect – and are reinforced by social attitudes

3. Remedies – Policies for reaching and teaching the marginalized

Educ

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Richest 20%

Poorest 20%

Poor, rural Hausa girls

Rich, rural girls

Poor, urban boys

Poor, rural girls

Nigeria

Rural Hausa

Rich, urban boys

Urban

Rural

Urban

Rural

Rich, rural boys

C. A. R.

Chad

Bangladesh

Cameroon

Honduras

IndonesiaBolivia

Cuba

Ukraine

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Aver

age

num

ber o

f yea

rs o

f sch

oolin

g

Education poverty

Extreme education poverty

3.3 years

6.4 years

3.5 years

9.7 years

0.5 years

10.3 years

2.6 years

0.3 years

BoysGirls

6.7 years

10 years

Education marginalization – inequalities within countries

The case of Nigeria

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• In Kenya, 96% of rural Somali girls (aged 17-22) have less than 2 years of education.

• The current primary net attendance rate for Somali girls is only 30%.20%

31%

17%

8%

25%

57%

73%

84%

96%

97%

Nigeria

Kenya

Ghana

Pakistan

India

Group average

Country average

Extreme education poverty% with less than 2 years of education

(age 17-22)

, poor, Hausa, girls

, rural, Somali, girls

, northern region, rural, girls

, rural, Sindhi, girls

, poor, Uttar Pradesh, girls

Overlapping disadvantage influence years in school

Educ

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0Getting left behind – drivers of marginalization

What are the causes? Educational marginalization driven by interacting

layers of disadvantage

Five key processes which drive marginalization:1. Poverty, vulnerability and child labour2. Group-based disadvantages3. Location and livelihoods4. Disability5. HIV and AIDs

Educ

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0Leveling the playing field

The learning environment

Accessibility and affordability

Entitlements and opportunities

Three broad sets of policies which can combat marginalization

The inclusive education triangle

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The aid compact: falling short of commitments

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3.2 3.4 3.44.5 5.6

4.05.5

4.33.2

8.27.6 7.9

9.510.4

12.0

9.9

12.312.1

199920002001200220032004200520062007

Const

ant

2007

US

$ b

illio

ns

Total aid to basic education

Total aid to education

Aid to basic education – a worrying picture?

Disbursements are rising , but... Aid commitments to basic education fell by 22% in 2007,

to US$4.3 billion

Commitments

Currently US$2.7 billion in aid to basic education for 46 low income countries

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0The Education for All financing gap

The EFA financing gap = 2% of bank rescue effort in the US and UK

Additional aid tobasic educationif Gleneaglescommitments are metIn 2010

Current aid to basiceducation

Aidshortfall

$ 11 billion

Estimated current resources$ 12 billion

Additionalresources fromprioritization

EFAfinancing

gap

$ 16 billion

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

$ 3 billion

$ 4 billion

Average annual resources needed to finance EFA (2009-2015)

US$ 36 billion

Additionalresources fromgrowth

$ 3 billion

$ 2 billion

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0The multilateral architecture – needs reform

The Fast Track Initiative (FTI) has made some important achievements, with – good practice (support for national planning)– US $491 million disbursed through the Catalytic Fund

Major challenges– Poor disbursement record and low political support– No funding from private or philanthropic sources– Conflict-affected countries are weakly covered

Reform priorities– Lessons drawn from global health funds– Greater political leadership and revitalized agenda in 2010

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Rising to the EFA challenge

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0 Set equity-based targets for all EFA goals and monitor their progress.

Identify the drivers of marginalization for specific groups and adopt integrated policies that address them.

Integrate provision by NGOs within national education systems and expand the entitlements of the marginalized.

Increase resource mobilization and strengthen equity in public spending.

Honour aid commitments and strengthen the multilateral architecture for aid to education.

Convene a high-level pledging event linked to the 2010 Millennium Development Goals summit.

Conclusions

0

www.efareport.unesco.org

EFA Global Monitoring Report 2 0 1